Ćao. Pitanje za publiku: Da li ste lagali kad ste bili dete? Ako jeste, molim vas podignite ruku. Vau! Ovo je najiskrenija grupa ljudi koju sam ikada sreo.
Hi. Let me ask the audience a question: Did you ever lie as a child? If you did, could you please raise your hand? Wow! This is the most honest group of people I've ever met.
(Smeh)
(Laughter)
Poslednjih 20 godina sam, proučavao kako deca uče da lažu. I danas ću podeliti sa vama neka od saznanja koja smo otkrili.
So for the last 20 years, I've been studying how children learn to tell lies. And today, I'm going to share with you some of the discoveries we have made.
Ali za početak, ispričaću vam priču gospodina Ričarda Mesina, koji je moj prijatelj i direktor u jednoj osnovnoj školi. Jednom je primio poziv telefonom Pozivatelj je rekao, "G. Mesina, moj sin Džoni neće doći u školu danas zato što je bolestan."
But to begin, I'm going to tell you a story from Mr. Richard Messina, who is my friend and an elementary school principal. He got a phone call one day. The caller says, "Mr. Messina, my son Johnny will not come to school today because he's sick."
G. Messina pita, "Molim vas, recite ko je to."
Mr. Messina asks, "Who am I speaking to, please?"
A pozivatelj kaže, "Ja sam moj otac."
And the caller says, "I am my father."
(Smeh)
(Laughter)
Tako ova priča --
So this story --
(Smeh)
(Laughter)
sumira veoma lepo tri česta ubeđenja koja imamo o deci i laganju.
sums up very nicely three common beliefs we have about children and lying.
Jedan, deca lažu samo nakon što pođu u osnovnu školu. Dva, deca loše lažu. Mi odrasli možemo lako otkriti njihove laži. I tri, ako deca lažu od malih nogu, mora da imaju neku karakternu manu, i postaće patološki lažovi kad odrastu. Pa, ispada da sva tri navedena ubeđenja su pogrešna.
One, children only come to tell lies after entering elementary school. Two, children are poor liars. We adults can easily detect their lies. And three, if children lie at a very young age, there must be some character flaws with them, and they are going to become pathological liars for life. Well, it turns out all of the three beliefs are wrong.
Igrali smo igre pogađanja sa decom širom sveta. Na primer, U ovoj igri pitali smo decu da pogode brojeve na kartama. I kada im kažemo da ako pobede, dobiće veliku nagradu. Ali u sred igre, pod nekim izgovorom napustimo sobu. I pre nego što odemo, kažemo im da ne vire u karte. Naravno, mi imamo skrivene kamere u sobi i posmatramo svaki njihov pokret. Pošto je želja za pobedom u igri tako jaka, više od 90 procenata dece će viriti čim napustimo sobu.
We have been playing guessing games with children all over the world. Here is an example. So in this game, we asked children to guess the numbers on the cards. And we tell them if they win the game, they are going to get a big prize. But in the middle of the game, we make an excuse and leave the room. And before we leave the room, we tell them not to peek at the cards. Of course, we have hidden cameras in the room to watch their every move. Because the desire to win the game is so strong, more than 90 percent of children will peek as soon as we leave the room.
(smeh)
(Laughter)
Osnovno pitanje je: Kada se vratimo i pitamo decu da li su ili nisu virili, da li će deca koja su virila priznati ili lagati o svom prestupu.
The crucial question is: When we return and ask the children whether or not they have peeked, will the children who peeked confess or lie about their transgression?
Saznali smo da bez obzira na pol, zemlju, religiju, sa dve godine starosti 30 posto laže, 70 posto kaže istinu o svom prestupu. Sa tri godine starosti 50 posto laže, 50 posto kaže istinu. Sa četiri godine, više od 80 posto laže. A posle četiri pune godine, većina dece laže. Tako da kao što vidite, laganje je tipičan deo razvoja. I neka deca počinju da lažu već sa dve godine života.
We found that regardless of gender, country, religion, at two years of age, 30 percent lie, 70 percent tell the truth about their transgression. At three years of age, 50 percent lie and 50 percent tell the truth. At four years of age, more than 80 percent lie. And after four years of age, most children lie. So as you can see, lying is really a typical part of development. And some children begin to tell lies as young as two years of age.
