It's time to start designing for our ears. Architects and designers tend to focus exclusively on these. They use these to design with and they design for them, which is why we end up sitting in restaurants that look like this — (loud crowd noise) — and sound like this, shouting from a foot away to try and be heard by our dinner companion, or why we get on airplanes -- (flight attendant announcements) -- which cost 200 million pounds, with somebody talking through an old-fashioned telephone handset on a cheap stereo system, making us jump out of our skins.
Vrijeme je da počnemo dizajnirati za svoje uši. Arhitekti i dizajneri skloni su usredotočiti se isključivo na oči. Dizajniraju njima i za njih. Zato sjedimo u restoranima koji izgledaju ovako … i zvuče ovako -- vičemo kako bismo čuli jedni druge za večerom. Ili, zašto putujemo zrakoplovima koji stoje 200 milijuna funti, a netko govori na staromodni ručni telefon preko jeftinog stereo sustava od kojega se ježimo.
We're designing environments that make us crazy. (Laughter) And it's not just our quality of life which suffers. It's our health, our social behavior, and our productivity as well.
Dizajniramo okoliš koji nas izluđuje. (Smijeh) Nije samo kvaliteta života smanjena, već pati i naše zdravlje, društveno ponašanje i produktivnost.
How does this work? Well, two ways. First of all, ambience. I have a whole TEDTalk about this. Sound affects us physiologically, psychologically, cognitively and behaviorally all the time. The sound around us is affecting us even though we're not conscious of it. There's a second way though, as well. That's interference. Communication requires sending and receiving, and I have another whole TEDTalk about the importance of conscious listening, but I can send as well as I like, and you can be brilliant conscious listeners. If the space I'm sending it in is not effective, that communication can't happen.
Kako to funkcionira? Na dva načina. Prije svega, okolina. Imam cijeli jedan TEDTalk o ovome. Zvuk na nas utječe na fiziološkoj, psihološkoj, kognitivnoj i bihevioralnoj razini u svakom trenutku. Zvuk utječe na nas čak i ako nismo toga svjesni. Tu je i drugi način. To je interferencija. Komunikacija zahtijeva slanje i primanje. Imam i drugi TEDTalk o važnosti svjesnog slušanja. Mogu poslati poruku kako god hoću, a vi možete biti izvrsno svjesni slušatelji. No, ako prostor u kojem šaljem poruku nije učinkovit, komunikacija se ne može ostvariti.
Spaces tend to include noise and acoustics. A room like this has acoustics, this one very good acoustics. Many rooms are not so good. Let me give you some examples from a couple of areas which I think we all care about: health and education. (Hospital noises) When I was visiting my terminally ill father in a hospital, I was asking myself, how does anybody get well in a place that sounds like this? Hospital sound is getting worse all the time. Noise levels in hospitals have doubled in the last few years, and it affects not just the patients but also the people working there. I think we would like for dispensing errors to be zero, wouldn't we? And yet, as noise levels go up, so do the errors in dispensing made by the staff in hospitals. Most of all, though, it affects the patients, and that could be you, it could be me. Sleep is absolutely crucial for recovery. It's when we regenerate, when we rebuild ourselves, and with threatening noise like this going on, your body, even if you are able to sleep, your body is telling you, "I'm under threat. This is dangerous." And the quality of sleep is degraded, and so is our recovery. There are just huge benefits to come from designing for the ears in our health care. This is an area I intend to take on this year.
U prostorima uglavnom postoji buka i akustika. Prostorija poput ove ima svoju akustiku, a ova konkretno ima vrlo dobru akustiku. U mnogim prostorijama nije tako dobra. Da vam dam nekoliko primjera područja do kojih nam je svima stalo: obrazovanje i zdravstvo. Kad sam posjetio svog smrtno bolesnog oca dok je bio u bolnici, pitao sam se kako itko može ozdraviti u prostoru koji zvuči tako? Zvukovi u bolnici postaju sve gori. Razina buke udvostručila se u zadnjih nekoliko godina, što utječe i na pacijente i na ljude koji ondje rade. Mislim da bismo svi voljeli da broj liječničkih pogrešaka bude nula. Pa ipak, kako se razina buke povećava, tako raste i broj pogrešaka bolničkog osoblja. Najviše od svega, buka utječe na pacijente. To biste mogli biti vi, to bih mogao biti ja. San je od najveće važnosti za oporavak. Dok se oporavljamo, dok nam se tijelo obnavlja, a nalazimo se u prijetećoj okolini punoj buke, naše tijelo, čak i ako uspije zaspati, govori nam da smo pod prijetnjom, da smo u opasnosti. Kvaliteta sna je smanjena, a time i naš oporavak. Velike su prednosti dizajniranja za uši u našem zdravstvu. To je područje kojim se namjeravam baviti ove godine.
