I love my food. And I love information. My children usually tell me that one of those passions is a little more apparent than the other. (Laughter)
Mám rád jedlo. Mám rád aj informácie. Deti mi hovoria, že jednu z tých vášní na mne vidno viac. (smiech)
But what I want to do in the next eight minutes or so is to take you through how those passions developed, the point in my life when the two passions merged, the journey of learning that took place from that point. And one idea I want to leave you with today is what would would happen differently in your life if you saw information the way you saw food?
Ale počas nasledujúcich ôsmich minút by som sa s vami chcel podeliť o to, ako sa tieto moje vášne rozvíjali, až do chvíle môjho života, keď splynuli, o ceste poznania, ktorá odvtedy nasledovala. Chcel by som vám dnes zanechať jednu myšlienku a tou je: čo by sa vo vašom živote zmenilo, keby ste informácie vnímali rovnako ako jedlo.
I was born in Calcutta -- a family where my father and his father before him were journalists, and they wrote magazines in the English language. That was the family business. And as a result of that, I grew up with books everywhere around the house. And I mean books everywhere around the house. And that's actually a shop in Calcutta, but it's a place where we like our books. In fact, I've got 38,000 of them now and no Kindle in sight.
Narodil som sa v Kalkate. V rodine, v ktorej môj otec a pred ním jeho otec boli novinári a písali časopisy po anglicky. Bol to náš rodinný podnik. Vďaka tomu som vyrastal v dome plnom kníh. Knihy boli doslova všade. V skutočnosti je to obchod v Kalkate, ale je to miesto, v ktorom máme radi svoje knihy. Popravde, teraz ich mám okolo 38 000, aj bez Kindle čítačky.
But growing up as a child with the books around everywhere, with people to talk to about those books, this wasn't a sort of slightly learned thing.
Keď vyrastáte obklopení knihami, s ľuďmi, s ktorými sa o nich môžete porozprávať, jednoducho to nie je niečo, čo by ste sa museli naučiť.
By the time I was 18, I had a deep passion for books. It wasn't the only passion I had. I was a South Indian brought up in Bengal. And two of the things about Bengal: they like their savory dishes and they like their sweets. So by the time I grew up, again, I had a well-established passion for food. Now I was growing up in the late '60s and early '70s, and there were a number of other passions I was also interested in, but these two were the ones that differentiated me. (Laughter)
Keď som mal 18, vášen pre knihy sa prehĺbila. Nebola to moja jediná vášeň. Pochádzam z Južnej Indie, a vyrástol som v Bengálsku. Dve veci sú pre ľudí v Bengálsku typické. Zbožňujú svoje pikantné jedlá a sladkosti. Takže počas dospievania sa u mňa vytvorila hlboká vášeň pre jedlo. Vyrastal som na konci 60tých a začiatku 70tých rokov, a vtedy som bol nadšený aj z iných vecí, ale tieto dve boli tie, ktorými som sa odlišoval od ostatných. (smiech)
And then life was fine, dandy. Everything was okay, until I got to about the age of 26, and I went to a movie called "Short Circuit." Oh, some of you have seen it. And apparently it's being remade right now and it's going to be coming out next year. It's the story of this experimental robot which got electrocuted and found a life. And as it ran, this thing was saying, "Give me input. Give me input."
Život bol skvelý, bombový. Všetko bolo v poriadku, až kým som nemal 26, keď som videl film "Číslo 5 žije". Niektorí z vás ho určite videli. A znova ho natáčajú, premiéru by mal mať budúci rok. Je to príbeh pokusného robota, ktorého zasiahol silný elektrický prúd a on ožil. Ako utekal, neustále opakoval "Zapojte ma. Zapojte ma."
And I suddenly realized that for a robot both information as well as food were the same thing. Energy came to it in some form or shape, data came to it in some form or shape. And I began to think, I wonder what it would be like to start imagining myself as if energy and information were the two things I had as input -- as if food and information were similar in some form or shape.
