This is a map of New York State that was made in 1937 by the General Drafting Company. It's an extremely famous map among cartography nerds, because down here at the bottom of the Catskill Mountains, there is a little town called Roscoe -- actually, this will go easier if I just put it up here -- There's Roscoe, and then right above Roscoe is Rockland, New York, and then right above that is the tiny town of Agloe, New York.
Ini peta New York yang dibuat tahun 1937 oleh Perusahaan Perancangan Umum. Ini adalah peta yang sangat terkenal bagi para kutu buku kartografi, karena tepat di bawah Pegunungan Catskill ini, terdapat kota kecil bernama Roscoe -- agar lebih mudah saya tampilkan di sini -- Ini Roscoe, dan di kanan atasnya ada Rockland, New York, dan di kanan atasnya lagi adalah kota kecil Agloe, New York.
Agloe, New York, is very famous to cartographers, because it's a paper town. It's also known as a copyright trap. Mapmakers -- because my map of New York and your map of New York are going to look very similar, on account of the shape of New York -- often, mapmakers will insert fake places onto their maps, in order to protect their copyright. Because then, if my fake place shows up on your map, I can be well and truly sure that you have robbed me. Agloe is a scrabblization of the initials of the two guys who made this map, Ernest Alpers and Otto [G.] Lindberg, and they released this map in 1937. Decades later, Rand McNally releases a map with Agloe, New York, on it, at the same exact intersection of two dirt roads in the middle of nowhere. Well, you can imagine the delight over at General Drafting. They immediately call Rand McNally, and they say, "We've caught you! We made Agloe, New York, up. It is a fake place. It's a paper town. We're going to sue your pants off!" And Rand McNally says, "No, no, no, no, Agloe is real." Because people kept going to that intersection of two dirt roads --
Agloe, New York, sangat terkenal di kalangan kartografer, karena ini kota kertas. Kota ini juga menjadi jebakan hak cipta. Pembuat peta -- peta New York saya dan peta New York Anda akan nampak sangat mirip, dalam hal rupa New York-nya -- sering kali, mereka akan menyertakan tempat-tempat palsu ke peta mereka, untuk melindungi hak cipta. Karenanya, jika tempat palsu saya muncul di peta Anda, saya percaya dan sangat yakin Anda telah mencuri peta saya. Agloe merupakan gabungan dari inisial nama dua pembuat peta ini, Ernest Alpers dan Otto G. Lindberg, dan mereka merilis peta ini pada tahun 1937. Dekade setelahnya, Rand McNally merilis sebuah peta dengan Agloe, New York, di dalamnya, di persimpangan yang sama di antara dua jalan tanah di antah berantah. Bisa kalian bayangkan betapa bahagianya Perusahaan Perancangan Umum. Mereka segera menghubungi Rand McNally, dan berkata, “Kami menangkap Anda! Kami yang membuat Agloe, New York. Itu adalah tempat palsu. Kota kertas. Kami akan menggugat habis Anda!” Dan Rand McNally mengatakan, “Tidak, Agloe itu nyata.” Karena orang-orang terus melewati persimpangan dua jalan tanah itu --
(Laughter)
(Tawa)
in the middle of nowhere, expecting there to be a place called Agloe -- someone built a place called Agloe, New York.
karena mengharapkan tempat bernama Agloe di antah berantah -- seseorang membangun kota bernama Agloe, New York.
(Laughter)
(Tawa)
It had a gas station, a general store, two houses at its peak.
Kota ini punya pom bensin, toko kelontong, dan dua rumah di puncak.
(Laughter)
(Tawa)
And this is of course a completely irresistible metaphor to a novelist, because we would all like to believe that the stuff that we write down on paper can change the actual world in which we're actually living, which is why my third book is called "Paper Towns".
Dan ini tentu menjadi metafora yang tak bisa diabaikan seorang novelis, karena kita ingin percaya bahwa apa yang kita tulis dapat mengubah dunia yang kita tinggali, itu mengapa buku ketiga saya berjudul “Paper Towns”.
But what interests me ultimately more than the medium in which this happened, is the phenomenon itself. It's easy enough to say that the world shapes our maps of the world, right? Like the overall shape of the world is obviously going to affect our maps. But what I find a lot more interesting is the way that the manner in which we map the world changes the world. Because the world would truly be a different place if North were down. And the world would be a truly different place if Alaska and Russia weren't on opposite sides of the map. And the world would be a different place if we projected Europe to show it in its actual size. The world is changed by our maps of the world. The way that we choose -- sort of, our personal cartographic enterprise, also shapes the map of our lives, and that in turn shapes our lives.
