Hi. Let me ask the audience a question: Did you ever lie as a child? If you did, could you please raise your hand? Wow! This is the most honest group of people I've ever met.
Habari Ngoja niiulize hadhira swali: Ulishawahi kudanganya ukiwa mtoto? Kama uliwahi, unaweza kunyanyua mkono tafadhali? Wow! hili ni kundi la watu wakweli kuliko wote niliowahi kukutana nao.
(Laughter)
(Kicheko)
So for the last 20 years, I've been studying how children learn to tell lies. And today, I'm going to share with you some of the discoveries we have made.
Hadi sasa kwa miaka 20 iliyopita, Nimekuwa nikisoma jinsi watoto wanavyojifunza kudanganya. Na leo, nitawashirikisha baadhi ya ugunduzi tulioupata.
But to begin, I'm going to tell you a story from Mr. Richard Messina, who is my friend and an elementary school principal. He got a phone call one day. The caller says, "Mr. Messina, my son Johnny will not come to school today because he's sick."
Ila kwa kuanza, nitawaambia hadithi kutoka kwa Bwana Richard Messina, ambaye ni rafiki yangu na mkuu wa shule ya msingi. Alipokea simu siku moja. Aliyepiga akasema, "Bwana Messina, mtoto wangu Johnny hatakuja shuleni leo kwasababu anaumwa."
Mr. Messina asks, "Who am I speaking to, please?"
Bwana Messina akauliza, "Naongea na nani, tafadhali?"
And the caller says, "I am my father."
Na aliyepiga akasema, "Mimi ni baba yangu."
(Laughter)
(Kicheko)
So this story --
Sasa hadithi hii --
(Laughter)
(Vicheko)
sums up very nicely three common beliefs we have about children and lying. One, children only come to tell lies after entering elementary school. Two, children are poor liars. We adults can easily detect their lies. And three, if children lie at a very young age, there must be some character flaws with them, and they are going to become pathological liars for life. Well, it turns out all of the three beliefs are wrong.
inajumlisha vizuri sana imani tatu zilizo zoeleka tulizonazo kuhusu watoto na kudanganya. Moja, watoto huja tu kusema uongo baada ya kuingia shule ya msingi. Mbili, watoto hawadanganyi vizuri. Watu wazima twaweza kugundua uwongo wao. Na tatu, kama watoto watadanganya katika umri mdogo sana, lazima watakuwa na makosa kitabia, na watakuja kuwa wagonjwa wa kudanganya maishani. Hivyo inaonekana kwamba imani zote tatu hazikuwa sahihi.
We have been playing guessing games with children all over the world. Here is an example. So in this game, we asked children to guess the numbers on the cards. And we tell them if they win the game, they are going to get a big prize. But in the middle of the game, we make an excuse and leave the room. And before we leave the room, we tell them not to peek at the cards. Of course, we have hidden cameras in the room to watch their every move. Because the desire to win the game is so strong, more than 90 percent of children will peek as soon as we leave the room.
Tumekuwa tukifanya mchezo wa kukisia na watoto dunia nzima. Huu ni mfano Hivyo katika mchezo huu, tunauliza watoto kukisia namba kwenye kadi. Na tunawaambia wakishinda mchezo, watapata zawadi kubwa. Lakini katikati ya mchezo, tunatoa udhuru na kutoka kwenye chumba. Na kabla ya kutoka kwenye chumba, tunawaambia wasichungulie kwenye kadi. Bila shaka, tuna kamera zilizofichwa katika chumba kuangalia kila hatua yao. Kwasababu haja ya kushinda mchezo ni kubwa sana, zaidi ya asilimia 90 ya watoto watachungulia mara tutakapotoka chumbani.
(Laughter)
(Kicheko)
The crucial question is: When we return and ask the children whether or not they have peeked, will the children who peeked confess or lie about their transgression?
Swali la msingi ni: Tutakaporudi na kuuliza watoto Kama wamechungulia au la, watoto waliochungulia watakiri au watadanganya kuhusu makosa yao?
