I'm thrilled to be here tonight to share with you something we've been working on for over two years, and it's in the area of additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing.
Uzbuđen sam što sam ovde večeras da bih sa vama podelio nešto na čemu radimo preko dve godine, a to je u polju proizvodnje aditiva, poznatije kao 3D štampanje.
You see this object here. It looks fairly simple, but it's quite complex at the same time. It's a set of concentric geodesic structures with linkages between each one. In its context, it is not manufacturable by traditional manufacturing techniques. It has a symmetry such that you can't injection mold it. You can't even manufacture it through milling. This is a job for a 3D printer, but most 3D printers would take between three and 10 hours to fabricate it, and we're going to take the risk tonight to try to fabricate it onstage during this 10-minute talk. Wish us luck.
Vidite ovaj predmet. Izgleda prilično jednostavno, ali je u isto vreme kompleksan. To je niz koncentričnih geodezijskih struktura sa vezama između sebe. U svom kontekstu, nije ga moguće proizvesti tradicionalnim tehnikama. Poseduje takvu simetriju da se ne može dobiti ubrizgavanjem u kalup. Čak se ne može dobiti izradom na glodalici. Ovo je posao za 3D štampač, ali većini 3D štampača bi bilo potrebno između tri i deset sati da ga naprave, a mi ćemo večeras rizikovati da probamo da ga napravimo na sceni tokom ovog govora od 10 minuta. Poželite nam sreću.
Now, 3D printing is actually a misnomer. It's actually 2D printing over and over again, and it in fact uses the technologies associated with 2D printing. Think about inkjet printing where you lay down ink on a page to make letters, and then do that over and over again to build up a three-dimensional object. In microelectronics, they use something called lithography to do the same sort of thing, to make the transistors and integrated circuits and build up a structure several times. These are all 2D printing technologies.
"3D štampanje" je zapravo pogrešan naziv. To je zapravo 2D štampanje, iznova i iznova i zapravo koristi tehnologije povezane sa 2D štampanjem. Pomislite na štampanje mastilom gde na list stavite mastilo da dobijete slova, i onda to radite iznova i iznova kako bi se dobio trodimenzionalni objekat. U mikroelektronici, koristi se nešto što se zove litografija, kako bi se uradilo isto to, kako bi se napravili tranzistori i integrisana kola i napravila struktura nekoliko puta. Ovo su sve tehnologije 2D štampanja.
Now, I'm a chemist, a material scientist too, and my co-inventors are also material scientists, one a chemist, one a physicist, and we began to be interested in 3D printing. And very often, as you know, new ideas are often simple connections between people with different experiences in different communities, and that's our story.
Ja sam hemičar, znači da sam i ja materijalni naučnik a moji saradnici su takođe materijalni naučnici, jedan je hemičar, jedan je fizičar i počelo je da nas interesuje 3D štampanje. Kao što znate, nove ideje su veoma često jednostavne veze između ljudi sa različitim iskustvima iz različitih zajednica, i to je naša priča.
Now, we were inspired by the "Terminator 2" scene for T-1000, and we thought, why couldn't a 3D printer operate in this fashion, where you have an object arise out of a puddle in essentially real time with essentially no waste to make a great object? Okay, just like the movies. And could we be inspired by Hollywood and come up with ways to actually try to get this to work? And that was our challenge. And our approach would be, if we could do this, then we could fundamentally address the three issues holding back 3D printing from being a manufacturing process.
Inspirisala nas je scena iz "Terminatora 2" sa T-1000 i pomislili smo, zašto 3D štampač ne bi ovako funkcionisao, gde bi se predmet podizao iz barice u suštini u realnom vremenu bez ikakvog otpada kako bi nastao sjajan predmet. Baš kao u filmovima. Možemo li biti inspirisani Holivudom i smisliti načine da zapravo pokušamo da nateramo ovo da radi? To je bio naš izazov. Naš pristup je bio, ako bismo mogli da uradimo ovo, onda bismo mogli da u osnovi rešimo tri problema koja sputavaju 3D štampanje da bude proces proizvodnje.
