So the machine I'm going to talk you about is what I call the greatest machine that never was. It was a machine that was never built, and yet, it will be built. It was a machine that was designed long before anyone thought about computers.
Dakle, uređaj o kojem ću danas govoriti zovem najvećim uređajem koji nije bio. Bio je to uređaj koji nije nikada izgrađen, ali će ipak biti izgrađen. Bio je to uređaj koji je dizajniran davno prije nego što je itko razmišljao o računalima.
If you know anything about the history of computers, you will know that in the '30s and the '40s, simple computers were created that started the computer revolution we have today, and you would be correct, except for you'd have the wrong century. The first computer was really designed in the 1830s and 1840s, not the 1930s and 1940s. It was designed, and parts of it were prototyped, and the bits of it that were built are here in South Kensington.
Ako znate bilo što o povijesti računala, znati ćete da su u tridesetim i četrdesetim stvorena jednostavna računala koja su započela računalnu revoluciju koju imamo danas i biti ćete u pravu osim što imate pogrešno stoljeće. Prvo računalo je zapravo dizajnirano u 1830-ima i 1840-ima, a ne u 1930-ima i 1940-ima. Bilo je dizajnirano, a njegovi dijelovi prototipirani, a komadići su napravljeni ovdje u South Kensingtonu.
That machine was built by this guy, Charles Babbage. Now, I have a great affinity for Charles Babbage because his hair is always completely unkempt like this in every single picture. (Laughter) He was a very wealthy man, and a sort of, part of the aristocracy of Britain, and on a Saturday night in Marylebone, were you part of the intelligentsia of that period, you would have been invited round to his house for a soiree — and he invited everybody: kings, the Duke of Wellington, many, many famous people — and he would have shown you one of his mechanical machines.
Taj uređaj je napravio ovaj čovjek, Charles Babbage. Imam snažan afinitet prema Charlesu Babbageu zbog toga što je njegova kosa uvijek potpuno nepočešljana, ovako na svakoj pojedinoj fotografiji. (Smijeh) Bio je jako bogat čovjek, i na neki način dio britanske aristokracije. Subotom navečer u Maryleboneu bili ste dio inteligencije tog doba i bili biste pozvani u njegovu kuću na soare --- i on je pozvao svakoga: kraljeve, Vojvodu od Wellingtona, mnoge, mnoge poznate ljude --- i pokazao bi Vam jedan od svojih mehaničkih uređaja.
I really miss that era, you know, where you could go around for a soiree and see a mechanical computer get demonstrated to you. (Laughter) But Babbage, Babbage himself was born at the end of the 18th century, and was a fairly famous mathematician. He held the post that Newton held at Cambridge, and that was recently held by Stephen Hawking. He's less well known than either of them because he got this idea to make mechanical computing devices and never made any of them.
Stvarno mi nedostaje to doba, gdje ste mogli ići na soare i vidjeti demonstraciju mehaničkog računala. (Smijeh) Ali Babbage, sam Babbage je rođen na kraju 18. stoljeća, i bio je relativno poznati matematičar. Držao je Newtonovu poziciju na Cambridgeu, i koju je donedavno držao Stephen Hawking. Manje je poznat od njih oboje zbog toga što je dobio ideju da napravi mehaničke računalne uređaje, a nikada nije napravio niti jedan.
The reason he never made any of them, he's a classic nerd. Every time he had a good idea, he'd think, "That's brilliant, I'm going to start building that one. I'll spend a fortune on it. I've got a better idea. I'm going to work on this one. (Laughter) And I'm going to do this one." He did this until Sir Robert Peel, then Prime Minister, basically kicked him out of Number 10 Downing Street, and kicking him out, in those days, that meant saying, "I bid you good day, sir." (Laughter)
Razlog zašto nikada nije napravio niti jedan, jer je klasični šmokljan. Svaki put kad je imao dobru ideju je mislio "To je sjajno, početi ću izrađivati baš to". Potrošiti ću bogatstvo na njega. Imam bolju ideju. Početi ću raditi na ovome. (Smijeh) I raditi ću na ovom. To je radio dok ga Sir Robert Peel, tadašnji premijer zapravo nije izbacio s broja 10 u Downing Steetu, što je tada značilo, "Želim Vam ugodan dan Gospodine". (Smijeh)
The thing he designed was this monstrosity here, the analytical engine. Now, just to give you an idea of this, this is a view from above. Every one of these circles is a cog, a stack of cogs, and this thing is as big as a steam locomotive. So as I go through this talk, I want you to imagine this gigantic machine. We heard those wonderful sounds of what this thing would have sounded like. And I'm going to take you through the architecture of the machine — that's why it's computer architecture — and tell you about this machine, which is a computer.
