I just want to share with you what I have been experiencing over the last five years in having the great privilege of traveling to many of the poorest countries in the world.
Saya ingin membagikan apa yang saya alami selama lima tahun terakhir pada perjalanan luar biasa ke negara-negara termiskin di dunia.
This scene is one I see all the time everywhere, and these young children are looking at a smartphone, and the smartphone is having a huge impact in even the poorest countries. I said to my team, you know, what I see is a rise in aspirations all over the world. In fact, it seems to me that there's a convergence of aspirations. And I asked a team of economists to actually look into this. Is this true? Are aspirations converging all around the world? So they looked at things like Gallup polls about satisfaction in life and what they learned was that if you have access to the internet, your satisfaction goes up. But another thing happens that's very important: your reference income, the income to which you compare your own, also goes up. Now, if the reference income of a nation, for example, goes up 10 percent by comparing themselves to the outside, then on average, people's own incomes have to go up at least five percent to maintain the same level of satisfaction. But when you get down into the lower percentiles of income, your income has to go up much more if the reference income goes up 10 percent, something like 20 percent. And so with this rise of aspirations, the fundamental question is: Are we going to have a situation where aspirations are linked to opportunity and you get dynamism and economic growth, like that which happened in the country I was born in, in Korea? Or are aspirations going to meet frustration?
Ini adalah salah satu bagian yang saya lihat di mana pun sepanjang masa. Anak-anak kecil ini sedang melihat ponsel pintar. Ponsel pintar sangatlah berdampak bahkan pada negara termiskin. Saya katakan pada tim, saya melihat aspirasi yang meningkat di seluruh dunia. Bahkan, menurut saya ada penyatuan aspirasi. Saya meminta tim ekonom untuk menyelidikinya. Apakah ini benar? Apakah aspirasi berkumpul di seluruh dunia? Jadi mereka menelaah pendapat Gallup tentang kepuasan dalam hidup dan mereka mempelajari bahwa jika Anda punya akses internet, kepuasan Anda akan meningkat. Tetapi hal lain yang sangat penting: pendapatan referensi Anda, pendapatan yang Anda bandingkan sendiri, juga akan naik. Jika referensi pendapatan suatu negara, misalnya, naik 10 persen dengan membandingkan milik pribadi dengan orang lain, maka rata-rata pendapatan naik minimal 5 persen untuk mempertahankan tingkat kepuasan yang sama. Tetapi, ketika Anda turun ke persentil pendapatan lebih rendah, maka pendapatan Anda harus naik lebih banyak jika pendapatan referensi naik 10 persen, atau sekitar 20%. Dengan munculnya aspirasi ini, pertanyaan dasarnya adalah: Apakah kita akan menghadapi situasi di mana aspirasi terkait dengan peluang dan Anda mendapatkan dinamisme dan pertumbuhan ekonomi, seperti yang terjadi di negara asal saya, di Korea? Atau apakah aspirasi akan berujung pada frustasi?
This is a real concern, because between 2012 and 2015, terrorism incidents increased by 74 percent. The number of deaths from terrorism went up 150 percent. Right now, two billion people live in conditions of fragility, conflict, violence, and by 2030, more than 60 percent of the world's poor will live in these situations of fragility, conflict and violence. And so what do we do about meeting these aspirations? Are there new ways of thinking about how we can rise to meet these aspirations? Because if we don't, I'm extremely worried. Aspirations are rising as never before because of access to the internet. Everyone knows how everyone else lives. Has our ability to meet those aspirations risen as well?
Ini sungguh memprihatinkan karena antara tahun 2012 dan 2015, insiden terorisme meningkat hingga 74 persen. Total kematian akibat terorisme naik 150 persen. Saat ini, dua miliar orang mengalami kerapuhan, konflik, kekerasan, dan pada 2030, lebih dari 60% orang miskin di dunia akan mengalami kerapuhan, konflik, dan kekerasan ini. Apa yang kita lakukan untuk memenuhi aspirasi ini? Apakah ada cara baru agar kita dapat bangkit untuk memenuhi aspirasi ini? Karena jika tidak, saya sangat khawatir. Kini, aspirasi meningkat karena akses internet. Semua orang tahu bagaimana kehidupan orang lain. Apakah kemampuan kita meningkat untuk memenuhi aspirasi itu?
