(Circus music) [Ted N' Ed's Carnival] [John Lloyd's Inventory of the Invisible] [Adapted from a TEDTalk given by John Lloyd in 2009] June Cohen: Our next speaker has spent his whole career eliciting that sense of wonder. Please welcome John Lloyd. (Applause) [Hall of Mirrors] The question is, "What is invisible?" There's more of it than you think, actually. Everything, I would say -- everything that matters -- Except every thing, and except matter. We can see matter but we can't see what's the matter. We can see the stars and the planets but we can't see what holds them apart, or what draws them together. With matter as with people, we see only the skin of things, we can't see into the engine room, we can't see what makes people tick, at least not without difficulty, and the closer we look at anything, the more it disappears. In fact, if you look really closely at stuff, if you look at the basic substructure of matter, there isn't anything there. Electrons disappear in a kind of fuzz, and there is only energy. One of the interesting things about invisibility is, the things that we can's see, we also can't understand. Gravity is one thing that we can't see, and which we don't understand. It's the least understood of all the four fundamental forces, and the weakest, and nobody really knows what it is or why it's there. For what it's worth, Sir Isaac Newton, the greatest scientist who ever lived, he thought Jesus came to Earth specifically to operate the levers of gravity. That's what he thought he was there for. So, bright guy, could be wrong on that one, I don't know. (Laughter) Consciousness. I see all your faces; I've no idea what any of you are thinking. Isn't that amazing? Isn't it incredible that we can't read each other's minds, when we can touch each other, taste each other, perhaps, if we get close enough, but we can't read each other's minds. I find that quite astonishing. In the Sufi faith, this great Middle Eastern religion which some claim is the root of all religions, Sufi masters are all telepaths, so they say, but their main exercise of telepathy is to send out powerful signals to the rest of us that it doesn't exist. So that's why we don't think it exists; the Sufi masters working on us. In the question of consciousness and artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence has really, like the study of consciousness, gotten nowhere, we have no idea how consciousness works. Not only have they not created artificial intelligence, they haven't yet created artificial stupidity. (Laughter) The laws of physics: invisible, eternal, omnipresent, all powerful. Remind you of anyone? Interesting. I'm, as you can guess, not a materialist, I'm an immaterialist. And I've found a very useful new word -- ignostic. Okay? I'm an ignostic. [God?] I refuse to be drawn on the question on whether God exists until somebody properly defines the terms. Another thing we can't see is the human genome. And this is increasingly peculiar, because about 20 years ago when they started delving into the genome, they thought it would probably contain around 100 thousand genes. Every year since, it's been revised downwards. We now think there are likely to be just over 20 thousand genes in the human genome. This is extraordinary, because rice -- get this -- rice is known to have 38 thousand genes. Potatoes have 48 chromosomes, two more than people, and the same as a gorilla. (Laughter) You can't see these things, but they are very strange. The stars by day, I always think that's fascinating. The universe disappears. The more light there is, the less you can see. Time. Nobody can see time. I don't know if you know this. There's a big movement in modern physics to decide that time doesn't really exist, because it's too inconvenient for the figures. It's much easier if it's not really there. You can't see the future, obviously, and you can't see the past, except in your memory. One of the interesting things about the past is you particularly can't see -- my son asked me this the other day, "Dad, can you remember what I was like when I was two? And I said, "Yes." He said, "Why can't I?" Isn't that extraordinary? You cannot remember what happened to you earlier than the age of two or three. Which is great news for psychoanalysts, because otherwise they'd be out of a job. Because that's where all the stuff happens (Laughter) that makes you who you are. Another thing you can't see is the grid on which we hang. This is fascinating. You probably know, some of you, that cells are continually renewed. Skin flakes off, hairs grow, nails, that kind of stuff -- but every cell in your body is replaced at some point. Taste buds, every ten