Vtedy som si uvedomil, že pre robota informácie a jedlo znamenajú tú istú vec. Energiu prijíma v istej forme a tvare, a aj dáta prijíma v istej forme a tvare. Vtedy som začal premýšľať, aké by to bolo, predstaviť si sám seba, keby energia a informácie boli dve veci, ktoré by som prijímal, a keby jedlo a informácie mali podobnú formu a tvar.
I started doing some research then, and this was the 25-year journey, and started finding out that actually human beings as primates have far smaller stomachs than should be the size for our body weight and far larger brains.
Začal som s výskumom, ktorý bol 25ročnou výpravou na ktorej som zistil, že ľudia, ako primáty majú oveľa menšie žalúdky, aké by mali vzhľadom na svoju váhu mať, ale zároveň oveľa väčší ako mozog.
And as I went to research that even further, I got to a point where I discovered something called the expensive tissue hypothesis. That actually for a given body mass of a primate the metabolic rate was static. What changed was the balance of the tissues available. And two of the most expensive tissues in our human body are nervous tissue and digestive tissue. And what transpired was that people had put forward a hypothesis that was apparently coming up with some fabulous results by about 1995. It's a lady named Leslie Aiello.
A ako som skúmal hlbšie, dostal som sa do bodu, keď som objavil niečo, čo sa nazýva hypotéza drahých tkanív. Tá hovorí, že pre určitú telesnú hmotnosť primáta je rýchlosť metabolizmu statická. Mení sa iba rovnováha dostupných tkanív. A dve najdrahšie tkanivá v ľudskom tele sú nervové a tráviace tkanivá. A ako sa ukázalo, ľudia predložili hypotézu, ktorá začala okolo roku 1995 začala vykazovať úžasné výsledky. Bola to dáma menom Leslie Aiellová.
And the paper then suggested that you traded one for the other. If you wanted your brain for a particular body mass to be large, you had to live with a smaller gut.
A táto práca naznačovala, že ste si vymieňali jednu za druhú. Ak by ste chceli mať pri určitej váhe väčší mozog, museli by ste mať menší žálúdok.
That then set me off completely to say, Okay, these two are connected. So I looked at the cultivation of information as if it were food and said, So we were hunter-gathers of information. We moved from that to becoming farmers and cultivators of information.
A to ma podnietilo k tomu, aby som povedal: "Ok, tieto dve sú prepojené." Preto som sa pozrel na nadobúdanie informácii ako by to bolo jedlo a povedal: "Sme lovci a zberači informácií." A z nich sme sa postupne stali farmármi a pestovali informácie.
Does that really explain what we're seeing with the intellectual property battles nowadays? Because those people who were hunter-gatherers in origin wanted to be free and roam and pick up information as they wanted, and those that were in the business of farming information wanted to build fences around it, create ownership and wealth and structure and settlement. So there was always going to be a tension within that. And everything I saw in the cultivation said there were huge fights amongst the foodies between the cultivators and the hunter-gatherers. And this is happening here.
Ale vysvetluje to zápasy o duševné vlastníctvo v dnešnej dobe? Pôvodní lovci a zberači, chceli byť voľní, túľať sa a zbierať informácie podľa vlastnej vôle, a ľudia zapojení do procesu vytvárania informácií, chceli prístup k informáciám obmedziť, vytvoriť vlastníctvo, majetok, štruktúru a dohodu. Preto medzi nimi bude vždy napätie. A všetko nasvedčovalo tomu, že prebiehali obrovské boje o informácie medzi roľníkmi a lovcami a zberačmi. A to sa deje teraz tu.
When I moved to preparation, this same thing was true, expect that there were two schools. One group of people said you can distill your information, you can extract value, separate it and serve it up, while another group turned around and said no, no you can ferment it. You bring it all together and mash it up and the value emerges that way. The same is again true with information.
Keď sa jedlo pripravuje, platí to isté. Akoby existovali dva smery. Jedny tvrdia, že informácie sa dajú destilovať, extrahovať to podstatné, oddeliť a servírovať. ale iný ľudia povedali, nie, nie, môžeme to nechať kvasiť. Všetko dáme dohromady, pomiešame a to podstatné sa vynorí na povrch. Toto isté platí aj pre informácie.
