So we're in the middle of a fierce debate about how artificial intelligence will change human society. But have you thought about how AI will transform your relationship to the non-human world?
Dakle, u središtu smo žestoke debate o tome kako će veštačka inteligencija da promeni ljudsko društvo. Jeste li pak razmišljali o tome kako će VI preoblikovati vaš odnos sa neljudskim svetom?
So these are bioacoustic recorders. And I've spent years studying how scientists use devices like this, combined with AI, to listen to the hidden sounds of nature and decode non-human communication. Hidden sounds, because much acoustic communication in nature occurs in the high ultrasound, above your hearing range, or in the deep infrasound, below your hearing range.
Ovo su bioakustični aparati za snimanje. I provela sam godine izučavajući kako naučnici koriste uređaje poput ovih, u kombinaciji sa VI, kako bi slušali skrivene zvuke prirode i dešifrovali neljudsku komunikaciju. Skrivene zvuke, jer se veći deo akustične komunikacije u prirodi dešava u vidu visokog ultrazvuka, koji je iznad vašeg čujnog opsega, ili dubokog infrazvuka, koji je ispod vašeg čujnog opsega.
So I'm going to play a sound. I want you to listen and try to guess who or what this is.
Pustiću vam zvuk. Želim da poslušate i pokušate da pogodite ko ili šta je ovo.
(Chirping sound)
(Zvuk cvrkutanja)
So that was a bat. That was bat ultrasound, recorded above your hearing range, but slowed down so you could hear. So that was an advertisement call from the peak of the mating season. Scientists can decode these calls, so a sample bat to English translation would be, and I quote, "Pay attention. I'm a Pipistrellus nathusii bat, specifically male. My name is X. I am landing here and we share a common social identity and common communication pool." For a pickup line by a bat, not bad.
Dakle, to je bio šišmiš. To je bio ultrazvuk šišmiša, snimljen iznad vašeg čujnog opsega, ali usporen kako biste mogli da ga čujete. Bilo je to oglašavanje na vrhuncu sezone parenja. Naučnici mogu da dešifruju ovaj zov, pa bi prevod uzorka sa šišmišovskog na ljudski bio, da citiram: „Obrati pažnju. Ja sam šišmiš Pipistrellus nathusii, preciznije, mužjak. Zovem se X. Ovde slećem i delimo isti društveni identitet i ista sredstva komunikacije.” Za udvaračku žvaku od strane šišmiša, nije loše.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
So scientists have recorded millions of bat vocalizations like this and they've decoded many of them using AI. And they've revealed that bats have dialects that they pass down from one generation to the next, and that baby bats learn to speak just like you did, by listening to the adults around them and babbling back until they speak adult bat.
Naučnici su snimili milione sličnih vokalizacija šišmiša i dešifrovali su mnoge upotrebom VI. A otkrili su da šišmiši imaju dijalekte koje prenose s kolena na koleno, kao i da mladi šišmiši uče da govore baš poput vas, slušajući odrasle oko sebe i uzraćajući brbljanjem dok ne progovore govorom odraslih šišmiša.
So bats have far more complex communication than we knew, and they're only one of many examples. Listen to this.
Šišmiši imaju daleko složeniju komunikaciju nego što smo mislili, a oni su tek jedan od brojnih primera. Poslušajte ovo.
(Melodic chirping sounds)
(Melodični zvuci cvrkutanja)
So those are orcas who live right here in the Salish Sea. Scientists can decode individual orca calls using AI and they've revealed that orcas also pass down their dialects from one generation to the next.
Ovo su orke koje žive baš ovde u Sališkom moru. Naučnici mogu da dešifruju pojedinačno glasanje orki upotrebom VI i otkrili su da orke takođe prenose svoje dijalekte s kolena na koleno.
So it turns out that orcas and bats are not the only creatures that make ultrasound. Moths, mice, beetles, rats. Even some of our smaller primate cousins like this tarsier. At the other end, in the deep infrasound, elephants and whales, tigers and some birds make sound.
Ispostavilo se da orke i šišmiši nisu jedina bića koja proizvode ultrazvuk. Moljci, miševi, bube, pacovi. Čak i neki od naših najmanjih rođaka primata poput ovog tarzijera. Na drugom kraju, dubokim infrazvukom, slonovi, kitovi, tigrovi i neke ptice proizvode zvuk.
