In an era of extreme polarization, it's really dangerous to talk about right and wrong. You can be targeted, judged for something you said 10 years ago, 10 months ago, 10 hours ago, 10 seconds ago. And that means that those who think you're wrong may burn you at the stake or those who are on your side that think you're not sufficiently orthodox may try and cancel you. As you're thinking about right and wrong, I want you to consider three ideas. What if right and wrong is something that changes over time. What if right and wrong is something that can change because of technology. What if technology is moving exponentially?
Dalam era polarisasi yang esktrem ini, adalah sangat bahaya untuk bincang tentang betul dan salah. Anda akan disasari, dihakimi atas apa yang anda cakap 10 tahun,10 bulan 10 jam malah 10 saat yang lalu. Mereka yang rasa anda salah mungkin akan bakar anda di pancang atau mereka yang menyebelahi anda berpendapat anda tidak cukup ortodoks juga akan cuba bantah anda. Semasa anda fikir akan betul dan salah, saya nak anda timbangkan tiga idea. Bagaimana jika betul dan salah akan berubah mengikut peredaran zaman. Bagaimana jika betul dan salah bertukar mengikut kemajuan teknologi. Bagaimana jika teknologi bergerak secara eksponen?
So as you're thinking about this concept, remember human sacrifice used to be normal and natural. It was a way of appeasing the gods. Otherwise the rain wouldn't come, the sun wouldn't shine. Public executions. They were common, normal, legal. You used to take your kids to watch beheadings in the streets of Paris. One of the greatest wrongs, slavery, indentured servitude, that was something that was practiced for millennia. It was practiced across the Incas, the Mayas, the Chinese, the Indians in North and South America. And as you're thinking about this, one question is why did something so wrong last for so long? And a second question is: why did it go away? And why did it go away in a few short decades in legal terms?
Jadi semasa anda fikirkan konsep ini, pada masa dulu, korban manusia ialah perkara biasa. Ini satu cara menggembirakan tuhan. Jika tidak, langit tak akan hujan, matahari tak akan menyinar. Hukum pancung awam. Duhulunya satu perkara yang biasa dan sah. Kamu akan bawa anak-anak pergi melihat pancung kepala di jalan besar Paris. Satu kesalahan yang terbesar, perhambaan, perhambaan berkontrak, sesuatu yang telah diamalkan milenial tahun lamanya. Ia diamalkan secara berleluasa di Inca, Maya, Negeri China, orang asli di Utara dan Selatan Amerika. Semasa anda fikirkan perkara ini, cuba fikir, kenapa sesuatu yang begitu salah berlanjutan begitu lama? dan soalan kedua ialah: kenapa ia hilang? dan dari segi undang-undang, kenapa hilang dalam masa singkat?
Certainly there was a work by extraordinary abolitionists who risked their lives, but there may be something else happening alongside these brave abolitionists. Consider energy and the industrial revolution. A single barrel of oil contains the energy equivalent of the work of five to 10 people. Add that to machines, and suddenly you've got millions of people's equivalent labor at your disposal. You can quit oppressing people and have a doubling in lifespan after a flattened lifespan for millennia. The world economy, which had been flat for millennia, all of a sudden explodes. And you get enormous amounts of wealth and food and other things produced by far fewer hands.
Sudah tentu ini hasil usaha pejuang pemansuhan perhambaan yang mempertaruhkan nyawa mereka, terdapat juga perkara lain yang berlaku selain pejuang yang berani ini Ambil kira revolusi tenaga dan industri. Satu tong minyak bersamaan tenaga kerja lima ke 10 orang pekerja. Tambahan pula dengan mesin, tiba-tiba anda mempunyai berjuta-juta tenaga pekerja untuk kegunaan anda. Anda tidak perlu lagi tindas orang lain dan mempunyai jangka hayat dua kali ganda selepas jangka hayat rata ribuan tahun. Ekonomi dunia yang tidak berubah semenjak beribu-ribu tahun, tiba-tiba meletup. Dan anda mendapat kekayaan, bahan makanan dan benda lain dari tenaga buruh yang lebih sedikit.
