Hi. Let me ask the audience a question: Did you ever lie as a child? If you did, could you please raise your hand? Wow! This is the most honest group of people I've ever met.
Zdravo. Postaviću publici pitanje: da li ste ikad slagali kad ste bili dete? Ako jeste, možete li, molim vas, da podignete ruke? Opa! Ovo je najiskrenija grupa ljudi koju sam ikad upoznao.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
So for the last 20 years, I've been studying how children learn to tell lies. And today, I'm going to share with you some of the discoveries we have made.
Dakle, proteklih 20 godina sam izučavao kako deca uče da govore laži. A danas ću da podelim sa vama neka od otkrića do kojih smo došli.
But to begin, I'm going to tell you a story from Mr. Richard Messina, who is my friend and an elementary school principal. He got a phone call one day. The caller says, "Mr. Messina, my son Johnny will not come to school today because he's sick."
Ali za početak ću da vam ispričam priču g. Ričarda Mesine, koji je moj prijatelj i direktor osnovne škole. Jednog dana je primio telefonski poziv. Sagovornik je rekao: "G. Mesina, moj sin Džoni neće doći u školu danas jer je bolestan."
Mr. Messina asks, "Who am I speaking to, please?"
G. Mesina je pitao: "Izvinite, s kim razgovaram?"
And the caller says, "I am my father."
A sagovornik je rekao: "Ja sam moj otac."
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
So this story --
Dakle, ova priča -
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
sums up very nicely three common beliefs we have about children and lying. One, children only come to tell lies after entering elementary school. Two, children are poor liars. We adults can easily detect their lies. And three, if children lie at a very young age, there must be some character flaws with them, and they are going to become pathological liars for life. Well, it turns out all of the three beliefs are wrong.
savršeno spaja tri uobičajena verovanja koja imamo o deci i laganju. Pod jedan: deca tek počinju da lažu nakon polaska u osnovnu školu. Dva: deca su loši lažovi. Mi odrasli možemo lako da prepoznamo njihove laži. I tri: ako deca lažu u veoma ranom uzrastu, mora da imaju neku karakternu manu i da će ostati patološki lažovi do kraja života. Pa, ispostavlja se da su sva tri verovanja pogrešna.
We have been playing guessing games with children all over the world. Here is an example. So in this game, we asked children to guess the numbers on the cards. And we tell them if they win the game, they are going to get a big prize. But in the middle of the game, we make an excuse and leave the room. And before we leave the room, we tell them not to peek at the cards. Of course, we have hidden cameras in the room to watch their every move. Because the desire to win the game is so strong, more than 90 percent of children will peek as soon as we leave the room.
Igrali smo igre pogađanja s decom širom sveta. Evo jednog primera. Dakle, u ovoj igri, tražili smo od dece da pogode brojeve na kartama. A mi im kažemo da ako pobede u igri, dobiće veliku nagradu. Ali u sred igre, izvinimo se i napustimo prostoriju. A pre nego što napustimo prostoriju, kažemo im da ne vire u karte. Naravno, imamo skrivene kamere u prostoriji koje prate svaki njihov pokret. Jer je žudnja da pobede u igri tako snažna, više od 90 procenata dece će virnuti, čim napustimo prostoriju.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
The crucial question is: When we return and ask the children whether or not they have peeked, will the children who peeked confess or lie about their transgression?
Ključno pitanje je: kad se vratimo i upitamo decu da li su virila, da li će deca koja su virila priznati ili će lagati o svom prestupu?
We found that regardless of gender, country, religion, at two years of age, 30 percent lie, 70 percent tell the truth about their transgression. At three years of age, 50 percent lie and 50 percent tell the truth. At four years of age, more than 80 percent lie. And after four years of age, most children lie. So as you can see, lying is really a typical part of development. And some children begin to tell lies as young as two years of age.
Otkrili smo da bez obzira na rod, državu, religiju, u dvogodišnjem uzrastu 30 procenata njih slaže, 70 procenata kaže istinu o svom prestupu. U trogodišnjem uzrastu, 50 procenata slaže, a 50 procenata kaže istinu. U četvorogodišnjem uzrastu, više od 80 procenata slaže. A nakon četvrte godine većina dece laže. Pa, kao što možete da vidite, laganje je karakterističan deo razvoja. A neka deca počinju da lažu još u uzrastu od dve godine.
