I'm here because I have a very important message: I think we have found the most important factor for success. And it was found close to here, Stanford. Psychology professor took kids that were four years old and put them in a room all by themselves. And he would tell the child, a four-year-old kid, "Johnny, I am going to leave you here with a marshmallow for 15 minutes. If, after I come back, this marshmallow is here, you will get another one. So you will have two." To tell a four-year-old kid to wait 15 minutes for something that they like, is equivalent to telling us, "We'll bring you coffee in two hours." (Laughter) Exact equivalent.
Som tu, pretože mám pre vás veľmi dôležitú správu. Myslím, že sme objavili najdôležitejší faktor úspechu. A bolo to objavené tu neďaleko, v Stanforde. Profesor psychológie vybral niekoľko štvorročných detí a umiestnil ich do miestnosti bez dozoru. A povedal deťom, štvorročnému chlapcovi: "Johnny, nechám ti tu kúsok marshmallow a odídem na 15 minút. Ak budeš mať to marshmallow aj keď sa vrátim, dostaneš ďalšie. Takže budeš mať dve." Povedať štvorročnému dieťaťu, aby počkalo 15 minút na niečo, čo má rado, je to isté, ako keby nám povedali: "Donesieme vám kávu za 2 hodiny." (Smiech) Je to úplne ekvivalentné.
So what happened when the professor left the room? As soon as the door closed... two out of three ate the marshmallow. Five seconds, 10 seconds, 40 seconds, 50 seconds, two minutes, four minutes, eight minutes. Some lasted 14-and-a-half minutes. (Laughter) Couldn't do it. Could not wait. What's interesting is that one out of three would look at the marshmallow and go like this ... Would look at it. Put it back. They would walk around. They would play with their skirts and pants.
Čo sa teda stalo, keď profesor odišiel z miestnosti? Hneď ako sa dvere zavreli... dve z troch detí zjedli svoje marshmallow. 5 sekúnd, 10 sekúnd, 40 sekúnd, 50 sekúnd, dve minúty, štyri minúty, osem minút. Niektorí vydržali 14 a pol minúty. (Smiech) Nedokázali to. Nemohli vydržať. Zaujímavé je, že jedno dieťa z troch sa na marshmallow dívalo a robil takéto niečo... Pozeralo sa naň. Položilo ho naspäť. Prechádzali sa okolo. Hrali sa so svojimi sukňami a nohavicami.
That child already, at four, understood the most important principle for success, which is the ability to delay gratification. Self-discipline: the most important factor for success. 15 years later, 14 or 15 years later, follow-up study. What did they find? They went to look for these kids who were now 18 and 19. And they found that 100 percent of the children that had not eaten the marshmallow were successful. They had good grades. They were doing wonderful. They were happy. They had their plans. They had good relationships with the teachers, students. They were doing fine.
To dieťa už v štyroch rokoch pochopilo najdôležitejší princíp úspechu. Tým je schopnosť odložiť potešenie. Sebadisciplína, najdôležitejší faktor úspechu. O 15 rokov neskôr, o 14 alebo 15 rokov neskôr, pokračovali vo výskume. Na čo prišli? Začali hľadať tieto deti, ktoré mali v tom čase 18 a 19 rokov. a zistili, že 100% detí, ktoré nezjedli marshmallow bolo úspešných. Mali dobré známky. Výborne sa im darilo. Boli šťastní. Mali svoje plány. Mali dobré vzťahy s učiteľmi aj študentmi. Mali sa dobre.
A great percentage of the kids that ate the marshmallow, they were in trouble. They did not make it to university. They had bad grades. Some of them dropped out. A few were still there with bad grades. A few had good grades.
Veľké percento detí, ktoré zjedli svoje marshmallow, malo problémy. Nedostali sa na univerzitu. Mali zlé známky. Niektorí školu nedokončili. Zopár ich tam zostalo so zlými známkami. Niekoľkí mali dobré známky.
I had a question in my mind: Would Hispanic kids react the same way as the American kids? So I went to Colombia. And I reproduced the experiment. And it was very funny. I used four, five and six years old kids. And let me show you what happened.
Napadla mi otázka: "Reagovali by hispánske deti rovnako, ako tie americké?" Tak som išiel do Kolumbie a zopakoval ten experiment. Bolo to veľmi zábavné. Vybral som štvor-, päť- a šesťročné deti. A teraz vám ukážem, čo sa stalo.
(Spanish) (Laughter)
(Smiech)
So what happened in Colombia? Hispanic kids, two out of three ate the marshmallow; one out of three did not. This little girl was interesting; she ate the inside of the marshmallow. (Laughter) In other words, she wanted us to think that she had not eaten it, so she would get two. But she ate it. So we know she'll be successful. But we have to watch her. (Laughter) She should not go into banking, for example, or work at a cash register. But she will be successful.
Takže, čo sa stalo v Kolumbii? Z hispánskych detí, dve z troch zjedli svoje marshmallow. Jedno z troch nie. Toto malé dievčatko bolo zaujímavé. Zjedlo vnútrajšok svojho marshmallow. (Smiech) Inak povedané, chcela, aby sme si mysleli, že ho nezjedla, aby dostala druhé. Ale ona ho zjedla. Takže sme vedeli, že bude úspešná. Ale musíme ju sledovať. (Smiech) Nemala by sa napríklad zamestnať v bankovníctve, ani pracovať na pokladni. Ale určite bude úspešná.
And this applies for everything. Even in sales. The sales person that -- the customer says, "I want that." And the person says, "Okay, here you are." That person ate the marshmallow. If the sales person says, "Wait a second. Let me ask you a few questions to see if this is a good choice." Then you sell a lot more. So this has applications in all walks of life.
A toto platí na všetko. Dokonca aj na výpredaje. Predajca, ktorý -- Zákazník povie, "Chcem toto." a predajca, "Nech sa páči." Taký človek zjedol svoje marshmallow. Ak predavač ale povie: "Počkajte chvíľu. Položím vám pár otázok, aby sme zistili, či ste si dobre vybrali." Takto predáte oveľa viac. Má to využitie vo všetkých stránkach života.
I end with -- the Koreans did this. You know what? This is so good that we want a marshmallow book for children. We did one for children. And now it is all over Korea. They are teaching these kids exactly this principle. And we need to learn that principle here in the States, because we have a big debt. We are eating more marshmallows than we are producing. Thank you so much.
Skončím s týmto -- urobili to Kórejci. Viete čo? Je to také dobré, že chceme knihu o marshmallow pre deti. Spravili sme ju. A teraz je rozšírená v celej Kórei. Učia svoje deti presne tieto princípy. A my sa ich potrebujeme naučiť tu, v USA. Pretože máme veľké dlhy. Jeme viac marshmallow ako produkujeme. Ďakujem veľmi pekne.