It is very fashionable and proper to speak about food in all its forms, all its colors, aromas and tastes. But after the food goes through the digestive system, when it is thrown out as crap, it is no longer fashionable to speak about it. It is rather revolting.
Veoma je moderno i ispravno pričati o hrani. U svim njenim oblicima, njenim bojama, aromama i ukusima. Ali kada hrana prođe kroz probavni sistem, kada je izbačena napolje kao izmet, vise nije moderna tema. To je prilično odvratno.
I'm a guy who has graduated from bullshit to full-shit. (Laughter) My organization, Gram Vikas, which means "village development organization," was working in the area of renewable energy. On the most part, we were producing biogas, biogas for rural kitchens. We produce biogas in India by using animal manure, which usually, in India, is called cow dung. But as the gender-sensitive person that I am, I would like to call it bullshit. But realizing later on how important were sanitation and the disposal of crap in a proper way, we went into the arena of sanitation. Eighty percent of all diseases in India and most developing countries are because of poor quality water. And when we look at the reason for poor quality water, you find that it is our abysmal attitude to the disposal of human waste.
Ja sam tip koji je diplomirao od izmeta do potpunog sranja. (Smeh) Moja organizacija, Gram Vikas, sto znači "organizacija za razvoj sela", radila je u oblasti obnovljive energije. Najvećim delom, proizvodili smo biogas, biogas za seoske kuhinje. U Indiji proizvodimo biogas koristeći životinjsko đubrivo, koje se uglavnom, u Indiji naziva kravljom balegom. Ali pošto imam obzira prema oba pola, ja bih voleo da to zovem sranje. Ali shvativši kasnije koliko su bitna higijenska sredstva, i odlaganje izmeta na pravi način, mi smo ušli u arenu sanitarnosti. Osamdeset procenata svih bolesti u Indiji i većini zemalja u razvoju potiče od lošeg kvaliteta vode. A kada pogledamo sta je uzrok lošeg kvaliteta vode, videćete da je to naš izuzetno loš stav prema odlaganju ljudskog otpada.
Human waste, in its rawest form, finds its way back to drinking water, bathing water, washing water, irrigation water, whatever water you see. And this is the cause for 80 percent of the diseases in rural areas. In India, it is unfortunately only the women who carry water. So for all domestic needs, women have to carry water. So that is a pitiable state of affairs.
Ljudski otpad, u svojoj najsirovijoj formi, nalazi svoj put nazad do vode za piće, vode za kupanje, vode za pranje, vode za navodnjavanje, bilo koje vode koju vidite. I to je uzrok 80% bolesti seoskih područja. U indiji, nažalost samo žene nose vodu. Za sve kućne potrebe, žene moraju da nose vodu. Tako da je to žalosno stanje stvari.
Open defecation is rampant. Seventy percent of India defecates in the open. They sit there out in the open, with the wind on their sails, hiding their faces, exposing their bases, and sitting there in pristine glory -- 70 percent of India. And if you look at the world total, 60 percent of all the crap that is thrown into the open is by Indians. A fantastic distinction. I don't know if we Indians can be proud of such a distinction. (Laughter)
Mala i velika nužda se obavlja svuda. 70% stanovnika Indije vrši nuždu na otvorenom. Oni sede napolju, sa vetrom u jedrima, skrivajući svoja lica, pokazuju svoje zadnjice, sedeći tamo u punom sjaju. Sedamdeset procenata Indije. A ako pogledate na celokupni svet, 60 procenata od sveg izmeta koji se baci na otvoreno, bace Indijci. Fantastična odlika. Ne znam da li mi Indijci možemo biti ponosni na takvu odliku. (Smeh)
So we, together with a lot of villages, we began to talk about how to really address this situation of sanitation. And we came together and formed a project called MANTRA. MANTRA stands for Movement and Action Network for Transformation of Rural Areas. So we are speaking about transformation, transformation in rural areas. Villages that agree to implement this project, they organize a legal society where the general body consists of all members who elect a group of men and women who implement the project and, later on, who look after the operation and maintenance. They decide to build a toilet and a shower room. And from a protected water source, water will be brought to an elevated water reservoir and piped to all households through three taps: one in the toilet, one in the shower, one in the kitchen, 24 hours a day. The pity is that our cities, like New Delhi and Bombay, do not have a 24-hour water supply. But in these villages, we want to have it.