Stvar koju je dizajnirao je ovo čudovište ovdje, analitički uređaj. Kako bih vam to predočio, ovo je pogled odozgo. Svaki ovaj krug je zupčanik, gomila zupčanika, i ova je stvar velika poput parne lokomotive. Dakle kako idem kroz ovaj govor želim da zamislite taj ogromni stroj. Čuli smo prekrasne zvukove kako bi ta stvar zvučala. I provesti ću vas kroz arhitekturu tog stroja --- zbog toga je računalna arhitektura --- i ispričati vam o tom stroju, koji je računalo.
So let's talk about the memory. The memory is very like the memory of a computer today, except it was all made out of metal, stacks and stacks of cogs, 30 cogs high. Imagine a thing this high of cogs, hundreds and hundreds of them, and they've got numbers on them. It's a decimal machine. Everything's done in decimal. And he thought about using binary. The problem with using binary is that the machine would have been so tall, it would have been ridiculous. As it is, it's enormous. So he's got memory. The memory is this bit over here. You see it all like this.
Pričajmo o memoriji. Memorija je slična memoriji današnjih računala osim što je cijela napravljena od metala, gomile i gomile zupčanika. Visine 30 zupčanika. Zamislite tu visinu zupčanika, stotine i stotine njih s brojevima na njima. To je decimalan uređaj. Sve se radi decimalno. Mislio je da koristi binarno. Problem korištenja binarnog je da bi stroj bio tako visok da bi bilo smiješno. Kao što je, ogroman je. Dakle, ima memoriju. Memorija je ovaj dio ovdje. Vidite ju poput ovog.
This monstrosity over here is the CPU, the chip, if you like. Of course, it's this big. Completely mechanical. This whole machine is mechanical. This is a picture of a prototype for part of the CPU which is in the Science Museum.
Ovo čudovište ovdje je procesor (CPU), čip, ako vam se više sviđa. Naravno ovako je velik. Potpuno mehanički. Ovaj cijeli stroj je mehanički. Ovo je slika prototipa jednog dijela procesora koji je u Znanstvenom muzeju.
The CPU could do the four fundamental functions of arithmetic -- so addition, multiplication, subtraction, division -- which already is a bit of a feat in metal, but it could also do something that a computer does and a calculator doesn't: this machine could look at its own internal memory and make a decision. It could do the "if then" for basic programmers, and that fundamentally made it into a computer. It could compute. It couldn't just calculate. It could do more.
Procesor može raditi četiri osnovne aritmetičke funkcije -- zbrajanje, množenje, oduzimanje, dijeljenje -- što je već mali podvig u metalu, ali također može napraviti nešto što računalo i kalkulator ne mogu: može tražiti svoju internu memoriju i donositi odluke. Može raditi "ako tada" za osnovne programere i to je na kraju u osnovi završilo u računalu. Moglo je računati. Nije samo izračunavalo. Moglo je učiniti više.
Now, if we look at this, and we stop for a minute, and we think about chips today, we can't look inside a silicon chip. It's just so tiny. Yet if you did, you would see something very, very similar to this. There's this incredible complexity in the CPU, and this incredible regularity in the memory. If you've ever seen an electron microscope picture, you'll see this. This all looks the same, then there's this bit over here which is incredibly complicated.
