Hi. Let me ask the audience a question: Did you ever lie as a child? If you did, could you please raise your hand? Wow! This is the most honest group of people I've ever met.
Pershendetje. Me lejoni t'i bej nje pyetje audiences: Keni genjyer ndonjehere kur ishit femije? Nese po, a mund ta ngrini doren ju lutem? Uau! Ky eshte grupi me i ndershem i njerezve qe kam takuar ndonjehere.
(Laughter)
(Te qeshura)
So for the last 20 years, I've been studying how children learn to tell lies. And today, I'm going to share with you some of the discoveries we have made.
Pra per 20 vitet e fundit kam studiuar si mesojne femijet te genjejne Dhe sot, do te ndaj me ju disa nga zbulimet qe kemi bere.
But to begin, I'm going to tell you a story from Mr. Richard Messina, who is my friend and an elementary school principal. He got a phone call one day. The caller says, "Mr. Messina, my son Johnny will not come to school today because he's sick."
Po si fillim, do t'ju tregoj nje histori nga Z. Richard Messina, i cili eshte miku im dhe drejtor i nje shkolle fillore. Nje dite mori nje telefonate. Telefonuesi tha, "Z. Messina, djali im Johnny nuk do te vije ne shkolle sot sepse eshte semure."
Mr. Messina asks, "Who am I speaking to, please?"
Z. Messina pyeti, "Me ke po flas ju lutem?"
And the caller says, "I am my father."
Dhe telefonuesi tha, "Une jam babai im."
(Laughter)
(Te qeshura)
So this story --
Keshtu kjo histori--
(Laughter)
(Te qeshura)
sums up very nicely three common beliefs we have about children and lying. One, children only come to tell lies after entering elementary school. Two, children are poor liars. We adults can easily detect their lies. And three, if children lie at a very young age, there must be some character flaws with them, and they are going to become pathological liars for life. Well, it turns out all of the three beliefs are wrong.
permbledh shume mire tre gjera qe besojme per femijet dhe te genjyerit. Nje, femijet thone genjeshtra vetem pasi futen ne shkolle fillore. Dy, femijet nuk dine te genjejne. Ne te rriturit mund ti dallojme lehte genjeshtrat e tyre. Dhe tre, nese femijet genjejne ne nje moshe shume te vogel, duhet te kete te meta ne karakterin e tyre, dhe ata do te behen genjeshtare patologjike per gjithe jeten. Mire, ne fakt del se te tre gjerat qe besojme jane te gabuara.
We have been playing guessing games with children all over the world. Here is an example. So in this game, we asked children to guess the numbers on the cards. And we tell them if they win the game, they are going to get a big prize. But in the middle of the game, we make an excuse and leave the room. And before we leave the room, we tell them not to peek at the cards. Of course, we have hidden cameras in the room to watch their every move. Because the desire to win the game is so strong, more than 90 percent of children will peek as soon as we leave the room.
Kemi luajtur lojra me te gjetur me femijet ne te gjithe boten. Ja nje shembull. Ne kete loje, i kerkuam femijeve te gjejne numrat ne letra. Dhe i themi nese ata fitojne lojen, do te fitojne nje cmim te madh. Por ne mes te lojes, gjejme nje justifikim dhe largohemi nga dhoma. Dhe para se te largohemi nga dhoma, i themi qe te mos i shikojne letrat. Sigurisht, kemi kamera te fshehta ne dhome per te pare cdo levizje te tyre. Ngaqe deshira per te fituar lojen eshte shume e forte, me shume se 90 perqind e femijeve do ti shohin letrat sapo te dalim nga dhoma.
(Laughter)
(Te qeshura)
The crucial question is: When we return and ask the children whether or not they have peeked, will the children who peeked confess or lie about their transgression?
Pyetja kyc eshte: Kur te kthehemi dhe te pyesim femijet nese kane pare apo jo, a do te rrefejne femijet qe kane pare apo do te genjejne per shkeljen?