We found that regardless of gender, country, religion, at two years of age, 30 percent lie, 70 percent tell the truth about their transgression. At three years of age, 50 percent lie and 50 percent tell the truth. At four years of age, more than 80 percent lie. And after four years of age, most children lie. So as you can see, lying is really a typical part of development. And some children begin to tell lies as young as two years of age.
Tuligundua kwamba bila kujali jinsia, nchi, au dini, katika umri wa miaka miwili, asilimia 30 hudanganya, asilimia 70 husema ukweli kuhusu makosa yao. Katika umri wa miaka mitatu, asilimia 50 hudanganya na asilimia 50 husema kweli. Katika umri wa miaka minne, zaidi ya asilimia 80 hudanganya. Na baada ya miaka minne, watoto wengi hudanganya. Hivyo unaweza kuona, kudanganya ni sehemu halisi ya kuendelea. Na baadhi ya watoto huanza kusema uwongo wakiwa na umri mdogo wa miaka miwili.
So now, let's take a closer look at the younger children. Why do some but not all young children lie? In cooking, you need good ingredients to cook good food. And good lying requires two key ingredients. The first key ingredient is theory of mind, or the mind-reading ability. Mind reading is the ability to know that different people have different knowledge about the situation and the ability to differentiate between what I know and what you know. Mind reading is important for lying because the basis of lying is that I know you don't know what I know. Therefore, I can lie to you.
Hivyo sasa, tuangalie kwa ukaribu watoto wadogo. Kwanini baadhi na sio wote watoto wadogo hudanganya? Katika mapishi unahitaji viungo vizuri kupika chakula kizuri. Na uongo mzuri unahitaji viungo viwili vikuu. Kiungo kikuu cha kwanza ni nadharia ya akili, au uwezo wa kusoma- akili. Kusoma akili ni uwezo wa kujua kwamba watu tofauti wana ufahamu tofauti kuhusu hali fulani na uwezo wa kutofautisha kati ya ninachojua na kile unachojua Kusoma akili ni muhimu kwa kudanganya kwasababu ya msingi wa kudanganya ni najua hujui ninachojua. Hivyo, naweza kukudanganya.
The second key ingredient for good lying is self-control. It is the ability to control your speech, your facial expression and your body language, so that you can tell a convincing lie. And we found that those young children who have more advanced mind-reading and self-control abilities tell lies earlier and are more sophisticated liars. As it turns out, these two abilities are also essential for all of us to function well in our society. In fact, deficits in mind-reading and self-control abilities are associated with serious developmental problems, such as ADHD and autism. So if you discover your two-year-old is telling his or her first lie, instead of being alarmed, you should celebrate --
Kiungo cha pili muhimu Ni uwezo wa kudhibiti maneno yako, kuonyesha hisia usoni na lugha ya mwili, ili kwamba unaweza kusema uongo thabiti. Na tulikuta kwamba wale watoto wadogo walio na uwezo mkubwa wa kusoma akili na uwezo wa kujidhibiti husema uwongo mapema na ni waongo wa kisasa. Kama inavyokuwa, uwezo huu wa aina mbili ni muhimu pia kwetu sote kuweza kufanya kazi katika jamii yetu. Ki ukweli, kushindwa kusoma akili na uwezo wa kujidhibiti vinahusianishwa na matatizo makubwa ya ukuaji, kama ADHD na usonji. Hivyo ukigundua mtoto wako wa miaka miwili anakudanganya kwa mara ya kwanza, badala ya kushtushwa, unatakiwa usherehekee--
(Laughter)
(Kicheko)
because it signals that your child has arrived at a new milestone of typical development.
kwasababu inaashiria kwamba mtoto wako amefikia hatua mpya ya ukuaji wa kawaida.
Now, are children poor liars? Do you think you can easily detect their lies? Would you like to give it a try? Yes? OK. So I'm going to show you two videos. In the videos, the children are going to respond to a researcher's question, "Did you peek?" So try to tell me which child is lying and which child is telling the truth. Here's child number one. Are you ready?