Sada, ako pogledate, i stanemo na minutu razmislimo o današnjim čipovima, ne možemo pogledati unutar silicijskog čipa. Tako je sićušan. A ipak kada biste pogledali, vidjeli bi nešto vrlo, vrlo slično ovome. Nevjerojatnu složenost procesora i nevjerojatnu pravilnost u memoriji. Ako ste ikad vidjeli fofografiju elektronskog mikroskopa vidjeli ste ovo. To sve izgleda isto a opet ovdje je dio koji je nevjerojatno kompliciran.
All this cog wheel mechanism here is doing is what a computer does, but of course you need to program this thing, and of course, Babbage used the technology of the day and the technology that would reappear in the '50s, '60s and '70s, which is punch cards. This thing over here is one of three punch card readers in here, and this is a program in the Science Museum, just not far from here, created by Charles Babbage, that is sitting there — you can go see it — waiting for the machine to be built. And there's not just one of these, there's many of them. He prepared programs anticipating this would happen.
Sav taj zupčanik-kotač mehanizam radi ono što radi računalo, ali naravno trebate programirati tu stvar, i naravno Babbage je koristio tehnologiju tog doba i tehnologiju koja će se pojaviti 50-ih, 60-ih i 70-ih, bušene kartice. Ovo ovdje je jedan od tri čitača bušenih kartica. Ovo je program u Znanstvenom muzeju, nedaleko odavde, kojeg je napravio Charles Babbage, koji sjedi ondje --- možete ga ići pogledati --- čekajući izgradnju stroja. Nije samo jedan takav, mnogo ih je. On je pripremao programe očekujući da će se ovo dogoditi.
Now, the reason they used punch cards was that Jacquard, in France, had created the Jacquard loom, which was weaving these incredible patterns controlled by punch cards, so he was just repurposing the technology of the day, and like everything else he did, he's using the technology of his era, so 1830s, 1840s, 1850s, cogs, steam, mechanical devices. Ironically, born the same year as Charles Babbage was Michael Faraday, who would completely revolutionize everything with the dynamo, transformers, all these sorts of things. Babbage, of course, wanted to use proven technology, so steam and things.
Razlog zbog kojeg su koristili bušene kartice je Jacquard u Francuskoj, koji je kreirao Jacquardov tkalački stan, i koji je tkao te nevjerojatne uzorke koje su kontrolirale bušene kartice. Dakle, on je samo promijenio svrhu tehnologije tog doba i kao sve drugo što je radio, koristio je tehnologiju svog doba, dakle 1830-ih, 1840-ih, 1850-ih, zupčanike, paru, mehaničke uređaje. Ironično, rođen iste godine kao i Charles Babbage je Michael Faraday, koji će potpuno revolucionizirati sve s dinamom, transformatorom i sve takve stvari. Babbage je naravno htio koristiti provjerenu tehnologiju dakle, paru i takve stvari.
Now, he needed accessories. Obviously, you've got a computer now. You've got punch cards, a CPU and memory. You need accessories you're going to come with. You're not just going to have that,
Tada je trebao dodatke. Očito sada imate računalo. Imate bušene kartice, procesor i memoriju. Trebate dodatke koji idu s njima. Neće samo to imati.
So, first of all, you had sound. You had a bell, so if anything went wrong — (Laughter) — or the machine needed the attendant to come to it, there was a bell it could ring. (Laughter) And there's actually an instruction on the punch card which says "Ring the bell." So you can imagine this "Ting!" You know, just stop for a moment, imagine all those noises, this thing, "Click, clack click click click," steam engine, "Ding," right? (Laughter)
Dakle, prije svega imate zvuk. Imate zvono, pa ako nešto krene krivo --- (Smijeh) --- ili stroj treba pomoćnika da dođe do njega, postojalo je zvono koje može zvoniti. (Smijeh) I zaista postoje upute na bušenoj kartici koje kažu "Pozvoni zvono." Dakle možete zamisliti taj "Ting!" Znate, stanite na trenutak i zamislite sve te zvukove tu stvar, "Click, clack click click click," parni uređaj, "Ding"? (Smijeh)
You also need a printer, obviously, and everyone needs a printer. This is actually a picture of the printing mechanism for another machine of his, called the Difference Engine No. 2, which he never built, but which the Science Museum did build in the '80s and '90s. It's completely mechanical, again, a printer. It prints just numbers, because he was obsessed with numbers, but it does print onto paper, and it even does word wrapping, so if you get to the end of the line, it goes around like that.
