It's time to start designing for our ears. Architects and designers tend to focus exclusively on these. They use these to design with and they design for them, which is why we end up sitting in restaurants that look like this — (loud crowd noise) — and sound like this, shouting from a foot away to try and be heard by our dinner companion, or why we get on airplanes -- (flight attendant announcements) -- which cost 200 million pounds, with somebody talking through an old-fashioned telephone handset on a cheap stereo system, making us jump out of our skins.
Vreme je da počnemo da dizajniramo za naše uši. Arhitekte i dizajneri nastoje da se koncentrišu isključivo na oči. Koriste ih za dizajniranje i dizajniraju za njih i na kraju završavamo u restoranima koji izgledaju ovako - (glasan zvuk gužve) - i zvuče ovako, i vičemo na udaljenosti od 30cm, pokušavajući da nas čuje naš prijatelj za večerom. Ili sednemo u avione - (objava stjuardese) - koji koštaju 200 miliona funti, gde neko priča kroz zastareli telefon sa jeftinim stereo sistemom, terajući nas da iskočimo iz kože.
We're designing environments that make us crazy. (Laughter) And it's not just our quality of life which suffers. It's our health, our social behavior, and our productivity as well.
Dizajniramo okruženja koja nas izluđuju. (Smeh) I ne trpi samo kvalitet naših života. Trpi i naše zdravlje, naše društveno ponašanje i produktivnost.
How does this work? Well, two ways. First of all, ambience. I have a whole TEDTalk about this. Sound affects us physiologically, psychologically, cognitively and behaviorally all the time. The sound around us is affecting us even though we're not conscious of it. There's a second way though, as well. That's interference. Communication requires sending and receiving, and I have another whole TEDTalk about the importance of conscious listening, but I can send as well as I like, and you can be brilliant conscious listeners. If the space I'm sending it in is not effective, that communication can't happen.
Kako ovo funkcioniše? Pa, na dva načina. Prvo, ambijent. Imam poseban TEDTalk na ovu temu. Zvuk ima psihološki, fiziološki, kognitivni i bihejvioralni uticaj na nas sve vreme. Zvuk koji nas okružuje utiče na nas iako mi toga nismo svesni. Postoji i drugi način. To je interferencija. Komunikacija podrazumeva slanje i primanje. Imam ceo TEDTalk o važnosti svesnog slušanja, ali mogu da šaljem koliko hoću i vi možete biti brilijantni slušaoci. Ako prostor u kome šaljem nije efektivan, komunikacija ne može da se odigra.
Spaces tend to include noise and acoustics. A room like this has acoustics, this one very good acoustics. Many rooms are not so good. Let me give you some examples from a couple of areas which I think we all care about: health and education. (Hospital noises) When I was visiting my terminally ill father in a hospital, I was asking myself, how does anybody get well in a place that sounds like this? Hospital sound is getting worse all the time. Noise levels in hospitals have doubled in the last few years, and it affects not just the patients but also the people working there. I think we would like for dispensing errors to be zero, wouldn't we? And yet, as noise levels go up, so do the errors in dispensing made by the staff in hospitals. Most of all, though, it affects the patients, and that could be you, it could be me. Sleep is absolutely crucial for recovery. It's when we regenerate, when we rebuild ourselves, and with threatening noise like this going on, your body, even if you are able to sleep, your body is telling you, "I'm under threat. This is dangerous." And the quality of sleep is degraded, and so is our recovery. There are just huge benefits to come from designing for the ears in our health care. This is an area I intend to take on this year.
Prostori uključuju buku i akustiku. Prostorija poput ove ima akustiku i to veoma dobru. Kod mnogih prostorija nije tako dobra. Daću vam nekoliko primera iz dve oblasti za koje mislim da svima znače: zdravlje i obrazovanje. (Zvuci bolnice) Kada sam bio u poseti svog neizlečivo bolesnog oca u bolnici, zapitao sam se kako bilo ko može da ozdravi na mestu koje zvuči ovako? Buka u bolnici postaje sve gora i gora. Nivoi buke u bolnicama su se udvostručili u poslednjih nekoliko godina. To utiče ne samo na pacijente, već i na ljude koji tamo rade. Mislim da bismo voleli da broj grešaka u doziranju bude nula, zar ne? A ipak, kako nivoi zvuka rastu, tako rastu i greške u doziranju koje pravi osoblje u bolnicama. Najviše od svega ovo utiče na pacijente, a to bismo mogli biti vi ili ja. San je absolutno ključan za oporavak. To je vreme kada se regenerišemo, kada se obnavljamo, a sa ovakvim pretećim zvukom vaše telo, iako možete da spavate, vaše telo vam govori: "Ja sam pod pretnjom. Ovo je opasno." Kvalitet sna je narušen, kao i naš oporavak. Postoje velike prednosti u dizajniranju za uši u zdravstvu. Ovo je oblast kojoj hoću da se posvetim ove godine.