Technology changes the way we interact with each other in fundamental ways. New technologies like the machine gun completely changed the nature of warfare in World War I. It drove people into trenches. You were in the British trench, or you were in the German trench. Anything in between was no man's land. You entered no man's land. You were shot. You were killed. You tried to leave the trench in the other direction. Then your own side would shoot you because you were a deserter.
Teknologi menukar cara asas kita berinteraksi antara satu sama lain. Teknologi baru seperti mesingan menukar sama sekali cara peperangan Perang Dua Pertama. Ia menghalau orang masuk ke parit. Samada anda dalam parit British, atau parit Jerman. Kawasan selain ini adalah tiada kepunyaan. Bila anda masuk kawasan ini, anda ditembak. Dibunuh. Anda cuba untuk tinggalkan parit ini menuju ke arah lain. Maka pihak anda akan tembak anda kerana anda pembelot.
In a weird way, today's machine guns are narrowcast social media. We're shooting at each other. We're shooting at those we think are wrong with posts, with tweets, with photographs, with accusations, with comments. And what it's done is it's created these two trenches where you have to be either in this trench or that trench. And there's almost no middle ground to meet each other, to try and find some sort of a discussion between right and wrong.
Dalam dunia kini, sosial media yang berpandangan sempit ialah mesingan. Kita sedang saling menembak. Kita menembak mereka yang kita rasa salah dengan pos, tweets, gambar, tuduhan dan komen. Ini telah menghasilkan dua parit di mana anda harus berada di parit ini atau parit yang lain. Dan ia hampir tiada tempat tengah untuk mencapai persetujuan, untuk cuba mencari sesuatu perbincangan di antara betul dan salah.
As you drive around the United States, you see signs on lawns. Some say, "Black Lives Matter." Others say, "We support the police." You very rarely see both signs on the same lawn. And yet if you ask people, most people would probably support Black Lives Matter and they would also support their police. So as you think of these polarized times, as you think of right and wrong, you have to understand that right and wrong changes and is now changing in exponential ways.
Apabila anda pandu di Amerika Syariakt, akan nampak papan tanda di padang rumput. Ada yang tulis,“Nyawa Orang Hitam penting” dan yang tulis,”Kami sokong polis.” Jarang nampak dua papan tanda ini di padang rumput yang sama. Tapi, jika kamu tanya seseorang, ramai mungkin akan sokong Nyawa Orang Hitam Penting dan mereka juga sokong pihak polis. Jadi bila anda fikirkan masa polarisasi, masa anda fikir betul dan salah, anda harus faham betul dan salah sentiasa berubah dan kini berubah secara eksponen.
Take the issue of gay marriage. In 1996, two-thirds of the US population was against gay marriage. Today two-thirds is for. It's almost 180-degree shift in the opinion. In part, this is because of protests, because people came out of the closet, because of AIDS, but a great deal of it has to do with social media. A great deal of it has to do with people out in our homes, in our living rooms, through television, through film, through posts, through people being comfortable enough, our friends, our neighbors, our family, to say, "I'm gay." And this has shifted opinion even in some of the most conservative of places. Take the Pope. As Cardinal in 2010, he was completely against gay marriage. He becomes Pope. And three years after the last sentence he comes out with "Who am I to judge?" And then today, he's in favor of civil unions.
Ambil isu perkahwinan gay. Pada 1996, dua per tiga populasi di AS menentang perkahwinan gay. Hari ini dua per tiga menyokong. Ini hampir 180 darjah anjakan pendapat. Sebahagian disebabkan oleh protes, disebabkan mereka keluar dari almari, disebabkan oleh AIDS, tapi sebahagian berkaitan dengan sosial media. Sebahagian besar berkaitan dengan orang dari luar rumah kita, ruang tamu kita, menerusi televisyen, menerusi filem, menerusi pos, menerusi keadaan yang selesa, kawan kita, jiran kita, keluarga kita, yang berkata, ” Saya gay.” Ini telah menukar pendapat mereka walaupun di kawasan yang sangat konservatif. Ambil contoh Pope. Sebagai Cardinal pada tahun 2010, beliau menentang keras perkahwinan gay. Beliau jadi Pope. Tiga tahun selepas perkataan akhir beliau kata”siapakah saya untuk menilai?” Dan hari ini, beliau bersetuju dangan Kesatuan Awam.