Education. When I see a classroom that looks like this, can you imagine how this sounds? I am forced to ask myself a question. ("Do architects have ears?") (Laughter) Now, that's a little unfair. Some of my best friends are architects. (Laughter) And they definitely do have ears. But I think sometimes they don't use them when they're designing buildings. Here's a case in point. This is a 32-million-pound flagship academy school which was built quite recently in the U.K. and designed by one of Britain's top architects. Unfortunately, it was designed like a corporate headquarters, with a vast central atrium and classrooms leading off it with no back walls at all. The children couldn't hear their teachers. They had to go back in and spend 600,000 pounds putting the walls in. Let's stop this madness of open plan classrooms right now, please.
Obrazovanje. Kad vidim učionicu koja izgleda ovako, možete li zamisliti kako zvuči? Prisiljen sam se zapitati: „Imaju li arhitekti uši?” (Smijeh) Dobro, to je malo nepravedno. Neki od mojih najboljih prijatelja jesu arhitekti. (Smijeh) Oni definitivno imaju uši. No, ponekad mi se čini da ih ne upotrebljavaju za dizajniranje zgrada. Evo jednog takvog slučaja. Ovo je elitna škola od 32 milijuna funti koja je nedavno izgrađena u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, a projektirao ju je jedan od najboljih britanskih arhitekata. Nažalost, dizajnirana je poput korporativnog sjedišta s velikim središnjim atrijem i učionicama oko njega, bez stražnjeg zida. Djeca uopće nisu mogla čuti nastavnike. Kasnije su morali potrošiti još 600 000 funti da bi izgradili zidove. Zaustavimo to ludilo s učionicama otvorenog tlocrta odmah!
It's not just these modern buildings which suffer. Old-fashioned classrooms suffer too. A study in Florida just a few years ago found that if you're sitting where this photograph was taken in the classroom, row four, speech intelligibility is just 50 percent. Children are losing one word in two. Now that doesn't mean they only get half their education, but it does mean they have to work very hard to join the dots and understand what's going on.
Ne pate samo moderne zgrade. Pate i staromodne učionice. Prije nekoliko je godina u jednom istraživanju na Floridi otkriveno da, ako sjedite na mjestu s kojeg je snimljena ova fotografija, u četvrtom redu u učionici, razumljivost govora iznosti samo 50%. Djeca ne čuju jednu od dvije riječi. To ne znači da dobiju samo pola obrazovanja, ali znači da se moraju jako truditi kako bi uhvatili nit i shvatili o čemu se govori.
This is affected massively by reverberation time, how reverberant a room is. In a classroom with a reverberation time of 1.2 seconds, which is pretty common, this is what it sounds like.
Na to znatno utječe vrijeme odjeka, koliko dobro prostorija odjekuje. U učionici s vremenom odjeka od 1,2 sekunde, što je prilično uobičajeno, to zvuči ovako.
(Inaudible echoing voice)
(Nerazumljiv glas uz jeku)
Not so good, is it? If you take that 1.2 seconds down to 0.4 seconds by installing acoustic treatments, sound absorbing materials and so forth, this is what you get.
Nije baš dobro, zar ne? Ako 1,2 sekunde smanjite na 0,4 ugradnjom akustičnih tretmana, materijala koji upijaju zvuk i slično, dobijete ovo.
Voice: In language, infinitely many words can be written with a small set of letters. In arithmetic, infinitely many numbers can be composed from just a few digits with the help of the simple zero.
Glas: U jeziku, beskrajno mnogo riječi može biti napisano malim brojem slova. U aritmetici, beskonačno mnogo brojeva može se složiti od samo nekoliko znamenaka uz pomoć nule.
Julian Treasure: What a difference. Now that education you would receive, and thanks to the British acoustician Adrian James for those simulations. The signal was the same, the background noise was the same. All that changed was the acoustics of the classroom in those two examples.