Zato mi, zajedno sa mnogo sela, počinjemo da diskutujemo kako se pozabaviti ovom higijenskom situacijom. Okupili smo se i formirali projekat pod imenom MANTRA. MANTRA je skraćeno za: mreža za kretanje i akciju transformisanja seoskih područja. Znači, mi pričamo o transformaciji, transformaciji u seoskim područjima. Sela koja se slože da usvoje ovaj projekat, organizuju pravnu zajednicu čiji se generalni odbor sastoji od svih članova koji biraju grupu muškaraca i žena koji će sprovoditi projekat u delo, koji će se kasnije baviti rukovanjem i održavanjem. Oni su odlučili da izgrade toalet i sobu za tuširanje. I sa zaštićenog izvora vode, voda će biti dopremljena na podignut rezervoar sa vodom i prosleđena do svih domaćinstava kroz tri slavine; jedna u toaletu, jedna u tuš kabini, jedna u kuhinji, 24 sata dnevno. Šteta je što u našim gradovima, kao što su Nju Delhi i Bombaj nije dostupno snabdevanje vodom 24 sata dnevno. Ali u tim selima, mi želimo da to imamo.
There is a distinct difference in the quality. Well in India, we have a theory, which is very much accepted by the government bureaucracy and all those who matter, that poor people deserve poor solutions and absolutely poor people deserve pathetic solutions. This, combined with a Nobel Prize-worthy theory that the cheapest is the most economic, is the heady cocktail that the poor are forced to drink. We are fighting against this. We feel that the poor have been humiliated for centuries. And even in sanitation, they should not be humiliated. Sanitation is more about dignity than about human disposal of waste. And so you build these toilets and very often, we have to hear that the toilets are better than their houses. And you can see that in front are the attached houses and the others are the toilets.
Postoji velika razlika u kvalitetu. U Indiji, imamo teoriju, koja je svuda vrlo prihvaćena od strane vladine birokratije i svih onih koji su bitni, da siromašni zaslužuju siromašna rešenja a apsolutno siromašni zaslužuju patetična rešenja. Ovo, u kombinaciji sa teorijom vrednom Nobelove nagrade da je najeftinije i najekonomičnije, je koktel koji zadaje glavobolju a koji su siromašni dužni da piju. Mi se borimo protiv toga. Mi mislimo da su siromašni ponižavani vekovima. Ali što se higijene tiče, oni ne bi trebali biti ponižavani. Higijena je više pitanje dostojanstva nego otklanjanja ljudskog otpada. I tako gradimo toalete i veoma često moramo da čujemo kako su toaleti bolji nego njihove kuće. Ovde možete videti da su napred dvojne kuće a ostalo su toaleti.
So these people, without a single exception of a family in a village, decide to build a toilet, a bathing room. And for that, they come together, collect all the local materials -- local materials like rubble, sand, aggregates, usually a government subsidy is available to meet at least part of the cost of external materials like cement, steel, toilet commode. And they build a toilet and a bathing room. Also, all the unskilled laborers, that is daily wage earners, mostly landless, are given an opportunity to be trained as masons and plumbers. So while these people are being trained, others are collecting the materials. And when both are ready, they build a toilet, a shower room, and of course also a water tower, an elevated water reservoir. We use a system of two leach pits to treat the waste. From the toilet, the muck comes into the first leach pit. And when it is full, it is blocked and it can go to the next. But we discovered that if you plant banana trees, papaya trees on the periphery of these leach pits, they grow very well because they suck up all the nutrients and you get very tasty bananas, papayas. If any of you come to my place, I would be happy to share these bananas and papayas with you. So there you can see the completed toilets, the water towers.
I onda ti ljudi, bez ijednog izuzetka odluče da izgrade toalet, kupaonicu. I za to, oni se skupe zajedno, sakupe sav lokalni materijal, lokalni materijal kao što je krš, pesak, agregati, obično postoji subvencija vlade da pokrije makar delić spoljnih materijala kao što su cement, čelik, oprema za toalet. I oni izrade toalet i kupaonicu. Takođe, neobučeni radnici, koji rade za dnevnicu, uglavnom bez imovine, imaju mogućnost da budu obučeni kao zidari ili vodoinstalateri. Dok tim ljudima traje obuka, ostali sakupljaju materijale. Kada je sve spremno, oni izgrade toalet, kupaonicu i naravno vodotoranj, uzvišen rezervoar sa vodom. Koristimo sistem sa dve septičke jame da tretiramo otpad. Iz toaleta, prljavština dolazi u prvu septičku jamu. Kada je puna, ona je blokirana i otpad može da ide u drugu. Ali mi smo otkrili da ako posadimo drvo banane ili papaje na periferiji tih septičkih jama, one rastu veoma dobro zato što upijaju hranljive materije i dobijamo veoma ukusne banane, papaje. Ako bilo ko od vas dođe u moj dom, ja ću biti srećan da podelim te banane i papaje sa vama. Tamo možete videti završene toalete, vodotornjeve.