Ajde sada da pogledamo izbliza mlađu decu. Zašto neka, ali ne sva, mala deca lažu? Prilikom kuvanja, trebaju vam dobri sastojci da biste napravili dobru hranu. A dobro laganje zahteva dva ključna sastojka. Prvi ključni sastojak je teorija uma, ili sposobnost čitanja misli. To jest sposobnost znati da različiti ljudi imaju različito znanje o istoj situaciji i sposobnost da razlikujete ono što ja znam od onoga što vi znate. Čitanje misli je važno za laganje zato što je osnova laganja da ja znam da ti ne znaš da ja znam. Znači ja mogu da te slažem.
So now, let's take a closer look at the younger children. Why do some but not all young children lie? In cooking, you need good ingredients to cook good food. And good lying requires two key ingredients. The first key ingredient is theory of mind, or the mind-reading ability. Mind reading is the ability to know that different people have different knowledge about the situation and the ability to differentiate between what I know and what you know. Mind reading is important for lying because the basis of lying is that I know you don't know what I know. Therefore, I can lie to you.
Drugi glavni sastojak za dobro laganje samokontrola. To je sposobnost da kontrolišete govor, facijalnu ekspresiju i govor tela, tako da možete da kažete uverljivu laž. I saznali smo da mlada djeca koja imaju bolju sposobnost čitanja misli i samokontrole počinju da lažu ranije i mnogo su sofisticiraniji u laganju. I kako izgleda, ove dvije sposobnosti su također esencijalne za sve nas za dobro funkcionisanje u našem društvu. Zapravo, deficit u sposobnosti čitanja misli i samokontrole su povezani sa ozbiljnim razvojnim problemima, kao što su ADHD i autizam. Tako da ako otkrijete da vaš dvogodišnjak govori svoju prvu laž, umjesto da budete zabrinuti, trebali biste slaviti.
The second key ingredient for good lying is self-control. It is the ability to control your speech, your facial expression and your body language, so that you can tell a convincing lie. And we found that those young children who have more advanced mind-reading and self-control abilities tell lies earlier and are more sophisticated liars. As it turns out, these two abilities are also essential for all of us to function well in our society. In fact, deficits in mind-reading and self-control abilities are associated with serious developmental problems, such as ADHD and autism. So if you discover your two-year-old is telling his or her first lie, instead of being alarmed, you should celebrate --
(smjeh)
(Laughter)
zato što to znači da je vaše dijete postiglo stupanj tipičnog razvoja.
because it signals that your child has arrived at a new milestone of typical development.
Sada, da li djeca loše lažu? Da li mislite da možete lako da otkrijete njihove laži? Da li biste željeli da probate? Da? U redu. Pokazaću vam dva snimka. U snimcima, djeca će odgovoriti na istraživačevo pitanje, "Da li si virio?" Pokušajte mi reći koje dijete laže a koje govori istinu. Ovo je dijete broj jedan. Da li ste spremni?
Now, are children poor liars? Do you think you can easily detect their lies? Would you like to give it a try? Yes? OK. So I'm going to show you two videos. In the videos, the children are going to respond to a researcher's question, "Did you peek?" So try to tell me which child is lying and which child is telling the truth. Here's child number one. Are you ready?
Odrasli: Da li si virio? Dijete: Ne
(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.
Kang Lee: Ovo je dijete broj 2.
Kang Lee: And this is child number two.
Odrasli: Da li si virio? Dijete: Ne.
(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.
U redu, ako mislite da dijete broj 1 laže, molim vas podignite ruku. A ako mislite da dijete broj 2 laže, molim vas podignite ruku. U redu, činjenica je da dijete broj 1 govori istinu, dijete broj 2 laže. Izgleda da su mnogi od vas loši detektori dječjih laži.
KL: OK, if you think child number one is lying, please raise your hand. And if you think child number two is lying, please raise your hand. OK, so as a matter of fact, child number one is telling the truth, child number two is lying. Looks like many of you are terrible detectors of children's lies.
(Smjeh)
(Laughter)
Igrali smo sličnu vrstu igara sa mnogo, mnogo odraslih iz svih životnih pozicija. I pokazali smo im mnoge snimke. U polovini snimaka djeca su lagala. U drugoj polovini snimaka djeca su govorila istinu. Da vidimo kako su se odrasli prošli. Pošto ima jednak broj onih koji lažu i onih koji govore istinu, ako pogađate nasumice, imate 50 procenata šanse da ćete pogoditi. Tako da ako je vaša tačnost oko 50 procenata, to znači da ste loš detektor dječjih laži.