So now, let's take a closer look at the younger children. Why do some but not all young children lie? In cooking, you need good ingredients to cook good food. And good lying requires two key ingredients. The first key ingredient is theory of mind, or the mind-reading ability. Mind reading is the ability to know that different people have different knowledge about the situation and the ability to differentiate between what I know and what you know. Mind reading is important for lying because the basis of lying is that I know you don't know what I know. Therefore, I can lie to you.
Sad, pogledajmo pažljivije decu mlađeg uzrasta. Zašto neka, ali ne i sva deca lažu? U kulinarstvu su vam potrebni dobri sastojci da biste spremili dobru hranu. Za svako dobro laganje su potrebna dva sastojka. Prvi ključni sastojak je teorija uma, iliti sposobnost čitanja misli. Čitanje misli je sposonost spoznaje da različiti ljudi imaju različito znanje o situaciji i sposobnost razlikovanja između onoga što ja znam i što vi znate. Čitanje misli je važno za laganje jer je osnova laganja to da ja znam da vi ne znate ono što ja znam. Stoga mogu da vam lažem.
The second key ingredient for good lying is self-control. It is the ability to control your speech, your facial expression and your body language, so that you can tell a convincing lie. And we found that those young children who have more advanced mind-reading and self-control abilities tell lies earlier and are more sophisticated liars. As it turns out, these two abilities are also essential for all of us to function well in our society. In fact, deficits in mind-reading and self-control abilities are associated with serious developmental problems, such as ADHD and autism. So if you discover your two-year-old is telling his or her first lie, instead of being alarmed, you should celebrate --
Drugi ključni sastojak za dobro laganje je samokontrola. To je sposobnost kontrolisanja govora, vašeg izraza lica i vašeg govora tela, kako biste mogli da kažete uverljivu laž. A otkrili smo da ona dečica koja su naprednija u sposobnostima čitanja misli i samokontrole ranije počinju da lažu i prefinjeniji su lažovi. Kako se ispostavilo, te dve sposobnosti su suštinske za sve nas da bismo dobro funkcionisali u društvu. Zapravo, nedostatak sposobnosti čitanja misli i samokontrole su povezani sa ozbiljnim razvojnim problemima, poput hiperaktivnog poremećaja i autizma. Pa, ako otkrijete da vaš dvogodišnjak izgovara svoju prvu laž, umesto da budete uznemireni, trebalo bi da slavite -
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
because it signals that your child has arrived at a new milestone of typical development.
jer je to znak da je vaše dete stiglo do nove prekretnice u tipičnom razvoju.
Now, are children poor liars? Do you think you can easily detect their lies? Would you like to give it a try? Yes? OK. So I'm going to show you two videos. In the videos, the children are going to respond to a researcher's question, "Did you peek?" So try to tell me which child is lying and which child is telling the truth. Here's child number one. Are you ready?
Sad, da li su deca loši lažovi? Mislite li da lako možete da prepoznate njihove laži? Da li biste se okušali u tome? Da? U redu. Pokazaću vam dva snimka. Na snimcima deca če da odgovaraju na pitanje istraživača: "Da li ste virili?" Pa, pokušajte da mi kažete koje dete laže, a koje dete govori istinu. Evo prvog deteta. Jeste li spremni?
(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.
(Snimak) Odrasla osoba: Da li si virio? Dete: Ne.
Kang Lee: And this is child number two.
Kang Li: A ovo je drugo dete.
(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.
(Snimak) Odrasla osoba: Da li si virila? Dete: Ne.
KL: OK, if you think child number one is lying, please raise your hand. And if you think child number two is lying, please raise your hand. OK, so as a matter of fact, child number one is telling the truth, child number two is lying. Looks like many of you are terrible detectors of children's lies.
KL: U redu, ako mislite da prvo dete laže, molim vas da podignete ruke. A ako mislite da drugo dete laže, molim vas da podignete ruke. U redu, zapravo, prvo dete govori istinu, drugo dete laže. Izgleda da su mnogi od vas užasni u prepoznavanju dečjih laži.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
Now, we have played similar kinds of games with many, many adults from all walks of life. And we show them many videos. In half of the videos, the children lied. In the other half of the videos, the children told the truth. And let's find out how these adults performed. Because there are as many liars as truth tellers, if you guess randomly, there's a 50 percent chance you're going to get it right. So if your accuracy is around 50 percent, it means you are a terrible detector of children's lies.