Education. When I see a classroom that looks like this, can you imagine how this sounds? I am forced to ask myself a question. ("Do architects have ears?") (Laughter) Now, that's a little unfair. Some of my best friends are architects. (Laughter) And they definitely do have ears. But I think sometimes they don't use them when they're designing buildings. Here's a case in point. This is a 32-million-pound flagship academy school which was built quite recently in the U.K. and designed by one of Britain's top architects. Unfortunately, it was designed like a corporate headquarters, with a vast central atrium and classrooms leading off it with no back walls at all. The children couldn't hear their teachers. They had to go back in and spend 600,000 pounds putting the walls in. Let's stop this madness of open plan classrooms right now, please.
Obrazovanje. Kada vidim učionicu koja izgleda ovako, možete li da zamislite kako ovo zvuči? Moram da postavim sebi pitanje: ("Da li arhitekte imaju uši?") (Smeh) Ovo po malo nije fer. Neki od mojih najboljih prijatelja su arhitekte. (Smeh) I definitvno imaju uši. Ali mislim da ih ponekad ne koriste kada dizajniraju zgrade. Evo primera. Ovo je poznata škola od 32 miliona funti koja je skoro sagrađena u Britaniji i koju je dizajnirao jedan od najboljih britanskih arhitekti. Nažalost, dizajnirana je kao korporativna zgrada, sa ogromnim centralnim atrijumom i učionicama u nastavku koje nemaju zadnje zidove. Deca nisu mogla da čuju svoje nastavnike. Morali su da potroše 600 000 funti na ugrađivanje zidova. Hajde da zaustavimo ovo ludilo otvorenih učionica odmah, molim vas.
It's not just these modern buildings which suffer. Old-fashioned classrooms suffer too. A study in Florida just a few years ago found that if you're sitting where this photograph was taken in the classroom, row four, speech intelligibility is just 50 percent. Children are losing one word in two. Now that doesn't mean they only get half their education, but it does mean they have to work very hard to join the dots and understand what's going on.
Ne trpe samo ove moderne zgrade. Staromodne učionice takođe trpe. Istraživanje na Floridi pre samo nekoliko godina pokazalo je da, ako sedite na mestu gde je napravlljena ova fotografija u učionici, četvrti red, razumevanje govora je samo 50 procenata. Deca gube jednu od dve reči. Ovo ne znači da oni dobijaju samo polovinu obrazovanja, već znači da moraju da ulože mnogo truda da povežu tačke i razumeju šta se dešava.
This is affected massively by reverberation time, how reverberant a room is. In a classroom with a reverberation time of 1.2 seconds, which is pretty common, this is what it sounds like.
Na ovo veliki uticaj ima trajanje odjeka, način na koji prostorija odjekuje. U učionici sa vremenom odjeka od 1,2 sekunde, što je vrlo uobičajeno, ovako zvuči.
(Inaudible echoing voice)
(Nerazgovetan glas koji odjekuje)
Not so good, is it? If you take that 1.2 seconds down to 0.4 seconds by installing acoustic treatments, sound absorbing materials and so forth, this is what you get.
Nije dobro, zar ne? Ako se 1,2 sekunde smanje na 0,4 sekunde ugrađivanjem akustičkih tretmana, materijala koji upijaju zvuk i tako dalje, evo šta se dobije.
Voice: In language, infinitely many words can be written with a small set of letters. In arithmetic, infinitely many numbers can be composed from just a few digits with the help of the simple zero.
Glas: U jeziku, beskonačno mnogo reči može biti napisano sa malim brojem slova. U aritmetici, beskonačno mnogo brojeva može da se sastavi od samo nekoliko cifara uz pomoć jednostavne nule.
Julian Treasure: What a difference. Now that education you would receive, and thanks to the British acoustician Adrian James for those simulations. The signal was the same, the background noise was the same. All that changed was the acoustics of the classroom in those two examples.