Tapi yang menarik bagi saya lebih dari perantara terjadinya peristiwa ini, namun fenomena itu sendiri. Mudah untuk menyebut bahwa dunia membentuk peta dunia ini, bukan? Termasuk bentuk dari dunia tentu saja akan mempengaruhi peta dunia kita. Tapi yang lebih menarik bagi saya adalah cara kita memetakan dunia sesungguhnya mengubah dunia. Karena dunia akan sangat berbeda andai Utara ada di bawah. Dan dunia akan jadi tempat yang sangat berbeda jika posisi Alaska dan Rusia tidak berseberangan pada peta. Dan dunia akan menjadi berbeda jika kita memetakan Eropa seperti ukuran aslinya. Dunia ini berubah karena peta dunia yang kita buat. Cara kita memilih -- setidaknya, usaha kartografi kita, juga mengubah peta kehidupan kita, dan akhirnya, mengubah hidup kita.
I believe that what we map changes the life we lead. And I don't mean that in some, like, secret-y Oprah's Angels network, like, you-can-think-your-way- out-of-cancer sense. But I do believe that while maps don't show you where you will go in your life, they show you where you might go. You very rarely go to a place that isn't on your personal map.
Saya percaya bahwa kita memetakan perubahan dalam hidup kita. Maksud saya, bukan seperti jaringan rahasia Oprah’s Angels, atau dalam hal kau-bisa-sembuhkan- kankermu-sendiri. Tapi saya percaya bahwa meskipun peta tak menunjukkan jalan hidup kalian, dia mengarahkan kemungkinan jalannya. Jarang sekali Anda akan pergi ke tempat yang tak ada di peta pribadi Anda.
So I was a really terrible student when I was a kid. My GPA was consistently in the low 2s. And I think the reason that I was such a terrible student is that I felt like education was just a series of hurdles that had been erected before me, and I had to jump over in order to achieve adulthood. And I didn't really want to jump over these hurdles, because they seemed completely arbitrary, so I often wouldn't, and then people would threaten me, you know, they'd threaten me with this "going on [my] permanent record," or "You'll never get a good job." I didn't want a good job! As far as I could tell at eleven or twelve years old, like, people with good jobs woke up very early in the morning,
Nah, saya murid yang buruk saat masih muda. IPK saya sering kali di bawah 2. Dan saya rasa alasan mengapa saya adalah murid yang buruk adalah karena saya merasa pendidikan adalah rentetan rintangan yang disusun khusus untuk saya, dan saya harus melompati semuanya untuk mencapai kedewasaan. Saya tak ingin melompati rintangannya, karena itu sewenang-wenang, jadi saya sering tak melewatinya, dan orang-orang sering mengancam saya, mereka mengancam ini “akan tercatat di rekam jejak [saya],” atau “Kau tak punya karir mapan.” Saya tak mau karir mapan! Setahu saya, saat berusia sebelas atau dua belas tahun, orang-orang berkarir mapan harus bangun sangat pagi.
(Laughter)
(Tawa)
and the men who had good jobs, one of the first things they did was tie a strangulation item of clothing around their necks. They literally put nooses on themselves, and then they went off to their jobs, whatever they were. That's not a recipe for a happy life. These people -- in my, symbol-obsessed, twelve year-old imagination -- these people who are strangling themselves as one of the first things they do each morning, they can't possibly be happy. Why would I want to jump over all of these hurdles and have that be the end? That's a terrible end!
Dan salah satu hal pertama yang para pria berkarir mapan lakukan adalah menyimpul pakaian mencekik di leher mereka. Mereka memasang jerat di leher mereka, lalu pergi ke tempat kerja mereka, entah di mana. Itu bukan resep hidup bahagia. Orang-orang ini -- dalam imajinasi penuh simbol umur 12 tahun saya -- mencekik diri mereka sendiri sebagai bagian dari rutinitas mereka tiap pagi, tak mungkin mereka bahagia. Mengapa saya harus melompati semua rintangan ini dan menjadikan itu tujuan akhir saya? Itu akhir yang buruk!
And then, when I was in tenth grade, I went to this school, Indian Springs School, a small boarding school, outside of Birmingham, Alabama. And all at once I became a learner. And I became a learner, because I found myself in a community of learners. I found myself surrounded by people who celebrated intellectualism and engagement, and who thought that my ironic oh-so-cool disengagement wasn't clever, or funny, but, like, it was a simple and unspectacular response to very complicated and compelling problems. And so I started to learn, because learning was cool. I learned that some infinite sets are bigger than other infinite sets, and I learned that iambic pentameter is and why it sounds so good to human ears. I learned that the Civil War was a nationalizing conflict, I learned some physics, I learned that correlation shouldn't be confused with causation -- all of these things, by the way, enriched my life on a literally daily basis. And it's true that I don't use most of them for my "job," but that's not what it's about for me. It's about cartography.