We found that regardless of gender, country, religion, at two years of age, 30 percent lie, 70 percent tell the truth about their transgression. At three years of age, 50 percent lie and 50 percent tell the truth. At four years of age, more than 80 percent lie. And after four years of age, most children lie. So as you can see, lying is really a typical part of development. And some children begin to tell lies as young as two years of age.
Gjetem qe pavaresisht gjinise, vendit, fese, ne moshen dy vjecare, 30 perqind genjejne, 70 perqind thone te verteten per shkeljen. Ne moshen tre vjecare, 50 perqind genjejne dhe 50 perqind thone te verteten. Ne moshen kater vjecare, me shume se 80 perqind genjejne. Dhe pas moshes kater vjecare, shumica e femijeve genjejne. Pra sic e shihni, te genjyerit eshte nje pjese tipike e zhvillimit. Dhe disa femije fillojne te thone genjeshtra qe kur jane dy vjec.
So now, let's take a closer look at the younger children. Why do some but not all young children lie? In cooking, you need good ingredients to cook good food. And good lying requires two key ingredients. The first key ingredient is theory of mind, or the mind-reading ability. Mind reading is the ability to know that different people have different knowledge about the situation and the ability to differentiate between what I know and what you know. Mind reading is important for lying because the basis of lying is that I know you don't know what I know. Therefore, I can lie to you.
Pra tani, te shikojme me nga afer femijet e vegjel. Pse disa por jo te gjithe femijet e vegjel genjejne? Ne gatim, duhet perberes te mire per te gatuar ushqim te mire. Dhe te genjyerit si duhet kerkon dy perberes kyc. Elementi i pare kyc eshte teoria e mendjes, ose aftesia e te lexuarit e mendjes. Te lexuarit e mendjes eshte aftesia per te ditur qe njerez te ndryshem kane njohuri te ndryshme per situaten dhe aftesia per te dalluar midis cfare di une dhe cfare di ti. Leximi i mendjes eshte i rendesishem per te genjyerin sepse parimi baze i te genjyerit eshte qe une di qe ti nuk e di cfare di une. Keshtu qe, une mund te te genjej.
The second key ingredient for good lying is self-control. It is the ability to control your speech, your facial expression and your body language, so that you can tell a convincing lie. And we found that those young children who have more advanced mind-reading and self-control abilities tell lies earlier and are more sophisticated liars. As it turns out, these two abilities are also essential for all of us to function well in our society. In fact, deficits in mind-reading and self-control abilities are associated with serious developmental problems, such as ADHD and autism. So if you discover your two-year-old is telling his or her first lie, instead of being alarmed, you should celebrate --
Perberesi i dyte kyc per te genjyerin si duhet eshte vetkontrolli. Eshte aftesia per te kontrolluar te folurin, mimiken dhe gjuhen e trupit, keshtu qe mund te thuash nje genjeshter bindese. Dhe kemi gjetur qe ata femije te vegjel qe kane aftesi me te perparaura te leximit te mendjes dhe vetkontrollit thone me heret genjeshtra dhe jane genjeshtare me te sofistikuar. Sic doli, keto dy aftesi jane gjithashtu thelbesore per te gjithe ne per te funksionuar mire ne shoqerine tone. Ne fakt, mangesite ne aftesite e leximit te mendjes dhe vetkontrollit lidhen me probleme serioze te zhvillimit, si ADHD dhe autizmi. Pra nese zbuloni femijen tuaj dy vjecar qe po thote genjeshten e tij/saj te pare, ne vend qe te alarmoheni duhet te festoni--
(Laughter)
(Te qeshura)
because it signals that your child has arrived at a new milestone of typical development.
sepse sinjalizon qe femija juaj ka arritur ne nje etape te re te zhvillimit tipik.
Now, are children poor liars? Do you think you can easily detect their lies? Would you like to give it a try? Yes? OK. So I'm going to show you two videos. In the videos, the children are going to respond to a researcher's question, "Did you peek?" So try to tell me which child is lying and which child is telling the truth. Here's child number one. Are you ready?