Sad, igrali smo slične igre s mnogim, mnogim odraslim ljudima raznih zanimanja. Pokazivali smo im mnogo snimaka. Na polovini snimaka su deca lagala. Na drugoj polovini snimaka deca su govorila istinu. Hajde da vidimo kakav je učinak ovih odraslih. Zato što ima jednak broj lažova i onih koji govore istinu, ako nasumično pogađate, imate 50 procenata šanse da ćete pogoditi. Pa, ako su vaši pogoci oko 50 procenata, to znači da ste užasni u prepoznavanju dečjih laži.
So let's start with undergrads and law school students, who typically have limited experience with children. No, they cannot detect children's lies. Their performance is around chance.
Pa, počnimo sa redovnim studentima i studentima prava, koji obično imaju ograničeno iskustvo s decom. Ne, ne znaju da prepoznaju dečje laži. Njihov učinak je na nivou slučajnog pogađanja.
Now how about social workers and child-protection lawyers, who work with children on a daily basis? Can they detect children's lies? No, they cannot.
Sad, šta je sa socijalnim radnicima i advokatima za zaštitu dece, koji svakodnevno rade s decom? Mogu li oni prepoznati dečje laži? Ne, ne mogu.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
What about judges, customs officers and police officers, who deal with liars on a daily basis? Can they detect children's lies? No, they cannot.
Šta je sa sudijama, carinicima i policajcima, koji se svakodnevno bave lažovima? Mogu li oni da prepoznaju dečje laži? Ne, ne mogu.
What about parents? Can parents detect other children's lies? No, they cannot.
Šta je s roditeljima? Mogu li roditelji da prepoznaju laži kod tuđe dece? Ne, ne mogu.
What about, can parents detect their own children's lies? No, they cannot.
Šta je sa tim da li roditelji mogu da prepoznaju laži sopstvene dece? Ne, ne mogu.
(Laughter) (Applause)
(Smeh) (Aplauz)
So now you may ask why children's lies are so difficult to detect. Let me illustrate this with my own son, Nathan. This is his facial expression when he lies.
Dakle, sad se možda pitate zašto je tako teško prepoznati dečje laži. Dozvolite mi da vam to ilustrujem na primeru mog sina, Nejtana. Ovo je njegov izraz lica kad laže.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
So when children lie, their facial expression is typically neutral. However, behind this neutral expression, the child is actually experiencing a lot of emotions, such as fear, guilt, shame and maybe a little bit of liar's delight.
Pa, kad deca lažu njihovi izrazi lica su obično neutralni. Međutim, iza ovog neutralnog izraza, dete zapravo proživljava mnoge emocije, poput straha, krivice, srama, a možda i blagog užitka u laganju.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
Unfortunately, such emotions are either fleeting or hidden. Therefore, it's mostly invisible to us.
Nažalost, slične emocije su prolazne ili skrivene. Stoga su nam uglavnom nevidljive.
So in the last five years, we have been trying to figure out a way to reveal these hidden emotions. Then we made a discovery.
Te smo u proteklih pet godina pokušavali da otkrijemo način da razotkrijemo ove skrivene emocije. Onda smo došli do otkrića.
We know that underneath our facial skin, there's a rich network of blood vessels. When we experience different emotions, our facial blood flow changes subtly. And these changes are regulated by the autonomic system that is beyond our conscious control. By looking at facial blood flow changes, we can reveal people's hidden emotions. Unfortunately, such emotion-related facial blood flow changes are too subtle to detect by our naked eye. So to help us reveal people's facial emotions, we have developed a new imaging technology we call "transdermal optical imaging."
Znamo da ispod kože lica imamo bogatu mrežu krvnih sudova. Kada proživljavamo različite emocije, tok krvi u našem licu se blago menja. A ove promene reguliše autonomni sistem koji je mimo naše svesne kontrole. Posmatranjem promena u proticanju krvi na licu, možemo da razotkrijemo skrivene emocije kod ljudi. Nažalost, slične promene toka krvi na licu uzrokovane emocijama su suviše suptilne da bismo ih zapazili golim okom. Pa, kao pomoć u razotkrivanju skrivenih emocija kod ljudi, razvili smo novu tehnologiju prikazivanja, nazivamo je: "transdermalno optičko prikazivanje".
To do so, we use a regular video camera to record people when they experience various hidden emotions. And then, using our image processing technology, we can extract transdermal images of facial blood flow changes. By looking at transdermal video images, now we can easily see facial blood flow changes associated with the various hidden emotions. And using this technology, we can now reveal the hidden emotions associated with lying, and therefore detect people's lies. We can do so noninvasively, remotely, inexpensively, with an accuracy at about 85 percent, which is far better than chance level.