Džulijan Trežur: Kakva razlika. Takvo obrazovanje ćete primiti i hvala britanskom akustičaru Adrijanu Džejmsu za te simulacije. Signal je bio isti, zvuk u pozadini je bio isti. Sve što je promenjeno je akustika učionice u ta dva primera.
If education can be likened to watering a garden, which is a fair metaphor, sadly, much of the water is evaporating before it reaches the flowers, especially for some groups, for example, those with hearing impairment. Now that's not just deaf children. That could be any child who's got a cold, glue ear, an ear infection, even hay fever. On a given day, one in eight children fall into that group, on any given day. Then you have children for whom English is a second language, or whatever they're being taught in is a second language. In the U.K., that's more than 10 percent of the school population. And finally, after Susan Cain's wonderful TEDTalk in February, we know that introverts find it very difficult to relate when they're in a noisy environment doing group work. Add those up. That is a lot of children who are not receiving their education properly.
Ako obrazovanje može da se poredi sa zalivanjem bašte, što je dobra metafora, na žalost, većina vode ispari pre nego što stigne do cveća, posebno u nekim grupama, na primer, kod onih sa oštećenim sluhom. To nije slučaj samo sa gluvom decom. To može biti bilo koje dete koje je prehlađeno, ima zapaljenje srednjeg uha, infekciju uha, čak i polensku alergiju. Jedno od osmoro dece spada u tu grupu, svakog dana. Tu su i deca kojima je engleski drugi jezik ili im je drugi jezik onaj koji slušaju u školi. U Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu tu spada više od 10 procenata školske populacije. Konačno, posle divnog TEDTalk-a koji je Suzan Kejn održala u februaru, znamo da je introvertnim osobama veoma teško da se povežu kada se bave grupnim radom u bučnom okruženju. Saberite sve ove grupe. To je mnogo dece koja ne dobijaju obrazovanje na pravi način.
It's not just the children who are affected, though. (Noisy conversation) This study in Germany found the average noise level in classrooms is 65 decibels. I have to really raise my voice to talk over 65 decibels of sound, and teachers are not just raising their voices. This chart maps the teacher's heart rate against the noise level. Noise goes up, heart rate goes up. That is not good for you. In fact, 65 decibels is the very level at which this big survey of all the evidence on noise and health found that, that is the threshold for the danger of myocardial infarction. To you and me, that's a heart attack. It may not be pushing the boat out too far to suggest that many teachers are losing significant life expectancy by teaching in environments like that day after day.
Nisu samo deca pod ovim uticajem. (Bučan razgovor) Ova studija u Nemačkoj pokazala je da je prosečan nivo buke u učionicama 65 decibela. Moram baš da povisim glas da bih pričao preko 65 decibela, a nastavnici ne podižu samo svoj glas. Ova tabela pokazuje puls nastavnika u odnosu na nivo buke. Kako se buka povećava, povećava se i puls. To nije dobro za vas. U stvari, 65 decibela je nivo koji je, prema ovom velikom istraživanju i prema svim dokazima o zvuku i zdravlju, uzet kao prag opasnosti od infarkta srčanog mišića. Za vas i mene, to je srčani udar. Možda nije preterano da se kaže da se mnogim nastavnicima znatno skraćuje životni vek zbog predavanja u ovakvom okruženju dan za danom.
What does it cost to treat a classroom down to that 0.4-second reverberation time? Two and a half thousand pounds. And the Essex study which has just been done in the U.K., which incidentally showed that when you do this, you do not just make a room that's suitable for hearing-impaired children, you make a room where behavior improves, and results improve significantly, this found that sending a child out of area to a school that does have such a room, if you don't have one, costs 90,000 pounds a year. I think the economics are pretty clear on this.
Koja je cena da se u učionici vreme odjeka smanji na 0,4 sekunde? Dve i po hiljade funti. Skoro sprovedeno istraživanje u Eseksu, u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu je slučajno pokazalo da kada se ovo uradi, ne samo da prostorija odgovara deci sa oštećenim sluhom, već postaje prostorija gde se poboljšava ponašanje i značajno poboljšavaju rezultati. Ovo pokazuje da slanje deteta van grada u školu koja ima takvu prostoriju, ako je kod vas nema, košta 90 000 funti godišnje. Mislim da je ekonomija ovde jasna.