Tani, a jane femijet genjeshtare te pazot? A mendoni se mund ti dalloni genjeshtrat e tyre lehte? Deshironi ta provoni njehere? Po? Ne rregull. Do t'ju tregoj dy video. Ne keto video, femijet do t'i pergjigjen pyetjes se nje kerkuesi, "A e pe letren?" Keshtu perpiquni te me thoni cili femije po genjen dhe cili po thote te verteten. ja femija numer nje. Jeni gati?
(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.
(Video) I rrituri: A e pe letren? Femija: Jo.
Kang Lee: And this is child number two.
Kang Lee: Dhe ky eshte femija numer dy.
(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.
(Video) I rrituri: A e pe letren? Femija: Jo.
KL: OK, if you think child number one is lying, please raise your hand. And if you think child number two is lying, please raise your hand. OK, so as a matter of fact, child number one is telling the truth, child number two is lying. Looks like many of you are terrible detectors of children's lies.
KL: Ne rregull, nese mendoni qe femija numer nje po genjen, ju lutem ngrini doren. Dhe nese mendoni qe femija numer dy po genjen, ju lutem ngrini doren. Ne rregull, pra ne fakt, femija numer nje po thote te verteten, femija numer dy po genjen. Duket qe shume nga ju jane dallues jo te mire te genjeshtrave te femijeve.
(Laughter)
(Te qeshura)
Now, we have played similar kinds of games with many, many adults from all walks of life. And we show them many videos. In half of the videos, the children lied. In the other half of the videos, the children told the truth. And let's find out how these adults performed. Because there are as many liars as truth tellers, if you guess randomly, there's a 50 percent chance you're going to get it right. So if your accuracy is around 50 percent, it means you are a terrible detector of children's lies.
Kemi luajtur lloje te ngjashme lojrash me shume, shume te rritur nga te gjithe drejtimet e jetes. Dhe i kemi treguar shume video. Ne gjysmen e videove femijet genjenin. Ne gjysmen tjeter te videove femijet thonin te verteten. Le te zbulojme si kane dale keta te rritur. Meqe ka po aq genjeshtare sa dhe tregues te se vertetes, nese e hamendesoni rastesisht, ka 50 perqind shanse qe ta gjeni sakte. Pra nese saktesia juaj eshte rreth 50 perqind, do te thote qe jeni dallues te keqij te genjeshtrave te femijeve.
So let's start with undergrads and law school students, who typically have limited experience with children. No, they cannot detect children's lies. Their performance is around chance.
Le te nisimin me te diplomuarit dhe studentet e jurisprudencens, qe zakonisht kane eksperieca te kufizuara me femijet. Jo, nuk mund ti dallojne genjeshtrat e femijeve. Performanca e tyre eshte rreth shansit.
Now how about social workers and child-protection lawyers, who work with children on a daily basis? Can they detect children's lies? No, they cannot.
Po punonjesit sociale dhe juristet qe mbrojne femijet, te cilet punojne me femijet dite per dite? A mund t'i dallojne genjeshtrat e femijeve? Jo, nuk munden.
(Laughter)
(Te qeshura)
What about judges, customs officers and police officers, who deal with liars on a daily basis? Can they detect children's lies? No, they cannot.
Po gjykatesit, oficeret doganore dhe oficeret e policise qe merren me genjeshtare cdo dite? A mund t'i dallojne genjeshtrat e femijeve? Jo, nuk munden.
What about parents? Can parents detect other children's lies? No, they cannot.
Po prinderit? A mund t'i dallojne prinderit genjeshtrat e femijeve te tjere? Jo, nuk munden.
What about, can parents detect their own children's lies? No, they cannot.
Po, munden prinderit te dallojne genjeshtrat e femijeve te tyre? Jo, nuk munden.
(Laughter) (Applause)
(Te qeshura) (Duartrokitje)
So now you may ask why children's lies are so difficult to detect. Let me illustrate this with my own son, Nathan. This is his facial expression when he lies.
Keshtu tani ju mund te pyesni pse genjeshtrat e femijeve jane kaq te veshtira per t'u dalluar. Me lejoni ta ilustroj kete me djalin tim, Nathan. Kjo eshte mimika e tij kur genjen.