As you're thinking about technology changing ethics, you also have to consider that technology is now moving exponentially. As right and wrong changes, if you take the position, "I know right. And if you completely disagree with me, if you partially disagree with me, if you even quibble with me, then you're wrong," then there's no discussion, no tolerance, no evolution, and certainly no learning.
Semasa anda fikir teknologi menyebabkan pertukaran etika, anda harus fikir yang teknologi berkembang secara ekponen. Betul dan salah bertukar-tukar, Jika berpendapat,” Saya tahu yang betul. Jika anda langsung tak setuju dengan saya, atau sebahagian tak setuju, jika anda berdalih dengan saya, maka anda salah.” tiada perbincangan, tiada toleransi, tiada evolusi, dan pastinya tiada pembelajaran.
Most of us are not vegetarians yet. Then again, we haven't had a whole lot of faster, better, cheaper alternatives to meat. But now that we're getting synthetic meats, as the price drops from 380,000 dollars in 2013 to 9 dollars today, a great big chunk of people are going to start becoming vegetarian or quasi-vegetarian. And then in retrospect, these pictures of walking into the fanciest, most expensive restaurants in town and walking past racks of bloody steaks is going to look very different in 10 years, in 20 years and 30 years.
Kebanyakan kita masih belum vegetarian. Sekali lagi, kita tiada daging alternatif yang lebih cepat, lebih baik dan lebih murah. Tetapi sekarang kita dapat daging sintetik, harganya turun dari USD380,000 pada tahun 2013 ke harga USD9 hari ini. ramai orang akan mula jadi vegetarian atau separuh vegetarian. JIka difikir semula, gambaran berjalan ke dalam restoran yang terindah dan termahal di bandar dan berjalan melepasi rak stik daging akan kelihatan sangat berbeza pada 10, 20 dan 30 tahun akan datang.
In these polarized times, I'd like to revive two words you rarely hear today: humility and forgiveness. When you judge the past, your ancestors, your forefathers, do so with a little bit more humility, because perhaps if you'd been educated in that time, if you'd lived in that time, you would've done a lot of things wrong. Not because they're right. Not because we don't see they're wrong today, but simply because our notions, our understanding of right and wrong change across time.
Dalam era polarisasi ini, saya nak membangkitkan semula dua ayat yang jarang didengar: rendah diri dan kemaafan. Jika anda nak mengkritik masa silam, nenek moyang anda lakukan dengan penuh rendah diri, kerana jika anda dididik pada masa itu, jika anda hidup pada zaman itu, anda mungkin akan lakukan perkara salah. Bukan kerana ia adalah betul. Bukan kerana kita tak nampak ia salah pada hari ini, tetapi hanya kerana tanggapan kita, pemahaman kita tentang betul dan salah berubah mengikut edaran masa.
The second word, forgiveness. Forgiveness is incredibly important these days. You cannot cancel somebody for saying the wrong word, for having done something 10 years ago, for having triggered you and not being a hundred percent right. To build a community, you have to build it and talk to people and learn from people who may have very different points of view from yours. You have to allow them a space instead of creating a no man's land. A middle ground, a creation and a space of empathy. This is a time to build community. This is not a time to continue ripping nations apart.
Kata kedua, kemaafan. Kemaafan adalah sangat penting pada masa kini. Anda tidak boleh batalkan seseorang kerana cakap sesuatu yang salah, kerana melakukan sesuatu 10 tahun dahulu, kerana menyinggung perasaan anda dan tidak betul dengan sepenuhnya. Untuk membina satu komuniti, anda harus membinanya dan bercakap dan belajar dari orang lain. yang mempunyai pendapat yang berbeza dari anda. Anda harus memberi mereka satu ruang bukannya mewujudkan ruang tiada empunya. Satu jalan tengah, satu ciptaan dan satu ruang empati. Inilah masanya untuk membina komuniti. Ini bukannya masa untuk terus memecah-belahkan negara.
Thank you very much.
Ribuan terima kasih.