Now, we have played similar kinds of games with many, many adults from all walks of life. And we show them many videos. In half of the videos, the children lied. In the other half of the videos, the children told the truth. And let's find out how these adults performed. Because there are as many liars as truth tellers, if you guess randomly, there's a 50 percent chance you're going to get it right. So if your accuracy is around 50 percent, it means you are a terrible detector of children's lies.
Pa počnimo od diplomaca i studenata prava, koji tipično imaju ograničena iskustva sa djecom. Oni ne mogu da otkriju kada dječje laži. Njihov učinak je oko slučajnog.
So let's start with undergrads and law school students, who typically have limited experience with children. No, they cannot detect children's lies. Their performance is around chance.
A socijalni radnici, i advokati dječjih prava, koji rade sa djecom svakodnevno? Mogu li oni otkriti dječje laži? Ne, ne mogu.
Now how about social workers and child-protection lawyers, who work with children on a daily basis? Can they detect children's lies? No, they cannot.
(Smjeh)
(Laughter)
A sudije, carinici i policajci, koji se bave ljudima koji lažu svakoga dana? Mogu li oni otkriti dječje laži? Ne, ne mogu.
What about judges, customs officers and police officers, who deal with liars on a daily basis? Can they detect children's lies? No, they cannot.
A roditelji? Mogu li roditelji otkriti lađi tuđe djece? Ne, ne mogu.
What about parents? Can parents detect other children's lies? No, they cannot.
A mogu li roditelji otkriti laži svoje sopstvene djece? Ne, ne mogu.
What about, can parents detect their own children's lies? No, they cannot.
(Smjeh) (Aplauz)
(Laughter) (Applause)
Sada možete pitati zašto su dječje laži tako teške za otkriti. Da navedem primer moga sina Nejtana. Ovo je njegov izraz lica kada laže.
So now you may ask why children's lies are so difficult to detect. Let me illustrate this with my own son, Nathan. This is his facial expression when he lies.
(Smjeh)
(Laughter)
Kada djeca lažu, njihov izraz lica je obično neutralan. Ali, iza ovog neutralnog izraza lica, dijete zapravo doživljava mnogo emocija, kao strah, krivnja, stid i možda malo lažovskog uzbuđenja.
So when children lie, their facial expression is typically neutral. However, behind this neutral expression, the child is actually experiencing a lot of emotions, such as fear, guilt, shame and maybe a little bit of liar's delight.
(Smjeh)
(Laughter)
Nažalost, takve emocije su ili kratkotrajne ili skrivene. Tako da su uglavnom neprimjetne za nas.
Unfortunately, such emotions are either fleeting or hidden. Therefore, it's mostly invisible to us.
Tako u poslednjih 5 godina, pokušavali smo naći načina da otkrijemo te skrivene emocije. Zatim smo otkrili.
So in the last five years, we have been trying to figure out a way to reveal these hidden emotions. Then we made a discovery.
Znamo da ispod kože našeg lica, postoji bogata mreža krvnih sudova. Kada iskusimo različite emocije, protok krvi u našem licu se blago mijenja. Ove promjene su regulirane od strane autonomnog sistema koji je izvan naše svjesne kontrole. Promatranjem promena protoka krvi u licu možemo otkriti ljudske skrivene emocije. Na žalost, takve promjene u protoku krvi u licu su suviše suptilne da se detektuju golim okom. Tako da bi otkrili ljudske emocije na licu, razvili smo novu tehnologiju snimanja koju zovemo "transdermalno optičko snimanje"
We know that underneath our facial skin, there's a rich network of blood vessels. When we experience different emotions, our facial blood flow changes subtly. And these changes are regulated by the autonomic system that is beyond our conscious control. By looking at facial blood flow changes, we can reveal people's hidden emotions. Unfortunately, such emotion-related facial blood flow changes are too subtle to detect by our naked eye. So to help us reveal people's facial emotions, we have developed a new imaging technology we call "transdermal optical imaging."
Da bismo to uradili koristimo običnu video kameru da snimimo ljude kada doživljavaju različite skrivene emocije. I onda koristeći našu tehnologiju procesuiranja slike, možemo da ekstrahujemo transdermalne slike promena protoka krvi u licu. Gledajući u transdermalne video slike, sada možemo lako videti promjene u protoku krvi u licu asocirane sa raznim skrivenim emocijama. I koristeći ovu tehnlogiju, možemo otkriti skrivene emocije povezane sa laganjem, i tako detektovati kada ljudi lažu. Možemo to učiniti neinvazivno, na daljinu, jeftino, sa tačnošću od oko 85 procenata, što je nogo bolje od slučajnosti.