So when we first learned about these secret sounds of the world, we're often surprised because humans tend to believe that what we cannot perceive does not exist. And so we miss a lot. One of my favorite examples is this peacock. So to you, this looks like a visual mating display. And it is. But this peacock is also making very loud infrasound with its tail, which you cannot hear, but female peahens can. And it is an important factor in their mating decisions. So this peacock is giving a rock concert.
Kada bismo prvi put saznali za ove tajne zvukove sveta, često bismo bili iznenađeni jer su ljudi skloni ubeđenju da ono što ne možemo da zapazimo ne postoji. Te nam zato mnogo toga promiče. Jedan od mojih omiljenih primera je ovaj paun. Vama ovo izgleda kao vizuelni vid udvaranja, I jeste. Međutim, ovaj paun takođe proizvodi veoma glasan infrazvuk svojim repom, koji ne možete da čujete, ali paunice mogu. A to je za njih važan činilac u izborima vezanim za parenje. Dakle, ovaj paun izvodi rok koncert.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
Now, we have lived with peacocks for millennia, but we only just figured this out. Scientists also used to think that turtles were voiceless and mother turtles abandoned their nests after laying their eggs. But we've just discovered that baby Amazonian turtles communicate through their shells before they hatch to coordinate the moment of their birth and then follow their mother's calls to safety in the water.
Sad, živimo sa paunima više milenijuma, ali smo to tek sad shvatili. Naučnici su takođe mislili da su kornjače neme i da majke kornjače napuštaju gnezda nakon što polože jaja. Međutim, upravo smo otkrili da mladunčad amazonske kornjače komuniciraju kroz ljuske pre nego što se izlegu kako bi uskladili trenutak svog rođenja i potom prate glasanje svojih majki do bezbednosti vode.
Even creatures without ears are exquisitely sensitive to sound. So this is a coral larva. When coral larvae are born, usually at a mass spawning event a few days after the full moon, they wash out to sea. So scientists used to think that these little larvae, these tiny dots that you see here, were helpless, randomly pushed around by wind and waves and currents. But it turns out that coral larvae are acoustically attuned. They can hear the sounds of healthy reefs. They can hear the sound of their home reef, their mother reef, and they swim back home across miles of open ocean. So these are tiny creatures with no central nervous system. But we think they do that with these hairs that you see on the outside of their bodies. They're a lot like the hairs inside your ears that are enabling you to listen to me right now, so you can think of a coral larva a little bit like an inside-out ear, except that its sense of hearing is profoundly more sensitive than your own because they hear with their entire bodies.
Čak su i bića bez ušiju izuzetno osetljiva na zvuk. Ovo je larva korala. Kada se koralne larve rode, obično u masovnom događaju mrešćenja nekoliko dana nakon punog meseca, bivaju isprane na obalu. Nekada su naučnici mislili da su ove malene larve, ove sićušne tačke koje vidite ovde, bespomoćne i da ih vetar, talasi i struje nasumično bacakaju okolo. Međutim, ispostavilo se da su larve korala akustički usklađene. Mogu da čuju zvuke zdravih grebena. Mogu da čuju zvuk svog matičnog grebena, svog roditeljskog grebena, i plivaju nazad kući kilometrima otvorenog okeana. Dakle, ovo su sićušna stvorenja bez centralnog nervnog sistema. Međutim, mislimo da to postižu pomoću ovih dlaka koje vidite na spoljašnjosti njihovih tela. Prilično liče na dlake u vašim ušima koje vam sada omogućavaju da me slušate, te možete da zamislite larvu korala donekle poput izvrnutog uha, izuzev što je njihovo čulo sluha daleko osetljivije od vašeg jer čuju celokupnim telom.
Even our planet makes sound. Volcanoes, earthquakes sound so low and strong and powerful, they travel very far, passing through soil and stone and even solid walls. Listen to this hydrothermal vent deep under the ocean.
Čak i naša planeta proizvodi zvuk. Zvuci vulkana, zemljotresa, tako niski, jaki i moćni, putuju veoma daleko, prolazeći kroz tlo, kamen, pa čak i čvrste zidove. Poslušajte ovaj hidrotermalni izvor duboko ispod okeana.