Julian Treasure: Kakva razlika! Takvo obrazovanje sad možete primiti. Hvala britanskome akustičaru Adrianu Jamesu za ove simulacije. Signal je bio isti, kao i pozadinska buka. Jedino što se promijenilo jest akustika učionice u ova dva primjera.
If education can be likened to watering a garden, which is a fair metaphor, sadly, much of the water is evaporating before it reaches the flowers, especially for some groups, for example, those with hearing impairment. Now that's not just deaf children. That could be any child who's got a cold, glue ear, an ear infection, even hay fever. On a given day, one in eight children fall into that group, on any given day. Then you have children for whom English is a second language, or whatever they're being taught in is a second language. In the U.K., that's more than 10 percent of the school population. And finally, after Susan Cain's wonderful TEDTalk in February, we know that introverts find it very difficult to relate when they're in a noisy environment doing group work. Add those up. That is a lot of children who are not receiving their education properly.
Kad bismo poučavanje usporedili sa zalijevanjem vrta, što je prilično dobra metafora, nažalost, puno vode isparava prije nego dođe do cvijeća, osobito kod nekih skupina, primjerice onih s oštećenjima sluha. No, ne radi se samo o gluhoj djeci. To može biti bilo koje dijete koje je prehlađeno, ima začepljeno uho, infekciju uha ili peludnu groznicu. Jedno od osmero djece može spadati u tu skupinu u bilo kojem trenutku. Zatim, imamo djecu kojima je engleski drugi jezik ili koji god drugi jezik uče. U Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, to je više od 10% djece školske dobi. I na kraju, nakon predivnog TEDTalka Susan Cain, znamo da je introvertiranoj djeci vrlo teško govoriti dok u bučnom okolišu rade na grupnom zadatku. Zbrojite to. To je mnogo djece koja ne primaju obrazovanje kako bi trebala.
It's not just the children who are affected, though. (Noisy conversation) This study in Germany found the average noise level in classrooms is 65 decibels. I have to really raise my voice to talk over 65 decibels of sound, and teachers are not just raising their voices. This chart maps the teacher's heart rate against the noise level. Noise goes up, heart rate goes up. That is not good for you. In fact, 65 decibels is the very level at which this big survey of all the evidence on noise and health found that, that is the threshold for the danger of myocardial infarction. To you and me, that's a heart attack. It may not be pushing the boat out too far to suggest that many teachers are losing significant life expectancy by teaching in environments like that day after day.
No, nisu pogođenja samo djeca. (Bučan razgovor) Istraživanje u Njemačkoj pokazalo je da je prosječna razina buke u učionici 65 decibela. Moram stvarno podići glas da bih govorio uz 65 decibela, a nastavnici ne podižu samo glas. Ovaj grafikon pokazuje brzinu otkucaja srca nastavnika i razinu buke. Buka se pojačava, broj otkucaja srca također se povećava. To nije dobro za vas. Zapravo, 65 decibela upravo je razina na kojoj, kako pokazuje ovo istraživanje o povezanosti buke i zdravlja, počinje opasnost od infarkta miokarda. Za vas i mene to znači srčani udar. Ne bi bilo pretjerano reći da se mnogim nastavnicima značajno smanjuje očekivana duljina života zbog rada u ovakvom okruženju iz dana u dan.
What does it cost to treat a classroom down to that 0.4-second reverberation time? Two and a half thousand pounds. And the Essex study which has just been done in the U.K., which incidentally showed that when you do this, you do not just make a room that's suitable for hearing-impaired children, you make a room where behavior improves, and results improve significantly, this found that sending a child out of area to a school that does have such a room, if you don't have one, costs 90,000 pounds a year. I think the economics are pretty clear on this.
Koliko stoji smanjivanje vremena odjeka u učionici na 0,4 sekunde? Dvije i pol tisuće funti Studija Essex provedena u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, pokazala je, inače, da kad to učinite, nećete dobiti samo prostoriju prikladnu za djecu s oštećenjem sluha, već i prostoriju gdje se poboljšava ponašanje i uspjeh učenika. Pokazalo se i da slanje djeteta u drugu, udaljenu školu koja ima takvu prostoriju, ako je vi nemate, stoji 90 000 funti godišnje. Mislim da je s financijske strane stvar prilično jasna.