But consumption was where it started getting really enjoyable. Because what I began to see then was there were so many different ways people would consume this. They'd buy it from the shop as raw ingredients. Do you cook it? Do you have it served to you? Do you go to a restaurant? The same is true every time as I started thinking about information.
Ale príjemná bola až konzumácia. Uvedomil som si, že je veľa spôsob ako jesť. Kúpite si v obchode prísady? Uvaríte si to? Niekto vám to naservíruje? Pôjdete do reštaurácie? A to isté platí aj pri informáciách.
The analogies were getting crazy -- that information had sell-by dates, that people had misused information that wasn't dated properly and could really make an effect on the stock market, on corporate values, etc. And by this time I was hooked. And this is about 23 years into this process.
Analógie sa išli zblázniť, že informácie mali svoje dátumy predaja, že ľudia zneužili informácie, ktoré mali zle označený dátum a tým mohli ovplyvniť aj burzu, firemné hodnoty, atď. V tejto chvíly som už bol priam posadnutý. To je asi 23. rok v tomto procese.
And I began to start thinking of myself as we start having mash-ups of fact and fiction, docu-dramas, mockumentaries, whatever you call it. Are we going to reach the stage where information has a percentage for fact associated with it? We start labeling information for the fact percentage? Are we going to start looking at what happens when your information source is turned off, as a famine?
Začal som premýšľať, pri tomto miešaní faktu a fikcie, doku-drám, akože dokumentárnych filmov, akokoľvek ich nazývate. Dostaneme sa niekedy do bodu, keď informácie budú mať percentá podľa ich pravdivosti? Budeme označovať informácie percentami pravdivosti? Začneme potom situáciu, keď sa zdroj informácií vypne, volať hladomor?
Which brings me to the final element of this. Clay Shirky once stated that there is no such animal as information overload, there is only filter failure. I put it to you that information, if viewed from the point of food, is never a production issue; you never speak of food overload. Fundamentally it's a consumption issue. And we have to start thinking about how we create diets within ourselves, exercise within ourselves, to have the faculties to be able to deal with information, to have the labeling to be able to do it responsibly. In fact, when I saw "Supersize Me," I starting thinking of saying, What would happen if an individual had 31 days nonstop Fox News? (Laughter) Would there be time to be able to work with it?
Čo ma privádza na koniec mojej prednášky. Clay Shirky raz povedal, že zaťaženie informáciami neexistuje. Existuje iba filter prehry. Takže ak sa pozrieme na informácie z rovnakého hľadiska ako na jedlo, nikdy nenastane problém v produkcii; nikdy nehovoríme o zaťažení jedlom. V podstate hovoríme o probléme spotreby. A preto by sme mali začať uvažovať o tom, ako vytvárame diéty, cvičenia, aby sme mali schopnosti spracovať informácie a zodpovedne ich označovať. Keď som videl film "Supersize Me", začal som premýšľať. Čo by sa stalo, keby niekto celých 31 dní pozeral správy na stanici Fox? (Smiech) Mal by čas to všetko spracovať?
So you start really understanding that you can have diseases, toxins, a need to balance your diet, and once you start looking, and from that point on, everything I have done in terms of the consumption of information, the production of information, the preparation of information, I've looked at from the viewpoint of food. It has probably not helped my waistline any because I like practicing on both sides.
Vtedy začnete chápať, že môžete mať rôzne choroby, toxíny, potrebu mať vyváženú stravu, a hneď ako sa na to začnete pozerať, od toho momentu, všetko, čo som urobil kvôli spotrebe informácií, produkcii a príprave informácií, som urobil vnímajúc to z hľadiska jedla. Pravdepodobne to nepomohlo mojej postave, pretože na tom pracujem z oboch strán.
But I'd like to leave you with just that question: If you began to think of all the information that you consume the way you think of food, what would you do differently?
Chcel by som vo Vás zanechať otázku: Ak by ste začali premýšľať o informáciách, ktoré prijímate, tak ako premýšľate o jedle, čo by ste urobili inak?
Thank you very much for your time.
Veľmi pekne Vám ďakujem za Váš čas.
(Applause)
(Potlesk)