days or so. Livers and internal organs take a bit longer. Spine takes several years. But at the end of seven years, not one cell in your body remains from what was there seven years ago. The question is: who then are we? What are we? What is this thing that we hang on? That is actually us? Atoms, can't see them. Nobody ever will. They're smaller than the wavelength of light. Gas, can't see that. Interesting, somebody mentioned 1600 recently. Gas was invented in 1600 by a Dutch chemist called van Helmont. It's said to be the most successful ever invention of a word by a known individual. Quite good. He also invented a word called "blas," meaning astral radiation. Didn't catch on, unfortunately. (Laughter) But well done, him. Light -- you can't see light. When it's dark, in a vacuum, if a person shines a beam of light straight across your eyes, you won't see it. Slightly technical, some physicists will disagree with this. But it's odd that you can't see the beam of light, you can only see what it hits. Electricity, can't see that. Don't let anyone tell you they understand electricity, they don't. Nobody knows what it is. (Laughter) You probably think the electrons in an electric wire move instantaneously down a wire, don't you, at the speed of light, when you turn the light on, they don't. Electrons bumble down the wire, about the speed of spreading honey, they say. Galaxies -- hundred billion of them, estimated in the universe. Hundred billion. How many can we see? Five. Five, out of a hundred billion galaxies, with the naked eye. And one of them is quite difficult to see, unless you've got very good eyesight. Radio waves. There's another thing. Heinrich Hertz, when he discovered radio waves, in 1887, he called them radio waves because they radiated. Somebody said to him, "What's the point of these, Heinrich? What's the point of these radio waves that you've found?" And he said, "Well, I've no idea, but I guess somebody will find a use for them someday. The biggest thing that's invisible to us is what we don't know. It is incredible how little we know. Thomas Edison once said, "We don't know one percent of one millionth about anything." And I've come to the conclusion -- because you ask this other question: "What's another thing we can't see?" The point, most of us. What's the point? The point -- what I've got it down to is there are only two questions really worth asking. "Why are we here?", and "What should we do about it while we are?" To help you, I've got two things to leave you with, from two great philosophers, perhaps two of the greatest philosopher thinkers of the 20th century. One a mathematician and engineer, and the other a poet. The first is Ludwig Wittgenstein, who said, "I don't know why we are here, but I am pretty sure it's not in order to enjoy ourselves." (Laughter) He was a cheerful bastard, wasn't he? (Laughter) And secondly, and lastly, W.H. Auden, one of my favorite poets, who said, "We are here on Earth to help others. What the others are here for, I've no idea." (Laughter) (Applause) (Circus music) [Get your souvenir photo here!] [Continue your journey into the unknown!] (Circus music)
(Muzika) [Ted i Ed karneval - otvoren svaki dan, ceo dan; Ju Čub Komon - ulaz sa Gugl autoputa] [Inventar nevidljivih stvari Džona Lojda] [Adaptirano iz TEDTalk govora Džona Lojda 2009.] Naš sledeći govornik je proveo celu karijeru evocirajući osećaj radoznalosti. Molim vas pozdravite Džona Lojda. (Aplauz) Pitanje je: šta je nevidljivo? Mnogo više nego što mislite. Sve, rekao bih – sve što je važno – Osim svake stvari i svake materije. Materiju možemo da vidimo, ali ne možemo videti šta je u pitanju. Možemo da vidimo zvezde i planete, ali ne vidimo šta ih razdvaja ili šta ih privlači. Kod materije, kao i kod ljudi, vidimo samo površinu stvari, ne vidimo mehanizam, ono što pokreće ljude, bar ne sa lakoćom, i što detaljnije gledamo, to neka stvar više nestaje. Zapravo, ako detaljno pogledate stvari i osnovnu podstrukturu materije, tamo ne postoji ništa. Elektroni nestaju u nekoj gužvi i postoji samo energija. Zanimljivo u vezi sa nevidljivošću je da ono što ne vidimo mi ni ne razumemo. Gravitaciju ne vidimo i ne razumemo je. Od četiri osnovne sile, nju najmanje razumemo, najslabija je, niko stvarno ne zna šta je ili zašto postoji. Samo da pomenem, Ser Isak Njutn, najveći naučnik svih vremena je mislio da je Isus došao na Zemlju da bi upravljao polugama gravitacije. To je on mislio da Isus radi. Pametan momak, ali ovde je možda pogrešio, ne znam. (Smeh) Svest. Vidim vaša lica; nemam pojma o čemu razmišljate. Zar to nije fantastično? Zar nije neverovatno, da ne možemo da čitamo misli, kad možemo da se dodirnemo, okusimo, ali