Lalu, saat kelas sepuluh, saya bersekolah di sekolah ini, Indian Springs School, sebuah sekolah asrama kecil di luar Birmingham, Alabama. Dan seketika, saya menjadi pelajar. Dan karena menjadi pelajar, saya menemukan diri di tengah komunitas pelajar. Saya dikelilingi oleh mereka yang merayakan intelektualisme dan partisipasi, dan siapa sangka bahwa ketidaktarikan saya yang keren dan ironis ini tidaklah cerdik, atau lucu, tapi, ternyata, respons yang sederhana dan biasa terhadap masalah yang sangat rumit dan menarik. Jadi saya mulai belajar, karena belajar itu keren. Saya tahu ada himpunan tak terbatas yang lebih dari himpunan lainnya, dan saya belajar apa itu pentameter iambik dan mengapa terdengar indah. Saya belajar bahwa Perang Saudara adalah konflik yang menyatukan, saya belajar fisika, Saya belajar bahwa korelasi berbeda dengan sebab-akibat -- ngomong-ngomong, semua ini memperkaya kehidupan saya dari segala bidang. Dan memang benar saya tak memakai sebagian besarnya untuk “pekerjaan” saya, tapi bukan itu artinya bagi saya. Ini tentang kartografi.
What is the process of cartography? It's, you know, sailing upon some land, and thinking, "I think I'll draw that bit of land," and then wondering, "Maybe there's some more land to draw." And that's when learning really began for me. It's true that I had teachers that didn't give up on me, and I was very fortunate to have those teachers, because I often gave them cause to think there was no reason to invest in me. But a lot of the learning that I did in high school wasn't about what happened inside the classroom, it was about what happened outside of the classroom. For instance, I can tell you that "There's a certain Slant of light, Winter Afternoons -- That oppresses, like the Heft Of Cathedral Tunes --" not because I memorized Emily Dickinson in school when I was in high school, but because there was a girl when I was in high school, and her name was Amanda, and I had a crush on her, and she liked Emily Dickinson poetry. The reason I can tell you what opportunity cost is, is because one day when I was playing Super Mario Kart on my couch, my friend Emmet walked in, and he said, "How long have you been playing Super Mario Kart?" And I said, "I don't know, like, six hours?" and he said, "Do you realize that if you'd worked at Baskin-Robbins those six hours, you could have made 30 dollars, so in some ways, you just paid thirty dollars to play Super Mario Kart." And I was, like, "I'll take that deal."
Bagaimana proses kartografi itu? Seperti, yah, berlayar ke pulau-pulau, dan berpikir, “Aku akan menggambar daratan itu,” dan bertanya-tanya, “Mungkin ada daratan-daratan lain untuk digambar.” Dan di situ proses belajar dimulai bagi saya. Benar, saya diajari guru yang pantang menyerah, dan saya sangat beruntung diajari oleh mereka, karena saya sering membuat mereka berpikir bahwa tak ada alasan lagi untuk mengajar. Tetapi, banyak pelajaran yang saya pelajari saat SMA bukan tentang apa yang terjadi di dalam ruang kelas, melainkan apa yang terjadi di luar kelas. Misalnya, saya bisa berucap bahwa “Ada Secercah cahaya, di Sore Musim Dingin -- Yang menindas, seperti Beratnya Melodi Katedral --” ini bukan karena saya hapal Emily Dickinson di sekolah ketika saya SMA, tapi karena ada gadis di SMA saya, namanya Amanda, dan saya menaksir dia, dan dia suka puisi Emily Dickinson. Alasan mengapa saya tahu tentang biaya peluang, karena suatu hari saat saya memainkan Super Mario Kart di sofa, teman saya, Emmet, masuk, berkata, “Berapa lama kamu main Super Mario Kart?” Dan saya jawab, “Entah, mungkin enam jam?” dan dia berkata, “Kau sadar kalau kau bekerja di Baskin-Robbins selama enam jam, kau menghasilkan 30 dolar, jadi sebenarnya, kau membayar 30 dolar hanya untuk Super Mario Kart.” dan saya berkata, “Aku terima tawaran itu.”
(Laughter)
(Tawa)
But I learned what opportunity cost is.