Sasa, watoto hawadanganyi vizuri? Unafikiri unaweza kugundua udanganyifu wao kirahisi? Ungependa kujaribu? Ndio? Sawa. Sasa nitakuonyesha video mbili Kwenye video, watoto watajibu maswali ya utafiti, "Ulichungulia?" Sasa jaribu kuniambia mtoto yupi anadanganya na mtoto yupi anasema ukweli. Huyu ni mtoto namba moja. Uko tayari?
(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.
(Video) Mtu: Ulichungulia? Mtoto: Hapana
Kang Lee: And this is child number two.
Kang Lee: Na huyu ni mtoto namba mbili.
(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.
(Video) Mtu: Ulichungulia? Mtoto: Hapana.
KL: OK, if you think child number one is lying, please raise your hand. And if you think child number two is lying, please raise your hand. OK, so as a matter of fact, child number one is telling the truth, child number two is lying. Looks like many of you are terrible detectors of children's lies.
KL: OK, kama unafikiri mtoto namba moja anadanganya, tafadhali inua mkono wako. Na kama unafikiri mtoto namba mbili anadanganya, tafadhali inua mkono wako. OK, kusema ukweli, mtoto namba moja anasema ukweli, mtoto namba mbili anadanganya. Inaonekana wengi wenu sio wagunduzi wazuri wa uwongo wa watoto.
(Laughter)
(Kicheko)
Now, we have played similar kinds of games with many, many adults from all walks of life. And we show them many videos. In half of the videos, the children lied. In the other half of the videos, the children told the truth. And let's find out how these adults performed. Because there are as many liars as truth tellers, if you guess randomly, there's a 50 percent chance you're going to get it right. So if your accuracy is around 50 percent, it means you are a terrible detector of children's lies.
Sasa, tumeshiriki kwenye michezo sawasawa na watu wazima wengi sana kutoka sehemu zote za maisha. Na tunawaonyesha video nyingi. Katika nusu ya video, watoto walidanganya. Katika nusu ya video nyingine, watoto walisema ukweli. Ngoja tuone watu wazima hawa walifanyaje. Kwasababu kuna waongo wengi kama wasema kweli, ukikisia kwa kubahatisha, kunauwezekano wa asilimia 50 ukapatia. Hivyo ikiwa usahihi wako ni takriban asilimia 50, inamaanisha wewe ni mgunduzi mbaya wa uwongo wa watoto.
So let's start with undergrads and law school students, who typically have limited experience with children. No, they cannot detect children's lies. Their performance is around chance.
Sasa tuanze na wanafunzi wa shahada ya kwanza na wanafunzi wa sheria, ambao kwa ujumla hawana uzoefu na watoto. Hapana hawawezi kugundua uwongo wa watoto Utendaji wao ni wa kubahatisha
Now how about social workers and child-protection lawyers, who work with children on a daily basis? Can they detect children's lies? No, they cannot.
Sasa vipi kuhusu wafanyakazi za jamii na walinda haki za watoto, wanaofanyakazi na watoto kila siku? Wanaweza kugundua uwongo wa watoto? Hapana, hawawezi,
(Laughter)
(Kicheko)
What about judges, customs officers and police officers, who deal with liars on a daily basis? Can they detect children's lies? No, they cannot.
Vipi kuhusu majaji, maafisa forodha na maafisa polisi, wanaokutana na wadanganyifu kila siku? Wanaweza kugundua uwongo wa watoto? Hapana hawawezi.
What about parents? Can parents detect other children's lies? No, they cannot.
Vipi kuhusu wazazi? Wazazi wanaweza kugundua uwongo wa watoto wengine? Hapana, hawawezi.
What about, can parents detect their own children's lies? No, they cannot.
Inawezekana wazazi kugundua uwongo wa watoto wao wenyewe? Hapana, hawawezi.
(Laughter) (Applause)
(Kicheko) (Makofi)
So now you may ask why children's lies are so difficult to detect. Let me illustrate this with my own son, Nathan. This is his facial expression when he lies.