(Deep, rhythmic hum)
(Duboki ritmični šum)
So in nature, sound is everywhere and silence is an illusion.
U prirodi, zvuk je svuda, a tišina je iluzija.
So scientists are also listening to the vast extent of interspecies communication. So this bat is using ultrasound to hunt this moth. Its echolocation beam is locked onto its prey, but the moth is also emitting ultrasound. It's jamming the bat sonar in an attempt to escape.
Naučnici takođe slušaju široki raspon komunikacije među vrstama. Ovaj šišmiš koristi ultrazvuk da bi ulovio ovog moljca. Njegov eholokacijski talas je nanišanjen na njegov plen, ali i moljac emituje ultrazvuk. Ometa sonar šišmiša u pokušaju bekstva.
This plant is also emitting ultrasound, which varies depending on its condition. Scientists have trained an algorithm to listen to this plant. Simply by listening it can detect with about 70 percent accuracy whether the plant is healthy, dehydrated or injured. So this is peer-reviewed research, by the way. So we cannot hear these sounds, but we think many insects can.
I ova biljka emituje ultrazvuk, koji varira u zavisnosti od njenog stanja. Naučnici su obučili algoritam da sluša ovu biljku. Pukim slušanjem može da prepozna sa oko 70 procenata tačnosti da li je biljka zdrava, dehidrirana ili povređena. Ovo je, usput, istraživanje koje je prošlo stručnu recenziju. Mi ne možemo da čujemo ove zvuke, ali mislimo da mnogi insekti mogu.
Does this mean that humans could use digital tech to one day communicate with other species? Well, some scientists think so and they're using machine learning to try to decode the acoustics of other species. So there are teams of computer scientists and linguists and biologists working on decoding sperm whale bioacoustics. They're also building entire dictionaries. So there's an elephant dictionary with thousands of sounds. Elephants, for example, have a specific signal for honeybee.
Da li ovo znači da ljudi mogu da koriste digitalnu tehnologiju da jednog dana komuniciraju sa drugim vrstama? Pa, neki naučnici veruju u to i koriste mašinsko učenje kako bi pokušali da dešifruju akustiku drugih vrsta. Postoje ekipe kompjuterskih naučnika, lingvista i biologa koji rade na dešifrovanju bioakustike ulješure. Takođe prave čitave rečnike. Pa imamo slonovski rečnik sa hiljadama zvukova. Slonovi, na primer, imaju specifičan signal za pčele.
So I'd love to share just one of these sounds with you. It was recorded at a moment of great joy and celebration, the birth of a new baby.
Volela bih da sa vama podelim jedan od ovih zvukova. Snimljen je u trenutku velike radosti i slavlja, na rođenju novog mladunčeta.
(Elephant roaring)
(Slonovi urlaju)
(Applause)
(Aplauz)
So the further we listen across the tree of life, the more complex interspecies communication would be. Listen to this honeybee.
Što dalje osluškujemo drvo života, to je složenija komunikacija među vrstama. Poslušajte ovu pčelu.
(Honeybee buzzing)
(Zujanje pčele)
Now listen to this honeybee queen.
Sad poslušajte ovu maticu pčele.
(Queen bee tooting)
(Matica trubi)
So you thought you knew what honeybees sounded like. OK. Honeybee communication is incredibly complex. It's acoustic, positional, spatial, vibrational. The queen has her own signals. So scientists are encoding these signals into robots. This robot is attempting, but not succeeding, to communicate with the hive. The bees mostly ignore or attack it. But one day, we hope, the inventors hope, that this robot will communicate well enough to allow scientists to monitor the health of the hive.
Mislili ste da znate kako zvuče pčele. U redu. Pčelinja komunikacija je neverovatno složena. Zasnovana je na akustici, položaju tela, prostoru, vibracijama. Matica ima sopstvene signale. Naučnici kodiraju ove signale u robote. Ovaj robot pokušava, ali ne uspeva da komunicira sa košnicom. Pčele ga uglavnom ignorišu ili napadaju. Međutim, jednog dana, nadamo se, pronalazači se nadaju da će ovaj robot da komunicira dovoljno dobro kako bi omogućio naučnicima da prate zdravlje košnice.