Tapi saya belajar tentang biaya peluang.
And along the way, the map of my life got better. It got bigger; it contained more places. There were more things that might happen, more futures I might have. It wasn't a formal, organized learning process, and I'm happy to admit that. It was spotty, it was inconsistent, there was a lot I didn't know. I might know, you know, Cantor's idea that some infinite sets are larger than other infinite sets, but I didn't really understand the calculus behind that idea. I might know the idea of opportunity cost, but I didn't know the law of diminishing returns. But the great thing about imagining learning as cartography, instead of imagining it as arbitrary hurdles that you have to jump over, is that you see a bit of coastline, and that makes you want to see more. And so now I do know at least some of the calculus that underlies all of that stuff.
Dan seiring waktu berjalan, peta hidup saya kian membaik. Peta itu meluas; punya tempat-tempat baru. Ada banyak hal yang akan terjadi, masa depan baru yang saya akan jalani. Ini bukan proses belajar yang formal dan tertata, dan saya senang bisa mengakuinya. Itu berlubang dan tak konsisten, banyak yang saya tak ketahui. Saya mungkin -- Anda tahu, gagasan Cantor bahwa ada himpunan tak terhingga di atas himpunan terhingga, tapi saya tak begitu paham tentang perhitungan ide itu. Saya mungkin paham soal biaya peluang, tapi saya tak tahu soal hukum imbalan menurun. Tapi yang menyenangkan dari membayangkannya seperti kartografi, alih-alih membayangkannya seperti rintangan yang harus Anda lompati, adalah Anda bisa melihat garis pantainya, dan Anda mau melihatnya lagi. Dan kini saya tahu sebagian dari ilmu kalkulus yang mendasari semuanya.
So, I had one learning community in high school, then I went to another for college, and then I went to another, when I started working at a magazine called "Booklist," where I was an assistant, surrounded by astonishingly well-read people. And then I wrote a book. And like all authors dream of doing, I promptly quit my job.
Jadi, saya punya komunitas belajar saat SMA, dan yang lainnya saat berkuliah, dan juga yang lainnya, saat saya bekerja untuk majalah bernama “Booklist,” di mana saya jadi asisten dan dikelilingi orang yang suka membaca. Lalu saya menulis buku. Dan seperti impian semua penulis, saya berhenti dari pekerjaan saya.
(Laughter)
(Tawa)
And for the first time since high school, I found myself without a learning community, and it was miserable. I hated it. I read many, many books during this two-year period. I read books about Stalin, and books about how the Uzbek people came to identify as Muslims, and I read books about how to make atomic bombs, but it just felt like I was creating my own hurdles, and then jumping over them myself, instead of feeling the excitement of being part of a community of learners, a community of people who are engaged together in the cartographic enterprise of trying to better understand and map the world around us.
Dan untuk pertama kalinya sejak SMA, saya menemukan diri saya tanpa komunitas belajar, dan itu menyedihkan. Saya membencinya. Saya membaca banyak buku dalam periode dua tahun ini. Saya membaca buku tentang Stalin, dan buku tentang bagaimana orang Uzbek menyebut diri sebagai Muslim, dan buku yang berisi cara membuat bom atom, tapi rasanya saya seperti menciptakan rintangan saya sendiri, dan bukannya melompatinya dengan rasa semangat karena menjadi bagian dari komunitas belajar, yang terlibat bersama dalam usaha kartografi, berusaha lebih memahami dan memetakan dunia di sekitar kita.
And then, in 2006, I met that guy. His name is Ze Frank. I didn't actually meet him, just on the Internet. Ze Frank was running, at the time, a show called "The Show with Ze Frank," and I discovered the show, and that was my way back into being a community learner again. Here's Ze talking about Las Vegas:
Dan, pada tahun 2006, saya bertemu dengan orang itu. Namanya Ze Frank. Sebenarnya saya tak bertemu dia, hanya lewat internet. Ze Frank, pada saat itu, memandu acara bertajuk “The Show with Ze Frank,” dan saya menemukan acara itu, dan acara itu adalah jalan pulang saya menjadi pembelajar komunitas. Berikut Ze membahas Las Vegas:
(Video) Ze Frank: Las Vegas was built in the middle of a huge, hot desert. Almost everything here was brought from somewhere else -- the sort of rocks, the trees, the waterfalls. These fish are almost as out of place as my pig that flew. Contrasted to the scorching desert that surrounds this place, so are these people. Things from all over the world have been rebuilt here, away from their histories, and away from the people that experience them differently. Sometimes improvements were made -- even the Sphinx got a nose job. Here, there's no reason to feel like you're missing anything. This New York means the same to me as it does to everyone else. Everything is out of context, and that means context allows for everything: Self Parking, Events Center, Shark Reef. This fabrication of place could be one of the world's greatest achievements, because no one belongs here; everyone does. As I walked around this morning, I noticed most of the buildings were huge mirrors reflecting the sun back into the desert. But unlike most mirrors, which present you with an outside view of yourself embedded in a place, these mirrors come back empty.