And just to get at the details of this, I want to share with you my own personal story. This is not my mother, but during the Korean War, my mother literally took her own sister, her younger sister, on her back, and walked at least part of the way to escape Seoul during the Korean War. Now, through a series of miracles, my mother and father both got scholarships to go to New York City. They actually met in New York City and got married in New York City. My father, too, was a refugee. At the age of 19, he left his family in the northern part of the country, escaped through the border and never saw his family again. Now, when they were married and living in New York, my father was a waiter at Patricia Murphy's restaurant. Their aspirations went up. They understood what it was like to live in a place like New York City in the 1950s.
Untuk detailnya, saya akan membagikan kisah pribadi saya. Ini bukan ibu saya, tapi selama Perang Korea, ibu saya menggendong sendiri saudara perempuannya, yaitu adik perempuannya, di punggungnya, dan berjalan untuk melarikan diri dari Seoul selama Perang Korea. Kini, karena serangkaian keajaiban, ibu dan ayah saya mendapat beasiswa untuk pergi ke Kota New York. Mereka sebenarnya bertemu dan menikah di Kota New York. Ayah saya juga seorang pengungsi. Pada usia 19 tahun, ia meninggalkan keluarganya di negaranya bagian utara, melarikan diri melalui perbatasan dan tidak melihat keluarganya lagi. Kini, saat mereka menikah dan hidup di Kota New York, ayah saya seorang pelayan di restoran Patricia Murphy. Aspirasi mereka meningkat. Mereka mengerti rasanya tinggal di tempat seperti Kota New York di tahun 1950-an.
Well, my brother was born and they came back to Korea, and we had what I remember as kind of an idyllic life, but what was happening in Korea at that time was the country was one of the poorest in the world and there was political upheaval. There were demonstrations just down the street from our house all the time, students protesting against the military government. And at the time, the aspirations of the World Bank Group, the organization I lead now, were extremely low for Korea. Their idea was that Korea would find it difficult without foreign aid to provide its people with more than the bare necessities of life. So the situation is Korea is in a tough position, my parents have seen what life is like in the United States. They got married there. My brother was born there. And they felt that in order to give us an opportunity to reach their aspirations for us, we had to go and come back to the United States.
Saudara laki-laki saya lahir dan mereka kembali ke Korea, dan kami memiliki kehidupan yang amat indah, tetapi yang terjadi di Korea saat itu adalah negara itu salah satu negara termiskin di dunia dan ada pergolakan politik. Sepanjang waktu ada demo di dekat rumah kami, mahasiswa memprotes pemerintah militer. Dan pada saat itu, aspirasi Grup Bank Dunia yang saya pimpin saat ini, sangat lemah untuk Korea. Gagasan mereka adalah Korea akan kesulitan tanpa bantuan dari luar untuk menyediakan rakyatnya kebutuhan hidup yang lebih. Korea berada di situasi yang sulit, orang tua saya tahu kehidupan di Amerika Serikat. Mereka menikah dan saudara saya lahir disana. Mereka merasa perlu memberi kami kesempatan untuk mencapai aspirasinya bagi kami, kami pergi dan kembali ke Amerika Serikat.
Now, we came back. First we went to Dallas. My father did his dental degree all over again. And then we ended up moving to Iowa, of all places. We grew up in Iowa. And in Iowa, we went through the whole course. I went to high school, I went to college. And then one day, something that I'll never forget, my father picked me up after my sophomore year in college, and he was driving me home, and he said, "Jim, what are your aspirations? What do you want to study? What do you want to do?" And I said, "Dad," -- My mother actually was a philosopher, and had filled us with ideas about protest and social justice, and I said, "Dad, I'm going to study political science and philosophy, and I'm going to become part of a political movement." My father, the Korean dentist, slowly pulled the car over to the side of the road --
Kini, kami kembali. Pertama, kami pergi ke Dallas. Ayah saya mengambil gelar kedokteran giginya. Akhirnya, dari semua tempat, kami pindah ke Iowa. Kami dibesarkan di Iowa. Di Iowa, kami mengikuti kursus lengkap. Saya belajar di sekolah menengah, perguruan tinggi. Lalu suatu hari, sesuatu yang tidak akan saya lupakan, ayah menjemput saya pada tahun kedua saya di perguruan tinggi, mengantar saya pulang dan berkata, "Jim, apa aspirasimu? Apa yang kamu pelajari dan lakukan? Saya menjawab, "Ayah," -- Ibu saya sebenarnya seorang filsuf, dan dia memberi kami pandangan tentang protes dan keadilan sosial, dan saya jawab, "Ayah, saya akan belajar ilmu dan filsafat politik, dan saya akan menjadi bagian dari gerakan politik." Ayah saya, dokter gigi Korea, menghentikan mobilnya ke sisi jalan --
(Laughter)
(Tawa)
He looked back at me, and he said, "Jim, you finish your medical residency, you can study anything you want."