I'm glad that debate is happening on this. I just moderated a major conference in London a few weeks ago called Sound Education, which brought together top acousticians, government people, teachers, and so forth. We're at last starting to debate this issue, and the benefits that are available for designing for the ears in education, unbelievable. Out of that conference, incidentally, also came a free app which is designed to help children study if they're having to work at home, for example, in a noisy kitchen. And that's free out of that conference.
Drago mi je da se vodi debata o ovome. Skoro sam vodio veliku konferenciju u Londonu, pre nekoliko nedelja, zvanu "Zvučno obrazovanje", koja je okupila najpoznatije akustičare, pripadnike vlade, nastavnike i tako dalje. Konačno počinjemo da raspravljamo o ovom pitanju i prednostima koje su dostupne u dizajniranju za uši u obrazovanju - neverovatne su. Rezultat te konferencije je i besplatna aplikacija dizajnirana da pomogne deci u učenju ako treba da rade kod kuće, na primer, u bučnoj kuhinji. To je došlo besplatno sa te konferencije.
Let's broaden the perspective a little bit and look at cities. We have urban planners. Where are the urban sound planners? I don't know of one in the world, and the opportunity is there to transform our experience in our cities. The World Health Organization estimates that a quarter of Europe's population is having its sleep degraded by noise in cities. We can do better than that.
Hajde da malo proširimo perspektivu i obratimo pažnju na gradove. Imamo urbane planere. Gde su urbani planeri za zvuk? Ne znam ni za jednog na celom svetu, a postoji prilika da tranformišemo iskustvo u našim gradovima. Svetska zdravstvena organizacija procenjuje da četvrtini evropske populacije u gradovima buka kvari kvalitet sna. Možemo bolje od toga.
And in our offices, we spend a lot of time at work. Where are the office sound planners? People who say, don't sit that team next to this team, because they like noise and they need quiet. Or who say, don't spend all your budget on a huge screen in the conference room, and then place one tiny microphone in the middle of a table for 30 people. (Laughter) If you can hear me, you can understand me without seeing me. If you can see me without hearing me, that does not work. So office sound is a huge area, and incidentally, noise in offices has been shown to make people less helpful, less enjoy their teamwork, and less productive at work.
Provodimo dosta vremena na poslu u kancelarijama. Gde su planeri zvuka za kancelarije? Ljudi koji kažu: "Ne postavljajte taj tim pored ovog tima jer oni vole buku, a ovima je potrebna tišina." Ili koji kažu: "Ne trošite ceo budžet na ogroman ekran u konferencijkoj sali da biste onda postavili sićušan mikrofon na sredini stola za 30 ljudi. (Smeh) Ako možete da me čujete, možete i da me razumete iako me ne vidite. Ako me vidite, a ne čujete me, to nije dobro. Zvuk u kancelariji je ogromna oblast i dokazano je da buka u kancelarijama čini da ljudi budu manje korisni, manje uživaju u timskom radu i manje produktivni na poslu.
Finally, we have homes. We use interior designers. Where are the interior sound designers? Hey, let's all be interior sound designers, take on listening to our rooms and designing sound that's effective and appropriate.
Konačno, došli smo do kuća. Imamo dizajnere enterijera. Gde su dizajneri zvuka za enterijer? Hajde da svi budemo dizajneri zvuka za enterijer. Počnimo da slušamo naše sobe i dizajniramo zvuk koji je efektivan i prikladan.
My friend Richard Mazuch, an architect in London, coined the phrase "invisible architecture." I love that phrase. It's about designing, not appearance, but experience, so that we have spaces that sound as good as they look, that are fit for purpose, that improve our quality of life, our health and well being, our social behavior and our productivity.
Moj prijatelj Ričard Mazuk, arhitekta iz Londona, smislio je frazu "nevidljiva arhitektura". Obožavam ovu frazu. Odnosi se na dizajniranje, ne izgleda, nego iskustva, pa imamo prostore koji zvuče isto tako dobro kao što izgledaju, koji odgovaraju svrsi, koji poboljšavaju kvalitet našeg života, našeg zdravlja i blagostanja, našeg društvenog ponašanja i naše produktivnosti.
It's time to start designing for the ears. Thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
Vreme je da počnemo da dizajniramo za uši. Hvala. (Aplauz) (Aplauz) Hvala. (Aplauz)