Da bismo to postigli, koristimo obične video kamere da bismo snimali ljude dok doživljavaju različite skrivene emocije. A potom, koristeći našu tehnologiju za obradu slika, možemo da izdvojimo transdermalne slike promena u toku krvi na licu. Posmatranjem transdermalnih video snimaka, sada možemo lako da vidimo promene u toku krvi na licu povezane s različitim skrivenim emocijama. A koristeći ovu tehnologiju, sad možemo da otkrijemo skrivene emocije koje su u vezi sa laganjem, i samim tim prepoznamo kad ljudi lažu. Možemo to da postignemo neinvazivno, s udaljenosti, jeftino, s preciznošću od oko 85 procenata, što je daleko bolje od nivoa nagađanja.
And in addition, we discovered a Pinocchio effect. No, not this Pinocchio effect.
A uz sve to, otkrili smo efekat Pinokija. Ne, ne ovaj efekat Pinokija.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
This is the real Pinocchio effect. When people lie, the facial blood flow on the cheeks decreases, and the facial blood flow on the nose increases.
Ovo je stvarni efekat Pinokija. Kad ljudi lažu, tok krvi na licu se smanjuje u predelu obraza, a tok krvi na licu u predelu nosa se pojačava.
Of course, lying is not the only situation that will evoke our hidden emotions. So then we asked ourselves, in addition to detecting lies, how can our technology be used? One application is in education. For example, using this technology, we can help this mathematics teacher to identify the student in his classroom who may experience high anxiety about the topic he's teaching so that he can help him. And also we can use this in health care. For example, every day I Skype my parents, who live thousands of miles away. And using this technology, I can not only find out what's going on in their lives but also simultaneously monitor their heart rate, their stress level, their mood and whether or not they are experiencing pain. And perhaps in the future, their risks for heart attack or hypertension. And you may ask: Can we use this also to reveal politicians' emotions?
Naravno, laganje nije jedina situacija koja će da izazove vaše skrivene emocije. Pa smo se zapitali, pored prepoznavanja laži, kako naša tehnologija može da se koristi? Jedna njena primena je u obrazovanju. Na primer, upotrebom ove tehnologije možemo pomoći ovom nastavniku matematike da prepozna đaka u učionici koji možda doživljava izrazit nespokoj zbog teme koja se predaje, te može da mu pomogne. Takođe ovo možemo da koristimo u zdravstvu. Na primer, svakodnevno se čujem s roditeljima preko Skajpa, koji žive hiljadama kilometara daleko. A upotrebom ove tehnologije, ne samo da mogu da otkrijem šta se dešava u njihovim životima, već i da istovremeno pratim njihov rad srca, nivo stresa, raspoloženje i da li doživljavaju bol. A možda nekad u budućnosti rizik od srčanog udara ili visokog krvnog pritiska kod njih. I možda se pitate: možemo li ovo da koristimo i da bismo razotkrili emocije političara?
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
For example, during a debate. Well, the answer is yes. Using TV footage, we could detect the politicians' heart rate, mood and stress, and perhaps in the future, whether or not they are lying to us. We can also use this in marketing research, for example, to find out whether or not people like certain consumer products. We can even use it in dating. So for example, if your date is smiling at you, this technology can help you to determine whether she actually likes you or she is just trying to be nice to you. And in this case, she is just trying to be nice to you.
Na primer, tokom debate. Pa, odgovor je da. Koristeći televizijski materijal, možemo da otkrijemo broj otkucaja srca kod političara, raspoloženje i stres, a možda nekad u budućnosti i da li nam lažu. Takođe, ovo možemo da koristimo u marketinškim istraživanjima, na primer, da otkrijemo da li se ljudima sviđa neki proizvod. Možemo ga čak koristiti prilikom izlazaka. Pa, na primer, ako vam se pratilja smeši, ova tehnologija vam može pomoći da odredite da li joj se zapravo sviđate ili samo pokušava da bude ljubazna. A u ovom slučaju, samo pokušava da bude ljubazna.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
So transdermal optical imaging technology is at a very early stage of development. Many new applications will come about that we don't know today. However, one thing I know for sure is that lying will never be the same again.
Dakle, transdermalna tehnologija optičkog prikazivanja je na veoma ranom stadijumu razvoja. Mnoge nove primene će da iskrsnu, za koje danas ne znamo. Međutim, jedno znam sigurno, a to je da laganje više nikad neće biti isto.
Thank you very much.
Mnogo vam hvala.
Xiè xie.
Xiè xie.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)