(Video) Ze Frank: Las Vegas dibangun di tengah padang gurun raksasa panas. Hampir semua hal di sini dibawa dari tempat lain -- bebatuan, pepohonan, air terjun. Ikan-ikan ini nyaris aneh seperti babi saya yang terbang. Berbeda dengan gurun terik yang mengelilingi tempat ini, begitu juga mereka. Banyak ikon seluruh dunia dibangun di sini, terlepas sejarahnya, dan jauh dari yang mengalaminya. Terkadang ada perbaikan -- bahkan Sphinx dioperasi hidungnya. Yang Anda lihat, Anda dapat. Tak ada alasan bagi Anda merasa kehilangan sesuatu. New York ini sama bagi saya seperti halnya bagi orang lain. Segalanya berada di luar konteks, dan itu berarti konteks adalah segalanya: Parkir Mandiri, Gedung Acara, Terumbu Karang. Fabrikasi tempat ini bisa jadi satu pencapaian terbesar di dunia, karena tak ada pantas di sini; semua orang pantas. Saat berjalan pagi ini, saya lihat sebagian bangunan adalah cermin besar pemantul matahari ke padang pasir. Tak seperti cermin biasa, yang memantulkan bayangan Anda di suatu tempat, cermin ini kosong. JG: Membuat saya nostalgia pada masa
John Green: Makes me nostalgic for the days when you could see the pixels in online video.
di mana Anda bisa melihat piksel video daring. (Tawa)
(Laughter)
Ze tak hanya cendekiawan yang hebat, tapi juga pencipta komunitas yang brilian,
Ze isn't just a great public intellectual, he's also a brilliant community builder, and the community of people that built up around these videos was in many ways a community of learners. So we played Ze Frank at chess collaboratively, and we beat him. We organized ourselves to take a young man on a road trip across the United States. We turned the Earth into a sandwich, by having one person hold a piece of bread at one point on the Earth, and on the exact opposite point of the Earth, have another person holding a piece of bread. I realize that these are silly ideas, but they are also "learny" ideas, and that was what was so exciting to me, and if you go online, you can find communities like this all over the place. Follow the calculus tag on Tumblr, and yes, you will see people complaining about calculus, but you'll also see people re-blogging those complaints, making the argument that calculus is interesting and beautiful, and here's a way in to thinking about the problem that you find unsolvable. You can go to places like Reddit, and find sub-Reddits, like "Ask a Historian" or "Ask Science," where you can ask people who are in these fields a wide range of questions, from very serious ones to very silly ones. But to me, the most interesting communities of learners that are growing up on the Internet right now are on YouTube, and admittedly, I am biased. But I think in a lot of ways, the YouTube page resembles a classroom. Look for instance at "Minute Physics," a guy who's teaching the world about physics:
dan komunitas yang terbentuk dari video-video ini pada dasarnya adalah komunitas pembelajar. Kita bermain catur melawan Ze Frank secara kolaboratif dan mengalahkannya. Kita menata diri, mengajak seorang pemuda melintasi Amerika Serikat. Kita mengubah bumi menjadi roti lapis, dengan menyuruh seseorang memegang roti di satu sudut bumi, dan di sudut lainnya di bumi, meminta orang lain menggenggam sepotong roti. Saya sadar bahwa ini adalah ide konyol, tapi juga ide yang “mudah dipelajari”, dan itulah yang seru bagi saya, jika Anda berseluncur daring, Anda akan menemukan komunitas ini di mana pun. Ikuti tagar kalkulus di Tumblr, dan ya, kalian akan menemukan keluhan soal kalkulus, tapi Anda juga menemukan yang me-<i>reblog </i>keluhan itu, berpendapat kalau kalkulus itu menarik dan indah, dan ini adalah cara berpikir terhadap masalah yang sulit diselesaikan. Anda bisa ke situs seperti Reddit, masuk ke sub-Reddit, seperti, “Tanya Sejarawan” atau “Tanya Sains,” di mana Anda dapat bertanya pada orang yang ada di bidang-bidang ini berbagai pertanyaan yang luas, dari yang paling serius ke yang paling bodoh. Tapi bagi saya, komunitas pelajar yang paling menarik dan sedang berkembang di Internet ada di YouTube, dan, saya akui, ini subjektif. Tapi, saya rasa dengan berbagai cara, YouTube seperti sebuah ruang kelas. Tontonlah “Minute Physics” sejenak, Pria yang mengajari dunia tentang fisika:
(Video) Let's cut to the chase. As of July 4, 2012, the Higgs boson is the last fundamental piece of the standard model of particle physics to be discovered experimentally. But, you might ask, why was the Higgs boson included in the standard model, alongside well-known particles like electrons and photons and quarks, if it hadn't been discovered back then in the 1970s? Good question. There are two main reasons. First, just like the electron is an excitation in the electron field, the Higgs boson is simply a particle which is an excitation of the everywhere-permeating Higgs field. The Higgs field in turn plays an integral role in our model for the weak nuclear force. In particular, the Higgs field helps explain why it's so weak. We'll talk more about this in a later video, but even though weak nuclear theory was confirmed in the 1980s, in the equations, the Higgs field is so inextricably jumbled with the weak force, that until now we've been unable to confirm its actual and independent existence.