One, 3D printing takes forever. There are mushrooms that grow faster than 3D printed parts. (Laughter) The layer by layer process leads to defects in mechanical properties, and if we could grow continuously, we could eliminate those defects. And in fact, if we could grow really fast, we could also start using materials that are self-curing, and we could have amazing properties. So if we could pull this off, imitate Hollywood, we could in fact address 3D manufacturing.
Prvi je to što 3D štampanje traje večno. Postoje pečurke koje rastu brže od delova koji se štampaju u 3D. (Smeh) Proces sloja po sloj dovodi do defekata u mehaničkim svojstvima a ukoliko bismo "uzgajali" bez prekida mogli bismo i da uklonimo te defekte. Zapravo, kada bismo veoma brzo "uzgajali", mogli bismo da počnemo da koristimo materijale koji se sami suše, mogli bismo da imamo neverovatna svojstva. Kada bismo mogli da izvedemo ovo, da imitiramo Holivud, mogli bismo da rešimo 3D proizvodnju.
Our approach is to use some standard knowledge in polymer chemistry to harness light and oxygen to grow parts continuously. Light and oxygen work in different ways. Light can take a resin and convert it to a solid, can convert a liquid to a solid. Oxygen inhibits that process. So light and oxygen are polar opposites from one another from a chemical point of view, and if we can control spatially the light and oxygen, we could control this process. And we refer to this as CLIP. [Continuous Liquid Interface Production.] It has three functional components. One, it has a reservoir that holds the puddle, just like the T-1000. At the bottom of the reservoir is a special window. I'll come back to that. In addition, it has a stage that will lower into the puddle and pull the object out of the liquid. The third component is a digital light projection system underneath the reservoir, illuminating with light in the ultraviolet region.
Naš pristup je do koristimo neka osnovna znanja iz hemije polimera kako bismo koristili svetlost i kiseonik da neprestano "uzgajamo" delove. Svetlost i kiseonik funkcionišu na različite načine. Svetlost može smolu da pretvori u čvrstu materiju, tečnost u čvrstu materiju. Kiseonik usporava taj proces. Tako su svetlost i kiseonik polarno suprotni sa hemijske tačke gledišta i ako prostorno možemo da kontrolišemo svetlost i kiseonik, mogli bismo da kontrolišemo ovaj proces. Ovo nazivamo PSIT. [Produkcija stalnog interfejsa tečnosti] Ima tri funkcionalne komponente. Prvo, ima rezervoar u kom je barica, baš kao T-1000. Na dnu rezervoara je poseban prozor. Vratiću se na to. Pored toga, ima i skelu koja se spušta u baricu i izvlači predmet iz tečnosti. Treća komponenta je sistem za digitalnu projekciju svetla ispod rezervoara, koji emituje svetlost u ultraljubičastom regionu.
Now, the key is that this window in the bottom of this reservoir, it's a composite, it's a very special window. It's not only transparent to light but it's permeable to oxygen. It's got characteristics like a contact lens. So we can see how the process works. You can start to see that as you lower a stage in there, in a traditional process, with an oxygen-impermeable window, you make a two-dimensional pattern and you end up gluing that onto the window with a traditional window, and so in order to introduce the next layer, you have to separate it, introduce new resin, reposition it, and do this process over and over again. But with our very special window, what we're able to do is, with oxygen coming through the bottom as light hits it, that oxygen inhibits the reaction, and we form a dead zone. This dead zone is on the order of tens of microns thick, so that's two or three diameters of a red blood cell, right at the window interface that remains a liquid, and we pull this object up, and as we talked about in a Science paper, as we change the oxygen content, we can change the dead zone thickness. And so we have a number of key variables that we control: oxygen content, the light, the light intensity, the dose to cure, the viscosity, the geometry, and we use very sophisticated software to control this process.