Dia menatap saya dan berkata, "Jim, akhiri pendidikan kedokteranmu, dan pelajari apapun yang kamu mau."
(Laughter)
(Tawa)
Now, I've told this story to a mostly Asian audience before. Nobody laughs. They just shake their head. Of course.
Sebelumnya, saya menceritakan kisah ini pada penonton Asia. Tak ada yang tertawa. Mereka hanya mengangguk. Tentu saja.
(Laughter)
(Tawa)
(Applause)
(Tepuk tangan)
So, tragically, my father died at a young age, 30 years ago at the age of 57, what happens to be how old I am right now, and when he died in the middle of my medical and graduate studies -- You see, I actually got around it by doing medicine and anthropology. I studied both of them in graduate school.
Tragisnya, ayah saya meninggal di usia muda, 30 tahun yang lalu saat berusia 57 tahun, seusia dengan saya saat ini, dan dia meninggal di tengah studi kedokteran saya -- dan saya menyelesaikannya dengan pengobatan dan antropologi. Saya mempelajari keduanya saat pascasarjana.
But then right about that time, I met these two people, Ophelia Dahl and Paul Farmer. And Paul and I were in the same program. We were studying medicine and at the same time getting our PhD's in anthropology. And we began to ask some pretty fundamental questions. For people who have the great privilege of studying medicine and anthropology -- I had come from parents who were refugees. Paul grew up literally in a bus in a swamp in Florida. He liked to call himself "white trash." And so we had this opportunity and we said, what is it that we need to do? Given our ridiculously elaborate educations, what is the nature of our responsibility to the world? And we decided that we needed to start an organization. It's called Partners in Health. And by the way, there's a movie made about that.
Tetapi saat itu juga, saya bertemu dua orang ini, Ophelia Dahl dan Paul Farmer. Paul dan saya berada di jurusan yang sama. Kami mengambil kedokteran dan bersamaan mendapat gelar PhD di bidang antropologi. Dan kami mulai mengajukan pertanyaan mendasar. Bagi orang yang punya hak istimewa untuk mempelajari kedokteran dan antropologi -- saya berasal dari orang tua yang adalah pengungsi. Paul tumbuh di dalam bus di rawa Florida. Dia suka menyebut dirinya "sampah putih." Jadi kami memiliki kesempatan ini dan kami berkata, apa yang perlu kami lakukan? Mengingat pendidikan kami yang sangat rumit, apa tanggung jawab kami terhadap dunia? Kami memutuskan untuk membuat sebuah organisasi, yaitu Partner in Health. Dan ada film tentang itu.
(Applause)
(Tepuk tangan)
There's a movie that was just a brilliant movie they made about it called "Bending the Arc." It launched at Sundance this past January. Jeff Skoll is here. Jeff is one of the ones who made it happen. And we began to think about what it would take for us to actually have our aspirations reach the level of some of the poorest communities in the world.
Ada sebuah film yang brilian berjudul "Bending the Arc." Film ini diluncurkan di Sundance pada Januari lalu. Jeff Skoll ada disini. Jeff adalah salah satu orang yang mewujudkannya. Kami mulai memikirkan apa yang kami perlukan agar aspirasi kami bisa menjangkau beberapa kelompok termiskin di dunia.
This is my very first visit to Haiti in 1988, and in 1988, we elaborated a sort of mission statement, which is we are going to make a preferential option for the poor in health. Now, it took us a long time, and we were graduate students in anthropology. We were reading up one side of Marx and down the other. Habermas. Fernand Braudel. We were reading everything and we had to come to a conclusion of how are we going to structure our work? So "O for the P," we called it, a preferential option for the poor.
Ini kunjungan pertama saya di Haiti pada tahun 1988, dan saat itu kami mengembangkan semacam pernyataan misi, yaitu kami memberi orang miskin pilihan istimewa di bidang kesehatan. Butuh waktu lama bagi kami karena kami lulusan di bidang antropologi. Kami membaca karya-karya Marx, Habermas, Fernand Braudel. Kami membaca semuanya dan kami menyimpulkan bagaimana kami menyusun pekerjaan ini? Kami menyebut ini "O untuk P", pilihan istimewa untuk orang miskin.