(Video) Langsung ke intinya. Per 4 Juli 2012, boson Higgs adalah bagian fundamental terakhir dari model standar fisika partikel yang ditemukan melalui eksperimen. Mungkin Anda bertanya, kenapa boson Higgs disertakan pada model standar, bersama partikel seperti elektron, foton, dan quark, jika tidak ditemukan di tahun 1970-an? Pertanyaan bagus. Ada dua alasan utama. Pertama, seperti elektron yang ekstasi dari medan elektron, boson Higgs hanyalah partikel yang merupakan eksitasi dari medan Higgs yang meresap ke mana pun. Sebaliknya, medan Higgs memainkan peran utama dalam model kita bagi gaya nuklir lemah. Di sini, medan Higgs menjelaskan kenapa gaya ini sangat lemah. Kita bahas ini di video berikutnya, tapi meskipun teori nuklir lemah dikonfirmasi pada 1980an, kalkulasinya, medan Higgs bercampur aduk dengan kekuatan lemah, hingga sekarang kita tak bisa mengkonfirmasi keberadaannya yang independen.
JG: Or here's a video that I made as part of my show "Crash Course," talking about World War I:
JG: Atau ini video saya yang bagian dari acara “Crash Course,” tentang Perang Dunia I:
(Video) The immediate cause was of course the assassination in Sarajevo of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand, on June 28, 1914, by a Bosnian-Serb nationalist named Gavrilo Princip. Quick aside: It's worth noting that the first big war of the twentieth century began with an act of terrorism. So Franz Ferdinand wasn't particularly well-liked by his uncle, the emperor Franz Joseph -- now that is a mustache! But even so, the assassination led Austria to issue an ultimatum to Serbia, whereupon Serbia accepted some, but not all, of Austria's demands, leading Austria to declare war against Serbia. And then Russia, due to its alliance with the Serbs, mobilized its army. Germany, because it had an alliance with Austria, told Russia to stop mobilizing, which Russia failed to do, so then Germany mobilized its own army, declared war on Russia, cemented an alliance with the Ottomans, and then declared war on France, because, you know, France.
(Video) Penyebab langsungnya adalah tentu saja pembunuhan di Sarajevo oleh Adipati Agung Austria Franz Ferdinand, pada 28 Juni 1914, oleh nasionalis Bosnia-Serbia bernama Gavrilo Princip. Tambahan: Perlu dicatat bahwa perang besar pertama di abad ke-12 dimulai dengan aksi terorisme. Franz Ferdinand memang tidak begitu disukai oleh pamannya, kaisar Franz Joseph -- nah, itu baru namanya kumis! Meskipun begitu, pembunuhan ini membuat Austria mengultimatum Serbia, namun Serbia menerima sebagian, tapi tak semua, permintaan Austria, sehingga Austria mengumumkan perang melawan Serbia. Lalu Rusia, karena aliansi dengan Serbia, menggerakkan militernya. Jerman, karena aliansinya dengan Austria, meminta Rusia untuk berhenti, yang dilanggar oleh Rusia, sehingga German mengerahkan militernya, mendeklarasikan perang pada Rusia, menguatkan aliansi dengan Otoman. dan mengumumkan perang ke Prancis, karena kau tahulah, Prancis.
(Laughter)
(Tawa)
And it's not just physics and world history that people are choosing to learn through YouTube. Here's a video about abstract mathematics.