I'm glad that debate is happening on this. I just moderated a major conference in London a few weeks ago called Sound Education, which brought together top acousticians, government people, teachers, and so forth. We're at last starting to debate this issue, and the benefits that are available for designing for the ears in education, unbelievable. Out of that conference, incidentally, also came a free app which is designed to help children study if they're having to work at home, for example, in a noisy kitchen. And that's free out of that conference.
Drago mi je da se o ovome raspravlja. Prije nekoliko tjedana moderirao sam veliku konferenciju u Londonu pod nazivom Edukacija o zvuku, koja je okupila najbolje akustičare, ljude iz vlade, nastavnike, itd. Napokon započinjemo tu raspravu, a rezultati koji se dobiju dizajniranjem za uši u obrazovanju nevjerojatni su. Iz te konferencije proizašla je i besplatna aplikacija osmišljena za pomoć djeci pri učenju ako moraju raditi kod kuće, primjerice u bučnoj kuhinji. To je proizašlo besplatno iz te konferencije.
Let's broaden the perspective a little bit and look at cities. We have urban planners. Where are the urban sound planners? I don't know of one in the world, and the opportunity is there to transform our experience in our cities. The World Health Organization estimates that a quarter of Europe's population is having its sleep degraded by noise in cities. We can do better than that.
Proširimo malo perspektivu i pogledajmo gradove. Imamo urbaniste. A gdje su urbanisti za zvuk? Ne znam ni za jednog na svijetu i tu je prilika da promijenimo naš doživljaj gradova. Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija procjenjuje da četvrtina stanovništva Europe ima problema sa spavanjem zbog buke u gradovima. Možemo mi i bolje od toga.
And in our offices, we spend a lot of time at work. Where are the office sound planners? People who say, don't sit that team next to this team, because they like noise and they need quiet. Or who say, don't spend all your budget on a huge screen in the conference room, and then place one tiny microphone in the middle of a table for 30 people. (Laughter) If you can hear me, you can understand me without seeing me. If you can see me without hearing me, that does not work. So office sound is a huge area, and incidentally, noise in offices has been shown to make people less helpful, less enjoy their teamwork, and less productive at work.
U uredima provedemo puno vremena. Gdje su urbanisti zvuka za urede? Ljudi koji će reći da ne smjestite ta dva tima jedan pored drugog jer jedni vole buku, a drugima treba tišina. Ili koji vam savjetuju da ne kupite velik, skup ekran za konferencijsku dvoranu, a onda stavite jedan sićušni mikrofon na sredinu stola za 30 ljudi. (Smijeh) Ako me čujete, onda me možete razumjeti ako me i ne vidite. Ako me vidite, a da me ne čujete, to ne funkcionira. Mnogo se može raditi na zvuku u uredima, a pokazalo se da su zbog buke u uredima ljudi manje spremni pomoći, manje vole timski rad i manje su produktivni.
Finally, we have homes. We use interior designers. Where are the interior sound designers? Hey, let's all be interior sound designers, take on listening to our rooms and designing sound that's effective and appropriate.
Na kraju, imamo domove. Imamo dizajnere interijera. Gdje su dizajneri zvuka za interijere? Budimo svi dizajneri zvuka u interijerima, slušajmo svoje prostorije i dizajnirajmo zvukove koji su učinkoviti i prikladni.
My friend Richard Mazuch, an architect in London, coined the phrase "invisible architecture." I love that phrase. It's about designing, not appearance, but experience, so that we have spaces that sound as good as they look, that are fit for purpose, that improve our quality of life, our health and well being, our social behavior and our productivity.
Moj prijatelj Richard Mazuch, arhitekt u Londonu, smislio je izraz “nevidljiva arhitektura”. Volim taj izraz. Radi se o dizajniranju doživljaja, a ne izgleda, tako da imamo prostore koji jednako dobro zvuče i izgledaju, koji su svrsishodni, koji poboljšavaju kvalitetu života, zdravlje, dobrobit, društveno ponašanje i produktivnost.
It's time to start designing for the ears. Thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
Vrijeme je da počnemo dizajnirati za svoje uši. Hvala vam. (Pljesak) (Pljesak) Hvala vam. (Pljesak)