So the machine I'm going to talk you about is what I call the greatest machine that never was. It was a machine that was never built, and yet, it will be built. It was a machine that was designed long before anyone thought about computers.
Mašinu o kojoj ću vam govoriti nazivam najvećom mašinom koja nikad nije postojala. Ona nikad nije napravljena, a ipak, biće napravljena. Bila je dizajnirana mnogo pre nego što je iko pomislio na kompjutere.
If you know anything about the history of computers, you will know that in the '30s and the '40s, simple computers were created that started the computer revolution we have today, and you would be correct, except for you'd have the wrong century. The first computer was really designed in the 1830s and 1840s, not the 1930s and 1940s. It was designed, and parts of it were prototyped, and the bits of it that were built are here in South Kensington.
Ako znate bilo šta o istoriji kompjutera, onda znate da su '30-ih i '40-ih napravljeni jednostavni kompjuteri kojima je počela današnja kompjuterska revolucija i bili biste u pravu, osim što biste promašili vek. Prvi računar ikad napravljen je dizajniran 1830-ih i 1840-ih, a ne 1930-ih i 1940-ih. Bio je dizajniran i njegovi delovi su prototip, delovi toga su napravljeni ovde u Južnom Kensingtonu.
That machine was built by this guy, Charles Babbage. Now, I have a great affinity for Charles Babbage because his hair is always completely unkempt like this in every single picture. (Laughter) He was a very wealthy man, and a sort of, part of the aristocracy of Britain, and on a Saturday night in Marylebone, were you part of the intelligentsia of that period, you would have been invited round to his house for a soiree — and he invited everybody: kings, the Duke of Wellington, many, many famous people — and he would have shown you one of his mechanical machines.
Tu mašinu je napravio ovaj momak, Čarls Bebidž. Imam velike simpatije prema Čarlsu Bebidžu jer mu je kosa uvek ovako raščupana na svakoj slici. (Smeh) Bio je veoma bogat, na neki način deo britanske aristokratije i subotom uveče u Merilbonu ako ste bili intelektualac tog perioda, bili biste pozivani u njegovu kuću na soare - a on je pozivao sve: kraljeve, vojvodu od Velingtona, mnoge, mnoge poznate ljude - i pokazivao bi neki od svojih mehaničkih uređaja.
I really miss that era, you know, where you could go around for a soiree and see a mechanical computer get demonstrated to you. (Laughter) But Babbage, Babbage himself was born at the end of the 18th century, and was a fairly famous mathematician. He held the post that Newton held at Cambridge, and that was recently held by Stephen Hawking. He's less well known than either of them because he got this idea to make mechanical computing devices and never made any of them.
Zaista mi nedostaje taj period, kada je bilo moguće ići na soare i videti predstavljanje mehaničkog kompjutera. (Smeh) Ali Bebidž, rođen na kraju 18. veka je bio prilično poznat matematičar. Imao je isto mesto koje je imao Njutn na Kembridžu, a koje je doskora držao Stiven Hoking. Manje je poznat od njih jer je došao do ideje da napravi mehaničke uređaje za računanje, ali nikad ih nije napravio.
The reason he never made any of them, he's a classic nerd. Every time he had a good idea, he'd think, "That's brilliant, I'm going to start building that one. I'll spend a fortune on it. I've got a better idea. I'm going to work on this one. (Laughter) And I'm going to do this one." He did this until Sir Robert Peel, then Prime Minister, basically kicked him out of Number 10 Downing Street, and kicking him out, in those days, that meant saying, "I bid you good day, sir." (Laughter)
Razlog zašto ih nije napravio je to što je bio klasični zaluđenik. Svaki put kad bi imao ideju, pomislio bi: "To je sjajno, napraviću ovo. Potrošiću čitavo bogatstvo. Imam još bolju ideju. Radiću na ovoj. (Smeh) I napraviću ovu." Tako je radio sve dok ga sir Robert Pil, tadašnji premijer nije bukvalno izbacio iz Dauning Strita 10 i izbacujući ga, rekao je: "Želim vam lep dan, gospodine." (Smeh)
The thing he designed was this monstrosity here, the analytical engine. Now, just to give you an idea of this, this is a view from above. Every one of these circles is a cog, a stack of cogs, and this thing is as big as a steam locomotive. So as I go through this talk, I want you to imagine this gigantic machine. We heard those wonderful sounds of what this thing would have sounded like. And I'm going to take you through the architecture of the machine — that's why it's computer architecture — and tell you about this machine, which is a computer.