The most important thing about a preferential option for the poor is what it's not. It's not a preferential option for your own sense of heroism. It's not a preferential option for your own idea about how to lift the poor out of poverty. It's not a preferential option for your own organization. And the hardest of all, it's not a preferential option for your poor. It's a preferential option for the poor.
Hal terpenting dari pilihan istimewa untuk orang miskin adalah bukan pilihannya. Itu bukan pilihan istimewa untuk rasa kepahlawanan Anda. Itu bukan pilihan istimewa untuk ide Anda dalam mengangkat orang miskin keluar dari kemiskinan. Itu bukan pilihan istimewa untuk organisasi Anda. Dan yang tersulit dari semuanya, ini bukan pilihan istimewa untuk kemiskinan Anda. Ini pilihan istimewa bagi orang miskin.
So what do you do? Well, Haiti, we started building -- Everyone told us, the cost-effective thing is just focus on vaccination and maybe a feeding program. But what the Haitians wanted was a hospital. They wanted schools. They wanted to provide their children with the opportunities that they'd been hearing about from others, relatives, for example, who had gone to the United States. They wanted the same kinds of opportunities as my parents did. I recognized them. And so that's what we did. We built hospitals. We provided education. And we did everything we could to try to give them opportunities.
Jadi apa yang Anda lakukan? Di Haiti kami mulai membangun -- Semua orang memberi tahu kami, hal-hal yang hemat hanyalah pada vaksinasi dan program pemberian makan. Tapi yang diinginkan orang Haiti adalah rumah sakit. Mereka mengingkan sekolah. Mereka ingin memberikan anak-anak kesempatan pada apa yang mereka dengar, misalnya dari kerabat, yang telah pergi ke Amerika Serikat. Mereka ingin kesempatan yang sama seperti orang tua saya. Saya mengenali mereka. Itulah yang kami lakukan. Kami membangun rumah sakit. Kami menyediakan pendidikan. Dan kami mencoba semuanya untuk memberi mereka kesempatan.
Now, my experience really became intense at Partners in Health in this community, Carabayllo, in the northern slums of Lima, Peru. And in this community, we started out by really just going to people's homes and talking to people, and we discovered an outbreak, an epidemic of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. This is Melquiades. Melquiades was a patient at that time, he was about 18 years old, and he had a very difficult form of drug-resistant tuberculosis. All of the gurus in the world, the global health gurus, said it is not cost-effective to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis. It's too complicated. It's too expensive. You just can't do it. It can't be done. And in addition, they were getting angry at us, because the implication was if it could be done, we would have done it. Who do you think you are? And the people that we fought with were the World Health Organization and probably the organization we fought with most was the World Bank Group.
Kini, pengalaman saya menjadi serius di Partners in Health pada kelompok Carabayllo, di daerah kumuh utara Lima, Peru. Di komunitas ini, kami memulainya dengan berkunjung dan berbicara pada orang-orang, dan menemukan wabah, epidemi TBC yang resistan terhadap beberapa obat. Ini Melquiades. Melquiades seorang pasien yang berusia sekitar 18 tahun, dan dia menderita tuberkulosis yang resistan terhadap obat. Semua ahli di dunia, ahli kesehatan global, mengatakan bahwa biaya untuk mengobati penyakit itu tidaklah murah. Terlalu rumit dan terlalu mahal. Anda tidak bisa melakukannya. Ini tidak bisa diselesaikan. Selain itu, mereka memarahi kami, maksudnya adalah jika itu bisa dilakukan, kami pasti melakukannya. Anda pikir Anda siapa? Orang yang kami lawan adalah Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia dan organisasi yang sering kami lawan adalah Grup Bank Dunia.
Now, we did everything we could to convince Melquiades to take his medicines, because it's really hard, and not once during the time of treatment did Melquiades's family ever say, "Hey, you know, Melquiades is just not cost-effective. Why don't you go on and treat somebody else?"
Kini, kami melakukan apapun untuk meyakinkan Melquiades mendapatkan obatnya, karena ini sangat sulit, dan selama perawatan Melquiades, keluarganya selalu mengatakan "Hey, kamu tahu, biaya Melquiades tidaklah murah. Mengapa kalian tak merawat orang lain saja?