Now, would that be a good thing? Some believe that interspecies communication would help foster respect and empathy for nature, others believe that it is profoundly disrespectful and unethical to eavesdrop and engage in this way. And there could be a really big downside. Listen to this robin.
Zar to ne bi bila dobra stvar? Neki veruju da bi komunikacija među vrstama pomogla u negovanju uvažavanja i empatije prema prirodi, dok drugi veruju da je istinski neuviđajno i neetički prisluškivati i delovati na ovaj način. A tu bi mogao da postoji i zaista veliki nedostatak. Poslušajte ovog crvendaća.
(Bird chirping)
(Ptica cvrkuće)
So that was not actually a robin. That was a deepfake created by an artist, Daisy Ginsberg, using AI. Clever, beautiful. But think of the potential for misuse by hunters or poachers. Interspecies communication needs strong ethical guardrails. And anyway, maybe it's a bit self-centered to think other species would even want to communicate with us.
Ovo zapravo nije crvendać. Radi se o dipfejku koga je napravila umetnica Dejzi Ginzberg upotrebom VI. Pametno, lepo. Razmislite pak o potencijalnoj zloupotrebi od strane lovaca i krivolovaca. Komunikaciji među vrstama su potrebne jake etičke barijere. A i svakako je možda malčice egocentrično misliti da bi druge vrste uopšte želele da komuniciraju s nama.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
So what if we were to use bioacoustics for something of immediate practical value, like doing something about our massive biodiversity crisis?
Dakle, šta ako bismo koristili bioakustiku za nešto što ima trenutnu praktičnu vrednost kao što je poduzimanje nečega po pitanju naše ogromne krize u biodiverzitetu.
Let's go back to the coral reefs. Listen to this healthy reef sound.
Vratimo se na koralne grebene. Poslušajte ovaj zvuk zdravog grebena.
(Chirping, croaking and sizzling sounds)
(Zvuci cvrkutanja, kreketanja i šištanja)
Pretty lively, right? But coral reefs are disappearing. If you were to go to most coral reefs today, you'd hear something like this.
Veoma živahno, zar ne? Međutim, koralni grebeni nestaju. Ako biste danas posetili većinu koralnih grebena, čuli biste nešto nalik ovome.
(Staticky sound)
(Statički zvuk)
It's like a ghost town of the sea. When we lose species, we lose voices. When we lose landscapes, we also lose soundscapes.
Naliči morskom gradu duhova. Kada gubimo vrste, gubimo i glasove. Kada izgubimo pejzaže, izgubili smo i zvučne pejzaže.
There is a ray of hope. The healthy reef sounds that you just heard can be used to regenerate coral reefs. Scientists are doing this. It's a bit like music therapy for nature. So this is not going to solve all the problems coral reefs face, notably climate change. But if we can address the massive epidemic of noise pollution that is harming and killing marine creatures, we could use bioacoustics to restore some biodiversity.
Postoji tračak nade. Zdravi zvuci grebena koje ste upravo čuli mogu da se koriste u regeneraciji koralnih grebena. Naučnici to rade. Malčice je poput muzikoterapije za prirodu. Ovo neće rešiti sve probleme sa kojima se koralni grebeni suočavaju, iznad svega, klimatske promene. Međutim, ako se pozabavimo ogromnom epidemijom zvučnog zagađenja koje povređuje i ubija morska bića, mogli bismo koristiti bioakustiku u obnavljanju dela biodiverziteta.
Bioacoustics could also help protect animals on the move. So this baby whale was killed by a ship. Tragically, this is a common cause of death of North Atlantic right whales, one of the most endangered species in the world. So to address this, scientists are now launching a new bioacoustics program off the east coast of North America to triangulate the locations of whales and convey the information to ships’ captains in real time. The ships then have to slow down, stop, move out of the way. Not a single right whale has died of a ship strike in this zone since this program was launched.