(Laughter)
(Te qeshura)
So when children lie, their facial expression is typically neutral. However, behind this neutral expression, the child is actually experiencing a lot of emotions, such as fear, guilt, shame and maybe a little bit of liar's delight.
Keshtu kur femijet genjejne, mimika e tyre eshte zakonisht neutrale. Sidoqofte, pas kesaj pamje neurale, femija ne te vertete perjeton shume emocione, si frike, faj, turp dhe ndoshta pak kenaqesine e genjeshtarit.
(Laughter)
(Te qeshura)
Unfortunately, such emotions are either fleeting or hidden. Therefore, it's mostly invisible to us.
Fatkeqesisht, keto emocione jane ose shume te befta ose te fshehta. Keshtu qe, ne te shumten eshte e padukshme per ne.
So in the last five years, we have been trying to figure out a way to reveal these hidden emotions. Then we made a discovery.
Pra ne pese vitet e fundit, jemi perpjekur te gjejme menyren per te nxjerre ne pah keto emocione te fshehura. Me pas beme nje zbulim.
We know that underneath our facial skin, there's a rich network of blood vessels. When we experience different emotions, our facial blood flow changes subtly. And these changes are regulated by the autonomic system that is beyond our conscious control. By looking at facial blood flow changes, we can reveal people's hidden emotions. Unfortunately, such emotion-related facial blood flow changes are too subtle to detect by our naked eye. So to help us reveal people's facial emotions, we have developed a new imaging technology we call "transdermal optical imaging."
Dime qe nen lekuren e fytyres sone, ndodhet nje rrjet e pasur me kapilare gjaku. Kur perjetojme emocione te ndryshme, qarkullimi i gjakut ne fytyre ndryshon lehtas, Dhe keto ndryshime rregullohen nga sistemi autonom i cili eshte jashte kontrollit tone te ndergjegjshem. Duke pare ndryshimet ne rrjedhen e gjakut ne fytyre mund te shfaqim emocionet e fshehura te njerezve. Fatkeqesisht, keto ndryshime ne rrjedhen e gjakut ne fytyre te lidhura me emocionet jane shume te cekta per tu dalluar me sy te lire. Keshtu per te na ndihmuar te nxjerrim ne pah emocionet e fytyres, kemi zhvilluar nje teknologji imazhi te re te cile e quajme "imazhi optik transdermik".
To do so, we use a regular video camera to record people when they experience various hidden emotions. And then, using our image processing technology, we can extract transdermal images of facial blood flow changes. By looking at transdermal video images, now we can easily see facial blood flow changes associated with the various hidden emotions. And using this technology, we can now reveal the hidden emotions associated with lying, and therefore detect people's lies. We can do so noninvasively, remotely, inexpensively, with an accuracy at about 85 percent, which is far better than chance level.
Per kete, ne perdorim nje video kamera te zakonshme per te rregistruar njerezit kur perjetojne emocione te fshehuar te ndryshme. Pastaj, duke perdorur teknologjine tone te perpunimit te imazhit, mund te nxjerrim pamje transdermale te ndryshimit te rrjedhes se gjakut ne fytyre. Duke pare pamjet video transdermale, tashme ne mund te shohim lehte ndryshimet ne rrjedhen e gjakut ne fytyre te lidhura me emocionet e fshehura. Dhe duke perdorur kete teknologji, mund te zbulojme emocionet e fshehura qe lidhen me te genjyerit, dh si rrjedhoje te zbulojme genjeshtrat e njerezve. Mund ta bejme pa nderhyre, nga larg, pa shume shpenzime, me nje saktesi rreth 85 perqind, e cila eshte shume me mire se hamendesimi.
And in addition, we discovered a Pinocchio effect. No, not this Pinocchio effect.
Dhe pervec kesaj, ne zbuluam nje efekt Pinoku. Jo, jo ky efekt Pinoku.
(Laughter)
(Te qeshura)
This is the real Pinocchio effect. When people lie, the facial blood flow on the cheeks decreases, and the facial blood flow on the nose increases.