(Laughter)
(Tawa)
I hadn't seen Melquiades for about 10 years and when we had our annual meetings in Lima, Peru a couple of years ago, the filmmakers found him and here is us getting together.
Saya tidak melihat Melquiades selama 10 tahun dan saat kami mengadakan pertemuan tahunan di Lima, Peru beberapa tahun yang lalu, pembuat film menemukannya dan di sinilah kami bersama.
(Applause)
(Tepuk tangan)
He has become a bit of a media star because he goes to the film openings, and he knows how to work an audience now.
Dia sedikit menjadi sorotan media karena dia pergi ke pembukaan film, dan kini dia tahu cara menarik penonton.
(Laughter)
(Tawa)
But as soon as we won -- We did win. We won the argument. You should treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis -- we heard the same arguments in the early 2000s about HIV. All of the leading global health people in the world said it is impossible to treat HIV in poor countries. Too expensive, too complicated, you can't do it. Compared to drug-resistant TB treatment, it's actually easier. And we were seeing patients like this. Joseph Jeune. Joseph Jeune also never mentioned that he was not cost-effective. A few months of medicines, and this is what he looked like.
Tetapi kami menang -- Kami berhasil. Kami menang argumennya. Anda harus mengobati TBC yang resistan terhadap obat -- kami mendengar argumen yang sama tentang HIV di awal tahun 2000-an. Semua ahli kesehatan global terkemuka di dunia berkata HIV tidak dapat diobati di negara-negara miskin. Terlalu mahal dan rumit, Anda tak bisa melakukannya. Dibanding pengobatan TB yang resistan obat, sebenarnya ini lebih mudah. Kami melihat pasien seperti ini. Joseph Jeune. Joseph Jeune juga menyebutkan bahwa biayanya tidaklah murah. Beberapa bulan pengobatan, beginilah penampilannya.
(Applause)
(Tepuk tangan)
We call that the Lazarus Effect of HIV treatment. Joseline came to us looking like this. This is what she looked like a few months later.
Kami menyebutnya Efek Lazarus dari pengobatan HIV. Joseline mendatangi kami berpenampilan seperti ini. Inilah penampilannya beberapa bulan kemudian.
(Applause)
(Tepuk tangan)
Now, our argument, our battle, we thought, was with the organizations that kept saying it's not cost-effective. We were saying, no, preferential option for the poor requires us to raise our aspirations to meet those of the poor for themselves. And they said, well, that's a nice thought but it's just not cost-effective. So in the nerdy way that we have operated Partners in Health, we wrote a book against, basically, the World Bank. It says that because the World Bank has focused so much on just economic growth and said that governments have to shrink their budgets and reduce expenditures in health, education and social welfare -- we thought that was fundamentally wrong. And we argued with the World Bank. And then a crazy thing happened. President Obama nominated me to be President of the World Bank.
Kini, saya merasa argumen kami dan pertempuran kami adalah dengan organisasi yang terus mengatakan itu boros. Kami katakan, tidak, pilihan istimewa untuk orang miskin mengharuskan kami meningkatkan aspirasi untuk memenuhi orang miskin demi diri mereka sendiri. Dan mereka berkata, itu pemikiran yang hebat, tapi itu tidak hemat. Jadi kami dengan cara lama, mengoperasikan Partners in Health, kami menulis sebuah buku yang menentang, pada dasarnya, Bank Dunia. Tertulis bahwa karena Bank Dunia terlalu berfokus pada pertumbuhan ekonomi dan mengatakan bahwa pemerintah harus menyusutkan anggarannya dan mengurangi pengeluaran kesehatan, pendidikan dan kesejahteraan sosial -- kami pikir itu pada dasarnya salah. Dan kami berdebat dengan Bank Dunia. Dan kemudian hal gila terjadi. Presiden Obama mencalonkan saya menjadi Presiden Bank Dunia.
(Applause)
(Tepuk tangan)
Now, when I went to do the vetting process with President Obama's team, they had a copy of "Dying For Growth," and they had read every page. And I said, "OK, that's it, right? You guys are going to drop me?" He goes, "Oh, no, no, it's OK." And I was nominated, and I walked through the door of the World Bank Group in July of 2012, and that statement on the wall, "Our dream is a world free of poverty." A few months after that, we actually turned it into a goal: end extreme poverty by 2030, boost shared prosperity. That's what we do now at the World Bank Group. I feel like I have brought the preferential option for the poor to the World Bank Group.