Bioakustika bi mogla i da pomogne u zaštiti životinja u pokretu. Ovo mladunče kita je ubio brod. Tragično, ali ovo je čest uzrok smrti severnoatlantskih arktičkih kitova, jedne od najugroženijih vrsta u svetu. Kako bismo se pozabavili ovim, naučnici trenutno pokreću novi bioakustički program blizu istočne obale Severne Amerike kako bi izvršili triangulaciju lokacija kitova i u realnom vremenu preneli informacije kapetanima brodova. Brodovi potom moraju da uspore, stanu i sklone se s puta. Nijedan arktički kit nije umro od udara broda u ovoj zoni otkad je program pokrenut.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)
So this may be the thing that saves this species. So think about it. A few decades ago, we were harpooning these whales nearly to extinction. Today, we've invented a technology that allows a community of less than 400 whales, simply by singing, to guide the movements of tens of thousands of ships in a watershed that's home to tens of millions of people. One day, these whale lanes may be everywhere in the oceans. For the orcas who live here in the Salish Sea, this would be just in time because there are only a few dozen left.
Dakle, ovo bi moglo da spasi vrstu. Razmislite o tome. Pre nekoliko decenija smo harpunima skoro istrebili ove kitove. Danas smo izumeli tehnologiju koja omogućuje zajednici od manje od 400 kitova, pukim pevanjem da navodi kretanje destina hiljada brodova u vodomeđi koja je dom desetinama miliona ljudi. Jednoga dana bi ove kitovske staze mogle da budu svuda po okeanima. Za orke koje žive ovde u Sališkom moru, radilo bi se o pravom trenutku jer ih je svega nekoliko desetina ostalo.
A final thought. About 400 years ago, the inventors of the microscope were astonished to discover the microbial world. They had no idea their invention would lead to the discovery of DNA and the ability to manipulate the code of life. Around the same time, the inventors of the telescope were gazing up at the stars, not knowing their invention would allow humanity to look back in time to the origins of the universe. Optics decenters humanity within the solar system, within the cosmos. Bioacoustics decenters humanity within the tree of life. Our commonality is greater than we knew.
Poslednja misao. Pre oko 400 godina, izumitelji mikroskopa su bili zadivljeni otkrićem sveta mikroba. Pojma nisu imali da će njihov izum dovesti do otkrića DNK i mogućnosti manipulisanja životnim kodom. Otprilike u isto vreme, izumitelji teleskopa su zurili u zvezde, ne znajući da će njihov izum omogućiti čovečanstvu da se osvrne nazad kroz vreme do postanka univerzuma. Optika izmešta čovečanstvo iz središta solarnog sistema, iz središta kosmosa. Bioakustika izmešta čovečanstvo iz središta drveta života. Daleko smo sličniji nego što smo mislili.
Now today we're using bioacoustics to protect species and decode their communication, but tomorrow, I believe, we'll be using bioacoustics combined with machine intelligence to explore the frontiers of biological intelligence. Many biological intelligences are very different than our own, but they're no less worthy of exploration.
Danas koristimo bioakustiku da zaštitimo vrste i dešifrujemo njihovu komunikaciju, ali verujem da ćemo sutradan moći da koristimo bioakustiku zajedno sa mašinskom inteligencijom kako bismo istražili granice biološke inteligencije. Mnoge biološke inteligencije su veoma različite od naše, ali nisu manje vredne istraživanja.
And maybe one day in a speculative future, instead of a human here on stage, maybe bioacoustics would enable an orca to give a TED talk.
I možda jednog dana u spekulativnoj budućnosti, umesto ljudskog bića ovde na sceni, možda će bioakustika omogućiti orki da održi TED govor.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
Why not? Sharing orca stories about dodging ships and seismic blasts and human hunters, stories about desperately seeking the last remaining salmon, stories about trying to survive on this beautiful planet in this crazy moment in our era of untethered human creativity and unprecedented environmental emergency. Now those would be ideas worth spreading.
Zašto da ne? Deliće priče orki o izbegavanju brodova, udarima vazdušnih topova i ljudskim lovcima, priče o očajničkoj potrazi za poslednjim preostalim lososom, priče o pokušajima preživljavanja na ovoj prelepoj planeti u ovom suludom trenutku u našoj eri neobuzdane ljudske kreativnosti i ekološkog vanrednog stanja bez presedana. E to bi bile ideje vredne deljenja.
(Chirping sounds)
(Zvuci cvrkutanja)
(Applause)
(Aplauz)