ne i da čitamo misli? Mislim da je to zaista zapanjujuće. U sufizmu, velikoj religiji Srednjeg istoka, za koju se tvrdi da je koren svih religija, svi učitelji imaju moć telepatije, navodno, ali najveća telepatska vežba im je slanje signala svima ostalima da ona ne postoji. Zato mi mislimo da ne postoji; sufi učitelji su nas ubedili. Po pitanju svesti i veštačke inteligencije, veštačka inteligencija nije, kao i nauka o svesti, daleko dogurala, nemamo pojma kako svest funkcioniše. Ne samo da veštačka inteligencija nije stvorena, još nije stvorena ni veštačka glupost. Zakoni fizike: nevidljivo, večno, sveprisutno, svemoguće. Je l' vas podseća na nekoga? Zanimljivo. Pogađate, nisam materijalista, ja sam nematerijalista. Postoji korisna nova reč – ignostik. OK? To sam ja, [bog?] Odbijam da me zanima pitanje da li bog postoji, dok neko propisno ne definiše pojmove. Još jedna stvar koju ne vidimo je ljudski genom. Ovo je sve zanimljivije, jer pre 20 godina, kada su počeli da petljaju sa genomom, mislili su da verovatno sadrži oko 100 hiljada gena. Od tada, sve ih je manje. Sada mislimo da u ljudskom genomu ima nešto više od 20.000 gena. Ovo je zanimljivo, jer pazite ovo – zna se da pirinač ima 38.000 gena. Krompir ima 48 hromozoma, dva više od ljudi i isto koliko i gorila. (Smeh) Ove stvari ne možete videti, ali su veoma čudne. Zvezde preko dana, mislim da je to začuđujuće. Univerzum nestaje. Što više svetla ima, manje možete da vidite. Vreme. Niko ne vidi vreme. Ne znam da li znate, postoji veliki pokret u modernoj fizici da se zaključi da vreme ne postoji, jer je previše nezgodno za brojke. Mnogo je lakše ako ne postoji. Ne možete da vidite budućnost, očigledno, kao ni prošlost, osim u sećanju. Zanimljiva stvar u vezi sa prošlošću koju ne vidite – sin me je upitao: "Tata, je l' se sećaš kakav sam ja bio sa dve godine?" Rekao sam da. Pitao je: "Zašto se ja ne sećam?" Zar to nije neobično? Ne sećate se šta se desilo pre druge ili treće godine. To je sjajno za psihoanalitičare, inače bi ostali bez posla. Jer tu se dešavaju stvari (Smeh) koje vas čine onim što jeste. Ne vidi se ni mreža na kojoj visimo. To je fascinantno. Verovatno znate da se ćelije stalno obnavljaju. Koža se peruta, dlake rastu, nokti, takve stvari – ali svaka ćelija u vašem telu se u nekom trenutku zameni. Ćelije ukusa, na svakih desetak dana. Za jetru i unutrašnje organe je potrebno malo duže. Kičmi treba nekoliko godina. Ali posle 7 godina, u vašem telu ne ostaje nijedna ćelija koja je bila tu pre tih 7 godina. Pitanje je: ko smo onda mi? Šta smo? Na čemu visimo? Da li smo to mi? Atome ne vidimo. Niko nikad neće. Manji su od talasne dužine svetla. Ni gas ne vidimo. Zanimljivo, neko je skoro pomenuo 1600. Gas je 1600. pronašao holandski hemičar Van Helmont. Od poznatih ljudi koji su izmislili reči, kaže se da je ova najuspešnija. Prilično je dobra. Izmislio je i reč blas – zvezdana radijacija. To se na žalost nije zadržalo. (Smeh) Ali, bravo za njega. Svetlost ne možete da vidite. Kad je mračno, u vakuumu, ako vam neko sija pravo u oči, nećete videti. Tehnički, neki fizičari se ne bi složili. Čudno je da ne vidite snop svetla, vidite samo ono na šta pada. Ne vidite elektricitet. Ne dajte da vam iko kaže da razume elektricitet. Niko ne zna šta je to. (Smeh) Mislite da se elektroni u žici kreću brzo, kroz žicu, brzinom svetlosti, kad upalite svetlo, zar ne? Nije istina. Elektroni se kreću otprilike brzinom meda koji teče. Galaksije, misli se da ih ima stotinu milijardi u univerzumu. Koliko vidimo? Golim okom, pet, od sto milijardi. Jedna se vidi jako teško, osim ako imate dobar vid. Radio talasi. Kad ih je otkrio, 1887., Hajrih Herc ih je nazvao radio talasima jer su emitovali talase. Neko ga je pitao koja je svrha talasa koje je pronašao. Rekao je da nema pojma, ali neko će valjda nekad naći svrhu. Najveća nevidiljiva stvar je ono što ne znamo. Neverovatno je kako malo znamo. Tomas Edison je jednom rekao da ne znamo 1% milionitog dela bilo čega. I zaključio sam – jer pitate i: šta još ne vidimo? Većina ne vidi poentu. Šta je poenta? Poenta je da postoje samo dva vredna pitanja. Zašto smo ovde i šta bi trebalo da uradimo dok smo tu? Da vam pomognem, ostavljam vam dve stvari, od dva velika filozofa, možda dva najveća mislioca dvadesetog veka. Jedan je matematičar i inženjer, drugi je pesnik. Prvi je Ludvig Vitgenštajn, koji je rekao: "Ne znam zašto smo ovde, ali sam siguran da nije da bismo uživali." Bio je veseo prokletnik, zar ne? (Smeh) Drugi, za kraj, V.H. Oden, jedan od meni omiljenih pesnika, rekao je: "Mi smo tu da pomažemo drugima. Zašto su oni tu, nemam pojma." [Uzmite svoju fotografiju za uspomenu ovde! Nastavite putovanje u nepoznato!]