Stvar koju je dizajnirao je ovo čudovište ovde, analitička mašina. Da biste imali predstavu, ovo je pogled odozgo. Svaki od ovih krugova je zupčanik, gomila zupčanika i ova stvar je velika kao parna lokomotiva. Želim da zamislite ovu džinovsku mašinu. Čuli smo ove divne zvuke - kako bi ova stvar zvučala. Želim da vas sprovedem kroz arhitekturu te mašine - zbog toga je to arhitektura kompjutera - i da vam ispričam o ovoj mašini, koja je kompjuter.
So let's talk about the memory. The memory is very like the memory of a computer today, except it was all made out of metal, stacks and stacks of cogs, 30 cogs high. Imagine a thing this high of cogs, hundreds and hundreds of them, and they've got numbers on them. It's a decimal machine. Everything's done in decimal. And he thought about using binary. The problem with using binary is that the machine would have been so tall, it would have been ridiculous. As it is, it's enormous. So he's got memory. The memory is this bit over here. You see it all like this.
Pričajmo o memoriji. Memorija je veoma nalik današnjoj memoriji, osim što je cela napravljena od metala, gomile i gomile zupčanika, visoka je 30 zupčanika. Zamislite stvar ovoliko visoku od stotina zupčanika i oni imaju brojeve na sebi. To je decimalna mašina. Sve je decimalno. Pomislio je da koristi binarni kod. Problem kod binarnog koda je da bi tad mašina bila toliko visoka da bi bilo smešno. A i sad je ogromna. Dakle, dobio je memoriju. Memorija su ovi delovi ovde. Vidite ih ovako.
This monstrosity over here is the CPU, the chip, if you like. Of course, it's this big. Completely mechanical. This whole machine is mechanical. This is a picture of a prototype for part of the CPU which is in the Science Museum.
Ovo čudovište je CPU, čip, ako želite. Svakako, on je ovako velik. Potpuno mehanički. Cela ova mašina je mehanička. Ovo je slika prototipa za jedan deo CPU-a koji je u Naučnom muzeju.
The CPU could do the four fundamental functions of arithmetic -- so addition, multiplication, subtraction, division -- which already is a bit of a feat in metal, but it could also do something that a computer does and a calculator doesn't: this machine could look at its own internal memory and make a decision. It could do the "if then" for basic programmers, and that fundamentally made it into a computer. It could compute. It couldn't just calculate. It could do more.
Ovaj CPU može da uradi četiri osnovne aritmetičke funkcije - sabiranje, množenje, oduzimanje, deljenje - što je već mali podvig u metalu, ali takođe može da uradi nešto što kompjuter radi, a kalkulator ne može: ova mašina može da proveri svoju unutrašnju memoriju i napravi odluku. Za osnovne programere može da uradi "ako onda", što u osnovi čini kompjuter. Može da računa. Ne samo sračunavanje. Može više.
Now, if we look at this, and we stop for a minute, and we think about chips today, we can't look inside a silicon chip. It's just so tiny. Yet if you did, you would see something very, very similar to this. There's this incredible complexity in the CPU, and this incredible regularity in the memory. If you've ever seen an electron microscope picture, you'll see this. This all looks the same, then there's this bit over here which is incredibly complicated.