Kini, ketika saya melakukan proses pemeriksaan dengan tim Presiden Obama, mereka ada salinan "Dying For Growth," dan membacanya setiap halaman. Saya berkata, "Baik, itu saja, 'kan? Anda akan menurunkan saya?" Dia berkata, "Oh, tidak, tidak apa-apa." Saya dinominasikan, dan saya bergabung dengan Grup Bank Dunia pada Juli 2012, dan di dinding tertera, "Mimpi kita adalah dunia bebas kemiskinan." Beberapa bulan setelahnya, kami mengubahnya menjadi tujuan: mengakhiri kemiskinan ekstrem pada tahun 2030, mendorong kesejahteraan sosial. Itu yang kini kami lakukan di Grup Bank Dunia. Saya merasa telah membawa pilihan istimewa bagi orang miskin ke Grup Bank Dunia.
(Applause)
(Tepuk tangan)
But this is TED, and so I want to share with you some concerns, and then make a proposal.
Tapi ini adalah TED, jadi saya ingin membagikan pada Anda beberapa masalah, dan kemudian membuat proposal.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution, now, you guys know so much better than I do, but here's the thing that concerns me. What we hear about is job loss. You've all heard that. Our own data suggest to us that two thirds of all jobs, currently existing jobs in developing countries, will be lost because of automation. Now, you've got to make up for those jobs. Now, one of the ways to make up for those jobs is to turn community health workers into a formal labor force. That's what we want to do.
Revolusi Industri Keempat, Anda lebih mengerti itu daripada saya, tapi ini yang saya khawatirkan. Kita mendengar tentang hilangnya pekerjaan. Data kami menyatakan dua pertiga dari semua pekerjaan, yang ada di negara berkembang, akan hilang karena otomatisasi. Kini, Anda harus mengganti pekerjaan itu. Salah satu cara untuk menggantinya adalah mengubah petugas kesehatan masyarakat menjadi tenaga kerja formal. Itu yang ingin kami lakukan.
(Applause)
(Tepuk tangan)
We think the numbers will work out, that as health outcomes get better and as people have formal work, we're going to be able to train them with the soft-skills training that you add to it to become workers that will have a huge impact, and that may be the one area that grows the most.
Kami pikir itu akan berhasil, saat kesehatan membaik dan orang-orang memiliki pekerjaan formal, kami akan melatih mereka dengan pelatihan keterampilan tambahan untuk menjadi pekerja yang akan punya dampak besar, dan itu mungkin menjadi satu area yang paling berkembang.
But here's the other thing that bothers me: right now it seems pretty clear to me that the jobs of the future will be more digitally demanding, and there is a crisis in childhood stunting. So these are photos from Charles Nelson, who shared these with us from Harvard Medical School. And what these photos show on the one side, on the left side, is a three-month-old who has been stunted: not adequate nutrition, not adequate stimulation. And on the other side, of course, is a normal child, and the normal child has all of these neuronal connections. Now, the neuronal connections are important, because that is the definition of human capital. Now, we know that we can reduce these rates. We can reduce these rates of childhood stunting quickly, but if we don't, India, for example, with 38 percent childhood stunting, how are they going to compete in the economy of the future if 40 percent of their future workers cannot achieve educationally and certainly we worry about achieving economically in a way that will help the country as a whole grow.
Tetapi hal lain yang mengganggu saya: saat ini terlihat jelas bagi saya bahwa pekerjaan di masa depan akan lebih menuntut secara digital, dan ada krisis kekurangan gizi pada anak. Ini adalah foto yang dibagikan oleh Charles Nelson, dari Sekolah Kedokteran Harvard. Foto ini menunjukkan di satu sisi, di sisi kiri, ada seorang anak kerdil yang berusia tiga bulan: nutrisi dan stimulasinya tidak memadai. Dan di sisi lain, tentu saja, seorang anak yang normal, dan anak normal memiliki semua koneksi saraf ini. Koneksi saraf itu sangat penting, karena itulah definisi modal manusia. Kita tahu bahwa kita dapat mengurangi angka ini. Kita bisa mengurangi angka kekurangan gizi pada anak dengan cepat, tapi jika tidak, misalnya India dengan 38 persen kekurangan gizi, bagaimana mereka akan bersaing dengan ekonomi masa depan jika 40 persen calon pekerjanya tidak dapat mencapai pendidikan dan tentu saja kami khawatir tentang pencapaian ekonomi yang secara keseluruhan membantu pertumbuhan negara.