To do so, we use a regular video camera to record people when they experience various hidden emotions. And then, using our image processing technology, we can extract transdermal images of facial blood flow changes. By looking at transdermal video images, now we can easily see facial blood flow changes associated with the various hidden emotions. And using this technology, we can now reveal the hidden emotions associated with lying, and therefore detect people's lies. We can do so noninvasively, remotely, inexpensively, with an accuracy at about 85 percent, which is far better than chance level.
Čak šta više, otkrili smo Pinokijev efekat. Ne, ne ovaj Pinokijev efekat.
And in addition, we discovered a Pinocchio effect. No, not this Pinocchio effect.
(Smjeh)
(Laughter)
Ovo je pravi Pinokijev efekat. Kada ljudi lažu, protok krvi u licu na obrazima se smanjuje a na nosu se povećava.
This is the real Pinocchio effect. When people lie, the facial blood flow on the cheeks decreases, and the facial blood flow on the nose increases.
Naravno, laganje nije jedini slučaj koji će prizvati naše skrivene emocije. Pa se onda pitamo, pored toga što detektuje laži, kako naša tehnologija može da se upotrebi? Jedna primjena je u obrazovanju. Na primer, koristeći ovu tehnologiju, možemo pomoći ovom nastavniku matematike da otkrije studenta u učionici koji možda doživljava visok novo stresa u vezi teme koju nastavnik predaje tako da može da mu pomogne. Također ovo možemo iskoristiti u zdravstvu Na primjer, svakog dana se čujem sa roditeljima preko Skajpa, koji žive hiljade milja daleko. I koristeći ovu tehnologiju, ne samo da mogu da otkrijem šta se dešava u njihovim životima već istovremeno mogu pratiti broj otkucaja srca, nivo stresa, njihovo raspoloženje i da li ili ne oni osjećaju bol. I možda u budućnosti, njihov rizik od srčanog udara ili hipertenzije. I možda ćete pitati: Možemo li to iskoristiti da otkrijemo emocije političara?
Of course, lying is not the only situation that will evoke our hidden emotions. So then we asked ourselves, in addition to detecting lies, how can our technology be used? One application is in education. For example, using this technology, we can help this mathematics teacher to identify the student in his classroom who may experience high anxiety about the topic he's teaching so that he can help him. And also we can use this in health care. For example, every day I Skype my parents, who live thousands of miles away. And using this technology, I can not only find out what's going on in their lives but also simultaneously monitor their heart rate, their stress level, their mood and whether or not they are experiencing pain. And perhaps in the future, their risks for heart attack or hypertension. And you may ask: Can we use this also to reveal politicians' emotions?
(Smjeh)
(Laughter)
Na primjer, tokom debate. Pa, odgovor je da. Koristeći TV snimak, mogli bi otkriti broj otkucaja njihovog srca, raspoloženje i stres, i možda u budućnosti, da li nas lažu ili ne. Ovo također možemo koristiti u marketinškom istraživanju, da na primjer otkrijemo da li ljudi vole ili ne, određene potrošačke proizvode. Možemo ovo koristiti i prilikom zabavljanja. Tako na primjer, ako se vaš partner smješi ova tehnologija vam može pomoći da utvrdite da li joj se zapravo sviđate ili samo hoće da bude fina prema vama. A u ovom slučaju, samo pokušava da bude fina prema vama.
For example, during a debate. Well, the answer is yes. Using TV footage, we could detect the politicians' heart rate, mood and stress, and perhaps in the future, whether or not they are lying to us. We can also use this in marketing research, for example, to find out whether or not people like certain consumer products. We can even use it in dating. So for example, if your date is smiling at you, this technology can help you to determine whether she actually likes you or she is just trying to be nice to you. And in this case, she is just trying to be nice to you.
(Smjeh)
(Laughter)
Transdermalna tehnologija optičkog snimanja je u svojim ranim fazama razvoja. Mnoge nove primene za koje trenutno ne znamo će se tek ustanoviti. Ipak, jedno zasigurno znam, to da laganje nikada više neće biti isto.
So transdermal optical imaging technology is at a very early stage of development. Many new applications will come about that we don't know today. However, one thing I know for sure is that lying will never be the same again.
Hvala puno.
Thank you very much.
Xie xie.
Xiè xie.
(Aplauz)
(Applause)