Ako pogledamo ovo, pa stanemo na momenat i pomislimo o današnjim čipovima, ne možemo pogledati unutar silikonskog čipa. Toliko je sićušan. Ali ako bismo mogli, videli bismo nešto nalik ovom. Postoji ova neverovatna složenost u CPU-u i ova neverovatna pravilnost u memoriji. Ako ste ikad videli sliku kroz elektronski mikroskop, videli biste ovo. Izgleda isto, tu je ovaj deo koji je neverovatno komplikovan.
All this cog wheel mechanism here is doing is what a computer does, but of course you need to program this thing, and of course, Babbage used the technology of the day and the technology that would reappear in the '50s, '60s and '70s, which is punch cards. This thing over here is one of three punch card readers in here, and this is a program in the Science Museum, just not far from here, created by Charles Babbage, that is sitting there — you can go see it — waiting for the machine to be built. And there's not just one of these, there's many of them. He prepared programs anticipating this would happen.
Ceo ovaj mehanizam od zupčanika radi ono što radi kompjuter, ali svakako potrebno je isprogramirati tu stvar i Bebidž je koristio tehnologiju svog vremena koja se ponovo pojavila '50-ih, '60-ih i '70-ih, a to su bušene kartice. Ovo ovde je jedan od tri čitača kartica i ovo je program u Naučnom muzeju, ne tako daleko odavde, koji je napravio Čarls Bebidž, koji čeka tamo - možete ga videti - kako čeka da naprave mašinu. Tamo je ne samo jedna od ovih, već mnoge. Pripremio je programe, očekujući da će se to desiti.
Now, the reason they used punch cards was that Jacquard, in France, had created the Jacquard loom, which was weaving these incredible patterns controlled by punch cards, so he was just repurposing the technology of the day, and like everything else he did, he's using the technology of his era, so 1830s, 1840s, 1850s, cogs, steam, mechanical devices. Ironically, born the same year as Charles Babbage was Michael Faraday, who would completely revolutionize everything with the dynamo, transformers, all these sorts of things. Babbage, of course, wanted to use proven technology, so steam and things.
Koristili su bušene kartice jer je Žakard u Francuskoj napravio Žakardov razboj koji je tkao ove neverovatne uzorke, koje kontrolišu bušene kartice, pa je samo menjao namenu tehnologije tog vremena i kao i sve ostalo, on je koristio tehnologiju svog vremena 1830-ih, 1840-ih, 1850-ih, zupčanike, paru, mehaničke uređaje. Ironično, iste godine kad i Čarls Bebidž, rodio se i Majkl Faradej, koji će napraviti revoluciju svega sa dinamom, transformatorima i takvim stvarima. Bebidž je želeo da koristi proverenu tehnologiju, paru i slično.
Now, he needed accessories. Obviously, you've got a computer now. You've got punch cards, a CPU and memory. You need accessories you're going to come with. You're not just going to have that,
Bila su mu potrebna pomoćna sredstva, Očigledno, sada imate kompjuter. Imate bušene kartice, CPU i memoriju. Potrebna su vam pomoćna sredstva uz to. Nećete samo to imati.
So, first of all, you had sound. You had a bell, so if anything went wrong — (Laughter) — or the machine needed the attendant to come to it, there was a bell it could ring. (Laughter) And there's actually an instruction on the punch card which says "Ring the bell." So you can imagine this "Ting!" You know, just stop for a moment, imagine all those noises, this thing, "Click, clack click click click," steam engine, "Ding," right? (Laughter)
Prvo, imate zvuk. Imali ste zvono, pa ako je bilo šta išlo loše - (Smeh) - ili je mašini bilo potrebno da neko asistira, postojalo je zvonce koje je moglo da zazvoni. (Smeh) To je u stvari bila instrukcija na bušenoj kartici koja je govorila "zazvoni". Možete da zamislite ovo "ting!" Zamislite, zastanite, zamislite sve ove zvuke, ove: "Klik, klak, klik klik klik", parnu mašinu: "Ding", zar ne? (Smeh)
You also need a printer, obviously, and everyone needs a printer. This is actually a picture of the printing mechanism for another machine of his, called the Difference Engine No. 2, which he never built, but which the Science Museum did build in the '80s and '90s. It's completely mechanical, again, a printer. It prints just numbers, because he was obsessed with numbers, but it does print onto paper, and it even does word wrapping, so if you get to the end of the line, it goes around like that.