Hivyo sasa unaweza kuuliza kwanini uwongo wa watoto ni vigumu kuugundua. Ngoja niwaonyeshe hili na mtoto wangu mwenyewe, Nathan Hii ni hisia za uso wake anapodanganya.
(Laughter)
(Kicheko)
So when children lie, their facial expression is typically neutral. However, behind this neutral expression, the child is actually experiencing a lot of emotions, such as fear, guilt, shame and maybe a little bit of liar's delight.
Hivyo wakati watoto wanadanganya, hisia za nyuso zao ni za kawaida. Ingawa nyuma ya hii hisia ya kawaida, mtoto kiukweli hupitia hisia nyingi, kama hofu, hatia, fedheha na pengine raha ya kudanganya kidogo.
(Laughter)
(Kicheko)
Unfortunately, such emotions are either fleeting or hidden. Therefore, it's mostly invisible to us.
Bahati mbaya, hisia za aina hiyo ni aidha za muda mfupi au zimejificha Kwahiyo, ni ambazo hazionekani kwetu.
So in the last five years, we have been trying to figure out a way to reveal these hidden emotions. Then we made a discovery.
Kwa miaka mitano iliyopita, tumekuwa tukijaribu kutafuta njia ya kuonyesha hisia hizi zilizojificha. Kisha tukapata ugunduzi.
We know that underneath our facial skin, there's a rich network of blood vessels. When we experience different emotions, our facial blood flow changes subtly. And these changes are regulated by the autonomic system that is beyond our conscious control. By looking at facial blood flow changes, we can reveal people's hidden emotions. Unfortunately, such emotion-related facial blood flow changes are too subtle to detect by our naked eye. So to help us reveal people's facial emotions, we have developed a new imaging technology we call "transdermal optical imaging."
Tunajua kwamba chini ya ngozi za nyuso zetu, kuna mtandao mkubwa wa mishipa ya damu. Tunapopitia hisia tofauti, msukumo wa damu usoni hubadilika bila kujua. Na mabadiliko haya huendeshwa kwa mfumo wa autonomiki ambayo ni nje ya uwezo wetu kudhibiti. Kwa kuangalia mabadiliko ya msukumo wa damu usoni, tunaweza kuonyesha hisia za watu zilizojificha. Bahati mbaya, hisia hizo zinazohusiana na mabadiliko ya msukumo wa damu usoni ni vigumu sana kugundua kwa macho yetu. Hivyo kusaidia kuonyesha hisia za watu usoni, tumeunda teknolojia mpya ya picha tunaiita "tansderaml optical imaging"
To do so, we use a regular video camera to record people when they experience various hidden emotions. And then, using our image processing technology, we can extract transdermal images of facial blood flow changes. By looking at transdermal video images, now we can easily see facial blood flow changes associated with the various hidden emotions. And using this technology, we can now reveal the hidden emotions associated with lying, and therefore detect people's lies. We can do so noninvasively, remotely, inexpensively, with an accuracy at about 85 percent, which is far better than chance level.
Kufanya hivyo tunatumia kamera ya video ya kawaida kurekodi watu wanapokuwa na hisia mbalimbali zilizojificha Na kisha, kwa kutumia teknolojia ya usindikaji picha, tunaweza kupata picha kupitia ngozi za mabadiliko ya msukumo wa damu usoni. Kwa kuangalia video za picha kupitia ngozi, sasa tunaweza kuona kwa urahisi mabadiliko ya msukumo wa damu usoni yanayohusiana na hisia zilizojificha. Na kwa kutumia teknolojia hii, tunaweza kuonyesha hisia zilizojificha zinazohusiana na udanganyifu, na kwahiyo kugundua uwongo wa watu. tunaweza kufanya bila upasuaji, kwa mbali, na gharama nafuu kwa usahihi wa takriban asilimia 85 ambayo ni bora kuliko kubahatisha.
And in addition, we discovered a Pinocchio effect. No, not this Pinocchio effect.
Na kwa kuongezea, tumegundua athari za Pinikio. Hapana, sio athari za Pinokio huyu.