Ključno je da je ovaj prozor na dnu rezervoara, to je kompozitni materijal i veoma poseban prozor. Ne samo da je transparentan na svetlo već je i propustljiv na kiseonik. Ima karakteristike kao kontaktno sočivo. Možemo videti kako se odvija proces. Možete videti da kako spuštate skelu, u tradicionalnom procesu sa prozorom kroz koji prodire kiseonik, pravi se dvodimenzionalni šablon i na kraju to zalepite za prozor sa tradicionanim prozorom, a kako bi se uveo novi sloj, morate da ga odvojite, uvedete novu smolu, premestite je i ponovite ovaj proces iznova i iznova. Ali sa našim posebnim prozorom, sa kiseonikom koji dolazi odozdo, kako ga dodiruje svetlost, taj kiseonik usporava reakciju i možemo da stvorimo mrtvu zonu. Mrtva zona je debela po redu desetina mikrona, to je dva ili tri prečnika ćelije crvenog krvnog zrnca, baš na interfejsu prozora koji ostaje u tečnom stanju i ovaj predmet dižemo i kao što smo rekli u svom naučnom radu, kako menjamo sadržaj kiseonika, možemo da menjamo debljinu mrtve zone. Postoji nekoliko ključnih varijabli koje kontrolišemo: sadržaj kiseonika, svetlost, intenzitet svetla, doza koju treba osušiti, viskoznost, geometrija i koristimo veoma sofisticiran softver da bismo kontrolisali ovaj proces.
The result is pretty staggering. It's 25 to 100 times faster than traditional 3D printers, which is game-changing. In addition, as our ability to deliver liquid to that interface, we can go 1,000 times faster I believe, and that in fact opens up the opportunity for generating a lot of heat, and as a chemical engineer, I get very excited at heat transfer and the idea that we might one day have water-cooled 3D printers, because they're going so fast. In addition, because we're growing things, we eliminate the layers, and the parts are monolithic. You don't see the surface structure. You have molecularly smooth surfaces. And the mechanical properties of most parts made in a 3D printer are notorious for having properties that depend on the orientation with which how you printed it, because of the layer-like structure. But when you grow objects like this, the properties are invariant with the print direction. These look like injection-molded parts, which is very different than traditional 3D manufacturing. In addition, we're able to throw the entire polymer chemistry textbook at this, and we're able to design chemistries that can give rise to the properties you really want in a 3D-printed object.
Rezultat je zapanjujući. 25 do 100 puta je brže od tradicionalnih 3D štampača, što potpuno menja igru. Pored te mogućnosti dostavljanja tečnosti na interfejs, možemo da idemo 1000 puta brže i to otvara mogućnosti za stvaranje dosta toplote, a kao hemijski inženjer, veoma se uzbudim zbog prenosa toplote i zamisli da jednog dana možemo imati 3D štampače sa vodenim hlađenjem jer će ići tako brzo. Pored toga, zato što "uzgajamo" predmete, eliminišu se slojevi i delovi su monolitni. Ne vidite površinsku strukturu. Imate površine koje su glatke na molekularnom nivou. Mehanička svojstva većine delova koji su nastali u 3D štampaču na zlom su glasu zbog svojstava koji zavise od pravca u kom ih štampate, zbog strukture nalik na slojeve. Ali kada ovako "uzgajate" predmete, svojstva ne zavise od pravca štampanja. Ovi delovi izgledaju kao da su nastali ubacivanjem u kalupe, što je umnogome drugačije od tradicionalnog 3D štampanja. Pored toga, možemo da primenimo ceo udžbenik hemije polimera i možemo da osmislimo hemije koje mogu da dovedu do izražaja svojstva koja zaista želite u 3D odštampanom proizvodu.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)
There it is. That's great. You always take the risk that something like this won't work onstage, right?
Eto ga. To je sjajno. Uvek rizikujete da ovako nešto neće raditi na sceni, zar ne?
But we can have materials with great mechanical properties. For the first time, we can have elastomers that are high elasticity or high dampening. Think about vibration control or great sneakers, for example. We can make materials that have incredible strength, high strength-to-weight ratio, really strong materials, really great elastomers, so throw that in the audience there. So great material properties.
Ali možemo da imamo materijale sa sjajnim mehaničkim svojstvima. Po prvi put, možemo imati elastomere sa visokim elasticitetom i prigušenjem. Pomislite na kontrolu vibracija ili odlične patike, na primer. Možemo da napravimo materijale sa neverovatnom snagom, visokim odnosom snage po težini, zaista snažne materijale, zaista sjajne elastomere, pa bacite to u publiku. Sjajna svojstva materijala.