Potreban vam je štampač, očigledno svakom je potreban štampač. Ovo je u stvari slika mehanizma za štampu za još jednu njegovu mašinu, koja se zove diferencijalna mašina br.2, koja nikad nije napravljena, ali koju je Naučni muzej napravio '80-ih i '90-ih. To je potpuno mehanički štampač. Štampa samo brojeve jer je on bio opsednut brojevima, štampa ih na papir i čak pravi prelom, tako da kad dođete do kraja reda, ide ovako.
You also need graphics, right? I mean, if you're going to do anything with graphics, so he said, "Well, I need a plotter. I've got a big piece of paper and an ink pen and I'll make it plot." So he designed a plotter as well, and, you know, at that point, I think he got pretty much a pretty good machine.
Takođe vam je potrebna grafika, zar ne? Mislim, ako želite bilo šta sa grafikom, rekao je: "Dakle, potreban mi je ploter. Imam ogroman papir i pero i napraviću plot." Tako da je dizajnirao i ploter. Znate, tog momenta, mislim da je dobio prilično dobru mašinu.
Along comes this woman, Ada Lovelace. Now, imagine these soirees, all these great and good comes along. This lady is the daughter of the mad, bad and dangerous-to-know Lord Byron, and her mother, being a bit worried that she might have inherited some of Lord Byron's madness and badness, thought, "I know the solution: Mathematics is the solution. We'll teach her mathematics. That'll calm her down." (Laughter) Because of course, there's never been a mathematician that's gone crazy, so, you know, that'll be fine. (Laughter) Everything'll be fine. So she's got this mathematical training, and she goes to one of these soirees with her mother, and Charles Babbage, you know, gets out his machine. The Duke of Wellington is there, you know, get out the machine, obviously demonstrates it, and she gets it. She's the only person in his lifetime, really, who said, "I understand what this does, and I understand the future of this machine." And we owe to her an enormous amount because we know a lot about the machine that Babbage was intending to build because of her.
Tu se pojavljuje ova žena, Ada Lavlejs. Zamislite ove soaree, sve što je sjajno i dobro zajedno dolazi. Ova dama je kćerka ludog, lošeg i opasnog lorda Bajrona, a njena majka je bila pomalo zabrinuta da može biti da je nasledila ponešto od lord Bajronovog ludila i zloće, pomislila je: "Znam rešenje: matematika je rešenje. Učiće matematiku. To će je smiriti." (Smeh) Jer, kao što se zna nikad nije bilo matematičara koji je poludeo, pa će to biti dobro. (Smeh) Sve će biti dobro. Dobila je matematičku obuku i zajedno je sa majkom na nekom od tih soarea, Čarls Bebidž vadi jednu od svojih mašina. Vojvoda od Velingtona je tu, znate on pokazuje mašinu i ona je shvata. Ona je jedina osoba za vreme njegovog života koja je rekla: "Razumem šta to radi i shvatam budućnost te mašine". Mnogo joj dugujemo, jer znamo mnogo o mašini koju je Bebidž nameravao da napravi, upravo zbog nje.
Now, some people call her the first programmer. This is actually from one of -- the paper that she translated. This is a program written in a particular style. It's not, historically, totally accurate that she's the first programmer, and actually, she did something more amazing. Rather than just being a programmer, she saw something that Babbage didn't.
Neki ljudi je nazivaju prvim programerom. To je zapravo zbog jednog rada koji je prevela. To je program napisan posebnim stilom. Nije istorijski, potpuno tačno da je ona prvi programer, ona je uradila nešto još više. Pre nego da je programer, videla je nešto što Bebidž nije.