This is in a village where most of the people are even illiterate. It is always a 24-hour water supply because water gets polluted very often when you store it -- a child dips his or her hand into it, something falls into it. So no water is stored. It's always on tap. This is how an elevated water reservoir is constructed. And that is the end product. Because it has to go high, and there is some space available, two or three rooms are made under the water tower, which are used by the village for different committee meetings.
Sve ovo je u selu gde je većina ljudi čak nepismeno. Snabdevanje vodom je 24 časa dnevno jer se voda zagadi veoma često kada je čuvate nepokretnu, dete umoči njegovu ili njenu ruku u vodu, nešto upadne u vodu. Tako da se voda uopšte ne skladišti. Uvek je spremna na slavini. Tako je uzvišeni rezervoar sa vodom konstruktovan. Ovo je krajnji proizvod. Zato što mora da bude visoko i ima nešto dostupnog prostora, dve ili tri sobe su napravljene ispod vodotornja, koje koriste razni seoski komiteti za sastanke.
We have had clear evidence of the great impact of this program. Before we started, there were, as usual, more than 80 percent of people suffering from waterborne diseases. But after this, we have empirical evidence that 82 percent, on average, among all these villages -- 1,200 villages have completed it -- waterborne diseases have come down 82 percent. (Applause) Women usually used to spend, especially in the summer months, about six to seven hours a day carrying water. And when they went to carry water, because, as I said earlier, it's only women who carry water, they used to take their little children, girl children, also to carry water, or else to be back at home to look after the siblings. So there were less than nine percent of girl children attending school, even if there was a school. And boys, about 30 percent. But girls, it has gone to about 90 percent and boys, almost to 100 percent. (Applause) The most vulnerable section in a village are the landless laborers who are the daily wage-earners. Because they have gone through this training to be masons and plumbers and bar benders, now their ability to earn has increased 300 to 400 percent.
Imali smo jasan dokaz ogromnog uspeha ovog programa. Pre nego što smo počeli, bilo je, kao i obično više od 80 procenata ljudi koji boluju od bolesti prenosivih vodom. Ali posle ovoga, imamo empirijski dokaz da 82 procenta, u proseku, među svim tim selima, 1200 sela je završeno, 82 procenta bolesti prenošenih vodom je smanjeno. (Aplauz) Žene su ranije uglavnom trošile od šest do sedam sati dnevno noseći vodu, posebno u letnjim mesecima, A kada su išle da donose vodu jer, kao što sam rekao ranije, samo žene donose vodu, one su vodile malu decu, žensku decu, da nose vodu sa njima, ili da ostanu kod kuće i brinu o braći i sestrama. Bilo je manje od devet procenata ženske dece koje pohađaju školu, čak i ako je bilo škole. A dečaka, oko 30 procenata. Ali sada je procenat devojčica otišao na 90 posto a dečaka, skoro 100 posto. (Aplauz) Najranjiviji deo sela čine radnici bez imovine koji rade za dnevnicu. Zato što su završili obuku da budu zidari , vodoinstalateri i savijači šipki, njihova sposobnost da zarađuju porasla je od 300 do 400 posto.
So this is a democracy in action because there is a general body, a governing board, the committee. People are questioning, people are governing themselves, people are learning to manage their own affairs, they are taking their own futures into their hands. And that is democracy at the grassroots level in action. More than 1,200 villages have so far done this. It benefits over 400,000 people and it's still going on. And I hope it continues to move ahead.
Ovo je demokratija na delu zato što postoji izvršno telo, upravni odbor, komitet. Ljudi se pitaju, ljudi upravljaju sami, ljudi uče da rukovode svojim poslovima, oni uzimaju budućnost u svoje ruke. I ovo je istinska demokratija na delu. Više od 1200 sela je ovo uradilo do sada. Od ovoga korist ima 400 000 ljudi i još uvek traje. I nadam se da ce nastaviti da traje.
For India and such developing countries, armies and armaments, software companies and spaceships may not be as important as taps and toilets.
Za Indiju i slične zemlje u razvoju, vojska i naoružanje, softverske kompanije i svemirski brodovi, nisu toliko važni kao slavine i toaleti.
Thank you. Thank you very much.
Hvala vam. Mnogo vam hvala.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Aplauz) Hvala vam.