Također ste trebali pisač, naravno svatko treba pisač. Ovo je fotografija mehanizma pisača za njegov drugi stroj, nazvan Difference Engine br. 2, koji nikada nije napravio, ali koji je Znanstveni muzej napravio u 80-ima i 90-ima. U potpunosti je mehanički, ponovno pisač. Ispisuje samo brojeve, zbog toga što je bio opsjednut brojevima, ali ispisuje na papir, te također radi prijelom riječi. Ako dođete do kraja reda, ide ovako.
You also need graphics, right? I mean, if you're going to do anything with graphics, so he said, "Well, I need a plotter. I've got a big piece of paper and an ink pen and I'll make it plot." So he designed a plotter as well, and, you know, at that point, I think he got pretty much a pretty good machine.
Također trebate grafiku, zar ne? Mislim, ako ćete raditi bilo što s grafikom tako je rekao "Trebam nacrt. Imam veliki komad papira i tintnu olovku i napraviti ću nacrt." Dizajnirao je također nacrt, i znate, od tog trenutka mislim da je imao prilično, prilično dobar stroj.
Along comes this woman, Ada Lovelace. Now, imagine these soirees, all these great and good comes along. This lady is the daughter of the mad, bad and dangerous-to-know Lord Byron, and her mother, being a bit worried that she might have inherited some of Lord Byron's madness and badness, thought, "I know the solution: Mathematics is the solution. We'll teach her mathematics. That'll calm her down." (Laughter) Because of course, there's never been a mathematician that's gone crazy, so, you know, that'll be fine. (Laughter) Everything'll be fine. So she's got this mathematical training, and she goes to one of these soirees with her mother, and Charles Babbage, you know, gets out his machine. The Duke of Wellington is there, you know, get out the machine, obviously demonstrates it, and she gets it. She's the only person in his lifetime, really, who said, "I understand what this does, and I understand the future of this machine." And we owe to her an enormous amount because we know a lot about the machine that Babbage was intending to build because of her.
Pored toga dolazi ova žena, Ada Lovelace. Sada zamislite te soaree, sve to dobro dolazi usput. Ova dama je kći ludog, pokvarenog i opasnog lorda Byrona. Njezina majka je bila pomalo zabrinuta da nije slučajno naslijedila ponešto ludila i zloće lorda Byrona, je mislila "Znam riješenje: matematika je riješenje. Učiti ćemo ju matematici. To će je smiriti." (Smijeh) Naravno nikada nije postojao matematičar koji je poludio pa znate, to će biti u redu. (Smijeh) Sve će biti u redu. Ona ima taj matematički trening i odlazi na jednu od tih soarea sa svojom majkom, gdje Charles Babbage, kao što znate, vadi van stroj. Vojvoda od Wellingtona je ondje, znate, vadi stroj, naravno pokazuje ga i ona ga shvaća. Ona je zaista jedina osoba za vrijeme njegova životnog vijeka koja je rekla "Razumijem što radi, i razumijem budućnost tog stroja." Mnogo toga joj dugujemo zbog toga što znamo dosta o stroju kojeg je Babbage namjeravao izgraditi zbog nje.
Now, some people call her the first programmer. This is actually from one of -- the paper that she translated. This is a program written in a particular style. It's not, historically, totally accurate that she's the first programmer, and actually, she did something more amazing. Rather than just being a programmer, she saw something that Babbage didn't.
Neki ljudi je zovu prvim programerom. To je zapravo iz jednog --- rada kojeg je prevela. Ovo je program pisan posebnim stilom. Povijesno nije potpuno točno da je ona prvi programer, a zapravo je napravila nešto više nevjerojatno. Umjesto da je bila samo programer, ona je vidjela nešto što Babbage nije vidio.