Ky eshte efekti i vertete Pinok. Kur njerezit genjejne, rrjedha e gjakut ne fytyre ne molleza ulet dhe rrjedha e gjakut ne fytyre ne hunde rritet.
Of course, lying is not the only situation that will evoke our hidden emotions. So then we asked ourselves, in addition to detecting lies, how can our technology be used? One application is in education. For example, using this technology, we can help this mathematics teacher to identify the student in his classroom who may experience high anxiety about the topic he's teaching so that he can help him. And also we can use this in health care. For example, every day I Skype my parents, who live thousands of miles away. And using this technology, I can not only find out what's going on in their lives but also simultaneously monitor their heart rate, their stress level, their mood and whether or not they are experiencing pain. And perhaps in the future, their risks for heart attack or hypertension. And you may ask: Can we use this also to reveal politicians' emotions?
Sigurisht, te genjyerit nuk eshte i vetmi rast i cili ndjell emocionet e fshehura. Keshtu qe pyetem veten, pervec se mund te dalloje genjeshtrat, si mund te perdoret teknologjia jone? Nje aplikim eshte ne edukim. P.sh, duke perdorur kete teknologji, mund te ndihmojme kete mesues matematike per te identifikuar se cilet nxenes ne klasen e tij jane ne ankth te madh ne lidhje me temem qe ai po u shpjegon ne menyre qe ai t'i ndihmoje ata. Dhe gjithashtu mund ta perdorim ne kujdesin shendetesor. Per shembull, cdo dite une flas ne Skype me prinderit, te cilet jetojne mijra kilometra larg. Dhe duke perdorur kete teknologji, une jo vetem mundem te kuptoj c'po ndodh ne jeten e tyre por ne te njejten kohe te monitoroj rrahjet e zemres, nivelin e stresit, gjendjen shpirterore dhe nese po apo nuk po perjetojne dhimbje. Dhe ndoshta ne te ardhmen, rrezikun per atak ne zemer apo hipertension. Ju mund te pyesni: A mund ta perdorim per te zbuluar emocionet e politikaneve?
(Laughter)
(Te qeshura)
For example, during a debate. Well, the answer is yes. Using TV footage, we could detect the politicians' heart rate, mood and stress, and perhaps in the future, whether or not they are lying to us. We can also use this in marketing research, for example, to find out whether or not people like certain consumer products. We can even use it in dating. So for example, if your date is smiling at you, this technology can help you to determine whether she actually likes you or she is just trying to be nice to you. And in this case, she is just trying to be nice to you.
Per shembull, gjate nje debati. Pergjigja eshte po. Duke perdorur rregjistrimet televizive, ne mund te dallojme rrahjet e zemres se politikaneve, gjendjen shpirterore dhe stresin, dhe mbase ne te ardhmen nese po na genjejne apo jo. Mund ta perdorim ne kerkimet ne marketing, per shembull, per te kuptuar nese njerezit i pelqejne apo jo disa produkte per konsumatoret. Madje mund ta perdorim edhe ne takime. Keshtu per shembull, nese personi me te cilin keni dale ne takim po ju buzeqesh, kjo teknologji mund te ndihmoje te percaktosh nese ajo me te vertete te pelqen ty apo thjesht po tregohet e sjellshme me ty. Dhe ne kete rast, ajo thjesht po tregohet e sjellshme me ty.
(Laughter)
(Te qeshura)
So transdermal optical imaging technology is at a very early stage of development. Many new applications will come about that we don't know today. However, one thing I know for sure is that lying will never be the same again.
Pra teknologjia e imazheve optike transdermike eshte ne shkallet e para te zhvillimit. Shume aplikime te reja do te shfaqen te cilat nuk i njohim sot. Sidoqofte, nje gje e di me siguri qe te genjyerit nuk do te jete me njelloj.
Thank you very much.
Ju faleminderit shume.
Xiè xie.
She she. (Faleminderit)- kineze
(Applause)
(Duartrokitje)