Dan bukan hanya fisika dan sejarah dunia yang orang-orang ingin pelajari lewat YouTube. Berikut adalah video tentang matematika abstrak.
(Video) So you're me, and you're in math class yet again, because they make you go every single day. And you're learning about, I don't know, the sums of infinite series. That's a high school topic, right? Which is odd, because it's a cool topic, but they somehow manage to ruin it anyway. So I guess that's why they allow infinite series in the curriculum. So, in a quite understandable need for distraction, you're doodling and thinking more about what the plural of "series" should be than about the topic at hand: "serieses," "seriese," "seriesen," and "serii?" Or is it that the singular should be changed: one "serie," or "serum," just like the singular of "sheep" should be "shoop." But the whole concept of things like 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 and so on approaches one, is useful if, say, you want to draw a line of elephants, each holding the tail of the next one: normal elephant, young elephant, baby elephant, dog-sized elephant, puppy-sized elephant, all the way down to Mr. Tusks and beyond. Which is at least a tiny bit awesome, because you can get an infinite number of elephants in a line, and still have it fit across a single notebook page.
(Video) Kau adalah aku, dan di kelas matematika, karena kau disuruh datang tiap hari. Dan kau belajar, entahlah, jumlah deret tak terbatas. Itu topik SMA, bukan? Ini aneh, karena ini topik menarik, tapi entah kenapa, mereka memperburuknya. Itu mungkin kenapa deret tak terbatas disertakan di kurikulum. Jadi, karena terdistraksi, kau mencoret-coret kertas dan memikirkan bentuk jamak dari kata “<i>series</i>” daripada topik di depan mata :“<i>serieses</i>,” “<i>seriese</i>,” “<i>seriesen</i>,” dan “<i>serii</i>?” Mengapa bentuk tunggal harus diubah: satu “<i>serie</i>,” atau “<i>serum</i>,” sama seperti bentuk tunggal “<i>sheep</i>” (domba) jadi “<i>shoop</i>.” Tapi konsep seluruh hal-hal seperti 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 dan sebagainya, berguna, misal, kau ingin menggambar barisan gajah masing-masing memegang ekor berikutnya: gajah normal, gajah muda, gajah bayi, gajah seukuran anjing, gajah ukuran anak anjing, hingga Mr. Tusks dan lainnya. Yang sebenarnya sedikit mengagumkan, karena kau dapat gajah berjumlah tak terbatas di satu baris, dan masih muat di satu halaman buku catatan.
JG: And lastly, here's Destin, from "Smarter Every Day," talking about the conservation of angular momentum, and, since it's YouTube, cats:
JG: Dan terakhir, ini Destin, dari “Smarter Every Day,” berbicara tentang kekekalan momentum sudut, juga, karena ini YouTube: kucing:
(Video) Hey, it's me, Destin. Welcome back to "Smarter Every Day." So you've probably observed that cats almost always land on their feet. Today's question is: why? Like most simple questions, there's a very complex answer. For instance, let me reword this question: How does a cat go from feet-up to feet-down in a falling reference frame, without violating the conservation of angular momentum?
(Video) Hai, aku Destin. Ini “Smarter Every Day.” Jadi mungkin kalian memerhatikan kalau kucing selalu mendarat dengan kaki mereka. Pertanyaannya: Mengapa? Seperti kebanyakan pertanyaan simpel, jawabannya sangat rumit. Misal, biar aku ubah pertanyaannya: Bagaimana kucing berpindah posisi kaki dari atas ke bawah dalam satu bingkai, tanpa melawan hukum kekekalan momentum sudut?
(Laughter)
(Tawa)
JG: So, here's something all four of these videos have in common: They all have more than half a million views on YouTube. And those are people watching not in classrooms, but because they are part of the communities of learning that are being set up by these channels. And I said earlier that YouTube is like a classroom to me, and in many ways it is, because here is the instructor -- it's like the old-fashioned classroom: here's the instructor, and then beneath the instructor are the students, and they're all having a conversation. And I know that YouTube comments have a very bad reputation in the world of the Internet, but in fact, if you go on comments for these channels, what you'll find is people engaging the subject matter, asking difficult, complicated questions that are about the subject matter, and then other people answering those questions. And because the YouTube page is set up so that the page in which I'm talking to you is on the exact -- the place where I'm talking to you is on the exact same page as your comments, you are participating in a live and real and active way in the conversation. And because I'm in comments usually, I get to participate with you. And you find this whether it's world history, or mathematics, or science, or whatever it is.