Babbage was totally obsessed with mathematics. He was building a machine to do mathematics, and Lovelace said, "You could do more than mathematics on this machine." And just as you do, everyone in this room already's got a computer on them right now, because they've got a phone. If you go into that phone, every single thing in that phone or computer or any other computing device is mathematics. It's all numbers at the bottom. Whether it's video or text or music or voice, it's all numbers, it's all, underlying it, mathematical functions happening, and Lovelace said, "Just because you're doing mathematical functions and symbols doesn't mean these things can't represent other things in the real world, such as music." This was a huge leap, because Babbage is there saying, "We could compute these amazing functions and print out tables of numbers and draw graphs," — (Laughter) — and Lovelace is there and she says, "Look, this thing could even compose music if you told it a representation of music numerically." So this is what I call Lovelace's Leap. When you say she's a programmer, she did do some, but the real thing is to have said the future is going to be much, much more than this.
Babbage je bio potpuno opsjednut matematikom. Izrađivao je stroj da se bavi matematikom, a Lovelace je rekla "Možeš raditi mnogo više od matematike na tom stroju." I kao što ga vi već koristite, svatko u ovoj prostoriji već ima računalo sa sobom, upravo sada, zbog toga što imate mobitel. Ako pogledate u taj telefon, svaka pojedina stvar u tom telefonu ili računalu ili bilo kojem drugom računalnom uređaju je matematika. Sve su to brojevi na kraju. Bez obzira je li video ili tekst ili glazba ili glasovi, sve su to brojevi sve to podupiru matematičke funkcije. Lovelace je rekla "Samo zato što koristite matematičke funkcije i simbole ne znači da te stvari ne mogu predstavljati druge stvari u stvarnom svijetu, poput glazbe." To je bio veliki korak jer Babbage je govorio "Možemo računati te prekrasne funkcije i ispisivati tablice brojeva te crtati grafikone," --- (Smijeh) --- i Lovelace je ondje i govori "Gledaj te stvari mogu čak komponirati glazbu ako glazbu prikažete brojčano." To je ono što ja zovem Lovelacein skok. Kada kažete da je ona programer, radila je nešto od toga, ali zapravo trebate reći da će budućnost biti mnogo, mnogo više od toga.
Now, a hundred years later, this guy comes along, Alan Turing, and in 1936, and invents the computer all over again. Now, of course, Babbage's machine was entirely mechanical. Turing's machine was entirely theoretical. Both of these guys were coming from a mathematical perspective, but Turing told us something very important. He laid down the mathematical foundations for computer science, and said, "It doesn't matter how you make a computer." It doesn't matter if your computer's mechanical, like Babbage's was, or electronic, like computers are today, or perhaps in the future, cells, or, again, mechanical again, once we get into nanotechnology. We could go back to Babbage's machine and just make it tiny. All those things are computers. There is in a sense a computing essence. This is called the Church–Turing thesis.
Sada, stotinu godina kasnije dolazi ovaj čovjek Alan Turning koji 1936. izumljuje računalo ponovno iz početka. Babbageov stroj je naravno bio potpuno mehanički. Turningov stroj je bio potpuno teoretski. Obojca ovih ljudi su došla iz matematičke perspektive stvari, ali Turning nam je rekao nešto vrlo važno. Postavio je matematički temelj za računalnu znanost i rekao je "Nije važno kako napravite računalo." Nije važno je li vaše računalo mehaničko kao što je bilo Babbageovo, ili elektroničko kao što su računala danas ili čak u budućnosti, mobiteli ili ponovno mehanički, kada krenemo u nanotehnologiju. Možemo se vratiti do Babbageovog stroja i napraviti ga malenim. Sve te stvari su računala. U smislu stvari je računalna srž. To se zove Church--Turningova teza.
And so suddenly, you get this link where you say this thing Babbage had built really was a computer. In fact, it was capable of doing everything we do today with computers, only really slowly. (Laughter) To give you an idea of how slowly, it had about 1k of memory. It used punch cards, which were being fed in, and it ran about 10,000 times slower the first ZX81. It did have a RAM pack. You could add on a lot of extra memory if you wanted to.