And so the opportunity now, if you actually make a part that has the properties to be a final part, and you do it in game-changing speeds, you can actually transform manufacturing. Right now, in manufacturing, what happens is, the so-called digital thread in digital manufacturing. We go from a CAD drawing, a design, to a prototype to manufacturing. Often, the digital thread is broken right at prototype, because you can't go all the way to manufacturing because most parts don't have the properties to be a final part. We now can connect the digital thread all the way from design to prototyping to manufacturing, and that opportunity really opens up all sorts of things, from better fuel-efficient cars dealing with great lattice properties with high strength-to-weight ratio, new turbine blades, all sorts of wonderful things.
Sada je prilika, da ako zapravo napravite deo koji ima svojstva da bude konačan deo i to uradite sa revolucionarnom brzinom, možete transformisati proizvodnju. Sada se u proizvodnji dešava takozvana digitalna nit u digitalnoj proizvodnji. Ide se sa CAD nacrta, dizajna, na prototip, pa na proizvodnju. Često se digitalna nit prekida odmah kod prototipa jer ne možete da odete do proizvodnje jer većina delova nema svojstva da bude konačni deo. Sada možemo povezati digitalnu nit sve od dizajna, preko prototipa, do proizvodnje, i to zaista otvara mogućnosti za mnogo toga, od automobila sa boljom ekonomijom goriva gde se radi o boljim svojstvima rešetke sa boljim odnosom snage i težine, novim perajima turbine, mnogo divnih stvari.
Think about if you need a stent in an emergency situation, instead of the doctor pulling off a stent out of the shelf that was just standard sizes, having a stent that's designed for you, for your own anatomy with your own tributaries, printed in an emergency situation in real time out of the properties such that the stent could go away after 18 months: really-game changing. Or digital dentistry, and making these kinds of structures even while you're in the dentist chair. And look at the structures that my students are making at the University of North Carolina. These are amazing microscale structures.
Pomislite da vam treba stent u hitnoj situaciji, umesto da doktor uzima stent sa police u standardnoj veličini, možete imati stent dizajniran za vas, za vašu anatomiju po vašem krvotoku koji se štampa u hitnoj situaciji u stvarnom vremenu od svojstava tako da stent može da se skloni nakon 18 meseci - zaista revolucionarno. Ili digitalno zubarstvo i pravljenje ovakvih struktura čak dok ste u stolici kod zubara. Pogledajte strukture koje pravimo ja i moji učenici na Univerzitetu Severne Karoline. Ovo su neverovatne strukture na mikro skali.
You know, the world is really good at nano-fabrication. Moore's Law has driven things from 10 microns and below. We're really good at that, but it's actually very hard to make things from 10 microns to 1,000 microns, the mesoscale. And subtractive techniques from the silicon industry can't do that very well. They can't etch wafers that well. But this process is so gentle, we can grow these objects up from the bottom using additive manufacturing and make amazing things in tens of seconds, opening up new sensor technologies, new drug delivery techniques, new lab-on-a-chip applications, really game-changing stuff.
Svet je zaista dobar u nano-proizvodnji. Murov zakon je doveo stvari do nivoa od 10 mikrona i ispod. Zaista smo dobri u tome ali zapravo je veoma teško napraviti stvari od 10 do 1000 mikrona, to je mezoskala. Suptraktivne tehnike iz industrije silikona to ne mogu da rade veoma dobro. Ne mogu tako dobro da graviraju oblande. Ali ovaj proces je tako nežan da možemo da "uzgajamo" ove predmete od samog početka koristeći aditivnu proizvodnju i da pravimo neverovatne stvari za desetine sekundi, otvarajući nove tehnologije senzora, nove tehnike dostave lekova, nove primene laboratorija na čipu, zaista revolucionarne stvari.
So the opportunity of making a part in real time that has the properties to be a final part really opens up 3D manufacturing, and for us, this is very exciting, because this really is owning the intersection between hardware, software and molecular science, and I can't wait to see what designers and engineers around the world are going to be able to do with this great tool.
Prilika da se u realnom vremenu stvara deo koji ima svojstva konačnog dela zaista otvara 3D proizvodnju i ovo je za nas veoma uzbudljivo jer je ovo zaista posedovanje preseka između hardvera, softvera i molekularne nauke i jedva čekam da vidim šta će sa ovom alatkom moći da urade dizajneri i naučnici širom sveta.
Thanks for listening.
Hvala na slušanju.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)