Babbage was totally obsessed with mathematics. He was building a machine to do mathematics, and Lovelace said, "You could do more than mathematics on this machine." And just as you do, everyone in this room already's got a computer on them right now, because they've got a phone. If you go into that phone, every single thing in that phone or computer or any other computing device is mathematics. It's all numbers at the bottom. Whether it's video or text or music or voice, it's all numbers, it's all, underlying it, mathematical functions happening, and Lovelace said, "Just because you're doing mathematical functions and symbols doesn't mean these things can't represent other things in the real world, such as music." This was a huge leap, because Babbage is there saying, "We could compute these amazing functions and print out tables of numbers and draw graphs," — (Laughter) — and Lovelace is there and she says, "Look, this thing could even compose music if you told it a representation of music numerically." So this is what I call Lovelace's Leap. When you say she's a programmer, she did do some, but the real thing is to have said the future is going to be much, much more than this.
Bebidž je potpuno bio opsednut matematikom. Pravio je mašinu koja će raditi matematiku, a Lavlejs je rekla: "Možeš da uradiš mnogo više od matematike na ovoj mašini." I kao svi, svi u ovoj prostoriji već imaju kompjuter, svi imaju telefon. Ako pogledate u taj telefon, svaka stvar u njemu ili kompjuteru ili bilo kom drugom uređaju za računanje je matematika. Na kraju sve se svodi na brojeve. Bez obzira da li je video ili tekst ili muzika ili glas, sve su to brojevi ispod svega se dešavaju matematičke funkcije i Lavlejs je rekla: "Samo zbog toga što obavlja matematičke funkcije i simbole, ne znači da ove stvari ne mogu da predstavljaju druge stvari u realnosti, kao muziku." Ovo je bio ogroman iskorak, jer Bebidž je govorio: "Možemo sračunati ove neverovatne funkcije i odštampati tabele i brojeve i iscrtati grafikone", - (Smeh) - i Lavlejs na to: "Pogledaj, ova stvar može čak da komponuje muziku, ako joj daš prezentaciju muzike u brojevima." To je ono što ja nazivam Lavlejs iskorak. Kada kažete da je programerka, ona je napravila neke programe, ali stvarnost je da će budućnost biti mnogo, mnogo više od ovog.
Now, a hundred years later, this guy comes along, Alan Turing, and in 1936, and invents the computer all over again. Now, of course, Babbage's machine was entirely mechanical. Turing's machine was entirely theoretical. Both of these guys were coming from a mathematical perspective, but Turing told us something very important. He laid down the mathematical foundations for computer science, and said, "It doesn't matter how you make a computer." It doesn't matter if your computer's mechanical, like Babbage's was, or electronic, like computers are today, or perhaps in the future, cells, or, again, mechanical again, once we get into nanotechnology. We could go back to Babbage's machine and just make it tiny. All those things are computers. There is in a sense a computing essence. This is called the Church–Turing thesis.
Sto godina kasnije, pojavljuje se ovaj momak, Alan Turing i 1936. smišlja kompjuter nanovo. Svakako, Bebidževa mašina je potpuno mehanička. Turingova mašina je potpuno teorijska. Oba ova momka su došla sa matematičkom perspektivom, ali Turing nam je rekao nešto veoma značajno. Postavio je osnove nauke o kompjuterima i rekao je: "Nije važno kako pravite kompjuter." Nije važno da li je kompjuter mehanički, kao Bebidžev ili elektronski, kao današnji računari ili verovatno u budućnosti, mobilni ili ponovo mehanički, kada uđemo u nanotehnologiju. Ponovo možemo da se vratimo Bebidževoj mašini i napravimo je sićušnom. Sve te stvari su kompjuteri. Tu je taj osećaj suštine kompjutera. Naziva se Čurč-Turingova teza.
And so suddenly, you get this link where you say this thing Babbage had built really was a computer. In fact, it was capable of doing everything we do today with computers, only really slowly. (Laughter) To give you an idea of how slowly, it had about 1k of memory. It used punch cards, which were being fed in, and it ran about 10,000 times slower the first ZX81. It did have a RAM pack. You could add on a lot of extra memory if you wanted to.