I odjednom dobivate poveznicu gdje kažete da ta stvar koju je Babbage radio je zapravo bila računalo. U stvari bilo je sposobno napraviti sve što mi radimo danas s računalima, samo stvarno sporije. (Smijeh) Da vam prikažem kako sporo imalo je oko 1k memorije. Koristilo je bušene kartice koje su se punile i okretalo se oko 10.000 puta sporije nego prvi ZX81. Imalo je radnu memoriju. Mogli ste dodati dodatnu memoriju ako ste željeli.
(Laughter) So, where does that bring us today? So there are plans. Over in Swindon, the Science Museum archives, there are hundreds of plans and thousands of pages of notes written by Charles Babbage about this analytical engine. One of those is a set of plans that we call Plan 28, and that is also the name of a charity that I started with Doron Swade, who was the curator of computing at the Science Museum, and also the person who drove the project to build a difference engine, and our plan is to build it. Here in South Kensington, we will build the analytical engine.
(Smijeh) Gdje nas to vodi danas? Postoje planovi. U Swindonu u arhivu Znanstvenog muzeja postoje stotine planova i tisuće stranica bilješki koje je napisao Charles Babbage o tom analitičkom uređaju. Jedan od njih je plan koji zovemo Plan 28 i što je ujedno ime dobrotvorne ustanove koju sam osnovao s Doronom Swadeom, koji je bio kustos računalstva u Znanstvenom muzeju i osoba koja je dovela do izgradnje projekta "difference engine" i naš plan je izgraditi ga. Ovdje u South Kensingtonu izgraditi ćemo analitički uređaj.
The project has a number of parts to it. One was the scanning of Babbage's archive. That's been done. The second is now the study of all of those plans to determine what to build. The third part is a computer simulation of that machine, and the last part is to physically build it at the Science Museum.
Projekt se sastoji od nekoliko dijelova. Jedan je skeniranje Babbageove arhive. To je napravljeno. Drugi dio je istražiti sve te planove kako bi utvrdili što izraditi. Treći dio je računalna simulacija tog stroja, a posljednji je dio fizička izgradnja u Znanstvenom muzeju.
When it's built, you'll finally be able to understand how a computer works, because rather than having a tiny chip in front of you, you've got to look at this humongous thing and say, "Ah, I see the memory operating, I see the CPU operating, I hear it operating. I probably smell it operating." (Laughter) But in between that we're going to do a simulation.
Kada bude napravljen moći ćete konačno shvatiti kako radi računalo, jer rađe nego da imate maleni čip ispred sebe trebate pogledati tu čudovišnu stvar i reći "Ah vidim kako radi memorije, vidim kako radi procesor čujem ga kako radi. Vjerojatno mirišem kako radi." (Smijeh) Ali između toga ćemo raditi simulaciju.
Babbage himself wrote, he said, as soon as the analytical engine exists, it will surely guide the future course of science. Of course, he never built it, because he was always fiddling with new plans, but when it did get built, of course, in the 1940s, everything changed.
Sam Babbage je napisao, rekao je dok got postoji analitički uređaj zasigurno će predvoditi budući smjer znanosti. Naravno, nikada ga nije izgradio jer je uvijek petljao s novim planovima, ali kada se izgradi u 1940-tima sve se mijenja.
Now, I'll just give you a little taste of what it looks like in motion with a video which shows just one part of the CPU mechanism working. So this is just three sets of cogs, and it's going to add. This is the adding mechanism in action, so you imagine this gigantic machine.
Sada ću vam dati samo mali uvid u to kako izgleda u kretanju, s videom koji pokazuje samo jedan dio procesora radi. Ovo su samo tri kompleta zupčanika i dodati će ga. Ovo je mehanizam dodavanja u akciji, pa zamislite taj ogromni stroj.
So, give me five years. Before the 2030s happen, we'll have it.
Dajte mi pet godina. Prije 2030-e ćemo ga imati.
Thank you very much. (Applause)
Puno vam hvala. (Pljesak)