(Laughter)
(Kicheko)
This is the real Pinocchio effect. When people lie, the facial blood flow on the cheeks decreases, and the facial blood flow on the nose increases.
Hizi ni athari za kweli za Pinokio. Wakati watu wanapodanganya, msukumo wa damu usoni kwenye mashavu hupungua, na msukumo wa damu usoni kwenye pua huongezeka.
Of course, lying is not the only situation that will evoke our hidden emotions. So then we asked ourselves, in addition to detecting lies, how can our technology be used? One application is in education. For example, using this technology, we can help this mathematics teacher to identify the student in his classroom who may experience high anxiety about the topic he's teaching so that he can help him. And also we can use this in health care. For example, every day I Skype my parents, who live thousands of miles away. And using this technology, I can not only find out what's going on in their lives but also simultaneously monitor their heart rate, their stress level, their mood and whether or not they are experiencing pain. And perhaps in the future, their risks for heart attack or hypertension. And you may ask: Can we use this also to reveal politicians' emotions?
Hata hivyo, kudanganya sio tukio pekee ambalo litaamsha hisia zilizojificha. Hivyo basi tukajiuliza wenyewe, pamoja na kugundua uwongo, teknolojia yetu inaweza kutumikaje? Utumikaji wake mmoja ni kwenye elimu. Kwa mfano, kwa kutumia teknolojia hii, tunaweza kumsaidia mwalimu huyu wa hesabu kutambua wanafunzi darasani kwake wanapata woga mkubwa kuhusu mada anayofundisha ili iweze kumsaidia. Na pia tunaweza kuitumia katika huduma za afya. Mfano, kila siku natumia huduma ya Skype kuwasilina na wazazi wangu, wanaoishi maelfu ya maili mbali. Na kwa kutumia teknolojia hii, Sio tu najua kinachoendelea katika maisha yao lakini pia sambamba na kuangalia mapigo yao ya moyo na kiwango cha msongo, hali zao na kama wanapata au hawapati maumivu. Na pengine kwa siku za mbele, hatari za mshtuko wa moyo au shinikizo la damu Na unaweza kuuliza: Tunaweza kutumia hii pia kuonyesha hisia za wanasiasa?
(Laughter)
(Kicheko)
For example, during a debate. Well, the answer is yes. Using TV footage, we could detect the politicians' heart rate, mood and stress, and perhaps in the future, whether or not they are lying to us. We can also use this in marketing research, for example, to find out whether or not people like certain consumer products. We can even use it in dating. So for example, if your date is smiling at you, this technology can help you to determine whether she actually likes you or she is just trying to be nice to you. And in this case, she is just trying to be nice to you.
Kwa mfano, wakati wa mijadala Kwakweli, jibu ni ndio. Kutumia kipande kinachorushwa kwenye TV, tunaweza kugundua mapigo ya moyo ya mwanasiasa, hali na msongo, na pengine katika siku za mbele. iwe wanatudanganya au sivyo. Tunaweza pia kutumia hii katika utafiti wa masoko, kwa mfano, kujua kama watu wanapenda au hawapendi bidhaa fulani za matumizi. Tunaweza hata kutumia kwenye miadi. Sasa kwa mfano Ikiwa mliyeahidiana anakuonyesha tabasamu, teknolojia hii inaweza kukusaidia kujua kama anakupenda kweli au anajaribu tu kuonyesha wema kwako. Na kwa suala hili, anajaribu kuonyesha wema kwako.
(Laughter)
(Kicheko)
So transdermal optical imaging technology is at a very early stage of development. Many new applications will come about that we don't know today. However, one thing I know for sure is that lying will never be the same again.
Hivyo teknolojia ya transdermal optical imaging iko katika hatua za mwanzo za kuendelezwa. Matumizi mengi mapya yatakuja ambayo hatuyajui leo. Ingawa, kitu kimoja ninachojua kwa uhakika ni kwamba kudanganya hakutakuwa kama zamani tena.
Thank you very much.
Asanteni sana.
Xiè xie.
Asanteni.
(Applause)
(Makofi)