Iznenada dobijate ovu vezu koja kaže da je stvar koju je Bebidž napravio, zaista kompjuter. U stvari, mogao je da uradi sve što danas radimo sa kompjuterima, samo veoma sporo. (Smeh) Da bih vam predočio kako sporo, imao je oko 1k memorije. Koristio je bušene kartice, koje su se ubacivale i išao je oko 10 000 puta sporije nego prvi ZX81. Imao je radnu memoriju. Ako ste hteli, mogli ste dodati dodatnu memoriju.
(Laughter) So, where does that bring us today? So there are plans. Over in Swindon, the Science Museum archives, there are hundreds of plans and thousands of pages of notes written by Charles Babbage about this analytical engine. One of those is a set of plans that we call Plan 28, and that is also the name of a charity that I started with Doron Swade, who was the curator of computing at the Science Museum, and also the person who drove the project to build a difference engine, and our plan is to build it. Here in South Kensington, we will build the analytical engine.
(Smeh) Dakle, gde nas to dovodi? Postoje planovi. U Svindonu, u arhivi Naučnog muzeja, postoje stotine planova i hiljade strana zapisa Čarlsa Bebidža o ovoj analitičkoj mašini. Jedan od njih je set planova, koje nazivamo Plan 28 i to je takođe naziv dobrotvorne ustanove koju sam osnovao sa Doronom Svejdom, koji je kustos računarstva u Naučnom muzeju i takođe osoba koja vodi ceo projekat izgradnje diferencijalnpg uređaja i naš plan je da ga napravimo. Ovde u Južnom Kensingtonu, napravićemo analitičku mašinu.
The project has a number of parts to it. One was the scanning of Babbage's archive. That's been done. The second is now the study of all of those plans to determine what to build. The third part is a computer simulation of that machine, and the last part is to physically build it at the Science Museum.
Projekat ima brojne delove. Jedan od njih je skeniranje Bebidževe arhive. To je urađeno. Drugi deo je proučavanje svih planova da bismo odredili šta da pravimo. Treći deo je kompjuterska simulacija te mašine i poslednji deo je fizička izgradnja u Naučnom muzeju.
When it's built, you'll finally be able to understand how a computer works, because rather than having a tiny chip in front of you, you've got to look at this humongous thing and say, "Ah, I see the memory operating, I see the CPU operating, I hear it operating. I probably smell it operating." (Laughter) But in between that we're going to do a simulation.
Kada je naparavimo, konačno možete razumeti kako kompjuter radi jer ćete ispred sebe imati umesto sićušnog čipa ovu ogromnu stvar i reći: "Ah, vidim memoriju kako radi, CPU u radu, čujem da radi. Verovatno mogu da ga omirišem kako radi". (Smeh) A u međuvremenu, uradićemo simulaciju.
Babbage himself wrote, he said, as soon as the analytical engine exists, it will surely guide the future course of science. Of course, he never built it, because he was always fiddling with new plans, but when it did get built, of course, in the 1940s, everything changed.
Bebidž je zapisao, dok god postoji analitički uređaj, sigurno će voditi budući pravac nauke. Svakako, nikad ga nije napravio, jer je uvek petljao sa novim planovima, ali kada je napravljen, 1940-ih sve se promenilo.
Now, I'll just give you a little taste of what it looks like in motion with a video which shows just one part of the CPU mechanism working. So this is just three sets of cogs, and it's going to add. This is the adding mechanism in action, so you imagine this gigantic machine.
Daću vam samo mali uvid u to kako izgleda u pokretu, pomoću video snimka koji pokazuje samo jedan deo CPU mehanizma u radu. Ovo su samo tri seta zupčanika i dodaće se još. Ovo je mehanizam za dodavanje u akciji, pa možete da zamislite ovu gigantsku mašinu.
So, give me five years. Before the 2030s happen, we'll have it.
Dajte mi pet godina. Pre 2030-ih će se desiti, imaćemo je.
Thank you very much. (Applause)
Hvala vam mnogo. (Aplauz)