JG: Jadi, inilah kesamaan keempat video ini: Semuanya punya lebih dari setengah juta penonton di YouTube. Dan mereka yang menonton bukan bagian dari kelas, tapi karena mereka adalah bagian dari komunitas pelajar yang dibentuk oleh saluran-saluran ini. Sebelumnya, saya bilang YouTube seperti kelas bagi saya, dan memang benar, karena ada instruktur -- itu seperti ruang kelas kuno: inilah instrukturnya, dan di bawah instruktur adalah siswa, dan mereka saling berbincang. Dan saya tahu bahwa komentar-komentar di Youtube punya reputasi yang amat buruk di dunia internet, tapi faktanya, pada kolom komentar di saluran seperti ini, yang Anda temukan adalah mereka berbincang soal topiknya, menanyakan pertanyaan sulit dan rumit tentang topik itu, dan kemudian orang lain menjawab pertanyaan mereka. Dan karena laman YouTube didesain sehingga tempat saya berbicara pada Anda tepat pada -- tempat di mana saya berbicara pada Anda adalah laman yang sama dengan komentar Anda, Anda berpartisipasi dalam perbincangan yang langsung, nyata, dan aktif. Dan karena saya dalam komentar, biasanya, saya akan ikut berpartisipasi. Dan Anda temui ini entah di sejarah dunia, atau matematika, atau sains, atau apalah itu.
You also see young people using the tools and the sort of genres of the Internet in order to create places for intellectual engagement, instead of the ironic detachment that maybe most of us associate with memes and other Internet conventions -- you know, "Got bored. Invented calculus." Or, here's Honey Boo Boo criticizing industrial capitalism:
Anda juga akan menemukan anak muda menggunakan alat dan genre dari internet untuk menciptakan tempat bagi keterlibatan intelektual, alih-alih pengabaian yang ironis yang mungkin sebagian dari kita hubungkan dengan meme dan hal internet lain -- Anda tahu, “Bosannya. Mending bikin kalkulus.” Atau, ada <i>Honey Boo Boo</i> mengkritik kapitalisme industri:
["Liberal capitalism is not at all the Good of humanity. Quite the contrary; it is the vehicle of savage, destructive nihilism."]
[“Kapitalisme liberal tak selalu tentang kebaikan umat. Sebaliknya; itu alat yang liar, nihilisme perusak.“]
In case you can't see what she says ... yeah.
Jika Anda tak paham apa maksudnya ... Oke.
I really believe that these spaces, these communities, have become for a new generation of learners, the kind of communities, the kind of cartographic communities that I had when I was in high school, and then again when I was in college. And as an adult, re-finding these communities has re-introduced me to a community of learners, and has encouraged me to continue to be a learner even in my adulthood, so that I no longer feel like learning is something reserved for the young. Vi Hart and "Minute Physics" introduced me to all kinds of things that I didn't know before. And I know that we all hearken back to the days of the Parisian salon in the Enlightenment, or to the Algonquin Round Table, and wish, "Oh, I wish I could have been a part of that, I wish I could have laughed at Dorothy Parker's jokes." But I'm here to tell you that these places exist, they still exist. They exist in corners of the Internet, where old men fear to tread.
Saya sangat percaya bahwa ruang-ruang ini, komunitas ini, telah menjadi generasi pembelajar baru, suatu komunitas, suatu komunitas kartografi yang saya punya ketika SMA, dan saya punya lagi ketika kuliah. Sebagai orang dewasa, menemukan kembali komunitas seperti ini telah mengenalkan saya kembali pada komunitas para pembelajar, dan mendorong saya untuk terus belajar bahkan ketika dewasa, sehingga saya tak merasa bahwa belajar hanya untuk anak muda. Vi Hart dan “Minute Physics” mengenalkan saya pada berbagai hal yang tak saya tahu sebelumnya. Dan saya tahu kita semua mengenang hari-hari salon Paris pada Abad Pencerahan, atau Meja Bundar Algonquin, dan berharap, “Oh, aku harap aku jadi bagian dari mereka, aku harap aku bisa tertawa karena lelucon Dorothy Parker.” Tapi saya ingin memberitahu Anda bahwa tempat seperti ini ada, mereka masih ada. Mereka berada di pojok Internet, di mana orang tua enggan masuk ke sana.
(Laughter)
(Tawa)
And I truly, truly believe that when we invented Agloe, New York, in the 1960s, when we made Agloe real, we were just getting started.
Dan saya percaya sekali bahwa saat kita membuat Agloe, New York, pada 1960, saat kita membuat Agloe nyata, kita baru akan memulainya.
Thank you.
Terima kasih.
(Applause)
(Tepuk tangan)