Now, what are we going to do? 78 trillion dollars is the size of the global economy. 8.55 trillion dollars are sitting in negative interest rate bonds. That means that you give the German central bank your money and then you pay them to keep your money. That's a negative interest rate bond. 24.4 trillion dollars in very low-earning government bonds. And 8 trillion literally sitting in the hands of rich people under their very large mattresses. What we are trying to do is now use our own tools -- and just to get nerdy for a second, we're talking about first-loss risk debt instruments, we're talking about derisking, blended finance, we're talking about political risk insurance, credit enhancement -- all these things that I've now learned at the World Bank Group that rich people use every single day to make themselves richer, but we haven't used aggressively enough on behalf of the poor to bring this capital in.
Apa yang akan kita lakukan? 78 triliun dolar adalah ukuran ekonomi global. 8,55 triliun dolar diam di obligasi dengan suku bunga negatif. Artinya Anda memberikan uang kepada bank sentral Jerman dan membayar mereka untuk menyimpan uang Anda. Itulah obligasi suku bunga negatif. 24.4 triliun dolar di obligasi pemerintah, berpenghasilan sangat rendah. Dan 8 triliun berada di tangan orang kaya di bawah kasur mereka yang besar. Hal yang kami coba lakukan adalah menggunakan alat kami sendiri -- dan mempelajarinya sebentar. Kita membicarakan alat hutang risiko kerugian pertama, membahas penurunan risiko, keuangan campuran, membahas asuransi risiko politik, peningkatan kredit -- semua hal yang saya pelajari di Grup Bank Dunia yang orang kaya gunakan setiap hari agar mereka semakin kaya, tapi kami belum cukup agresif untuk menggunakannya atas nama orang miskin untuk mewujudkan modalnya masuk.
(Applause)
(Tepuk tangan)
So does this work? Can you actually bring private-sector players into a country and really make things work? Well, we've done it a couple of times. This is Zambia, Scaling Solar. It's a box-set solution from the World Bank where we come in and we do all the things you need to attract private-sector investors. And in this case, Zambia went from having a cost of electricity at 25 cents a kilowatt-hour, and by just doing simple things, doing the auction, changing some policies, we were able to bring the cost down. Lowest bid, 25 cents a kilowatt-hour for Zambia? The lowest bid was 4.7 cents a kilowatt-hour. It's possible.
Apakah ini berhasil? Dapatkah Anda membawa pemain sektor swasta ke suatu negara dan membuat semuanya lancar? Kami melakukannya beberapa kali. Ini adalah Zambia, Scaling Solar adalah satu set kotak solusi dari Bank Dunia tempat kami hadir dan memenuhi semua kebutuhan Anda untuk menarik investor sektor swasta. Dalam kasus ini, Zambia berubah dari biaya listrik sebesar 25 sen per kilowatt jam, dan dengan hal sederhana, melakukan pelelangan, mengubah beberapa peraturan, kami menurunkan biaya itu. Apakah tawaran terendahnya adalah 25 sen per kilowatt jam? Tawaran terendahnya adalah 4,7 sen per kilowatt jam.
(Applause)
(Tepuk tangan)
But here's my proposal for you. This is from a group called Zipline, a cool company, and they literally are rocket scientists. They figured out how to use drones in Rwanda. This is me launching a drone in Rwanda that delivers blood anywhere in the country in less than an hour. So we save lives, this program saved lives --
Inilah proposal saya untuk Anda. Sebuah grup bernama Zipline, perusahaan yang keren, dan mereka adalah ilmuwan roket. Mereka mencari cara menggunakan <i>drone</i> di Rwanda. Saya meluncurkan <i>drone</i> di Rwanda yang mengirimkan darah ke mana saja di negara ini dalam waktu kurang dari sejam. Jadi kami menyelamatkan nyawa, program ini menyelamatkan kehidupan --
(Applause)
(Tepuk tangan)
This program made money for Zipline and this program saved huge amounts of money for Rwanda. That's what we need, and we need that from all of you. I'm asking you, carve out a little bit of time in your brains to think about the technology that you work on, the companies that you start, the design that you do. Think a little bit and work with us to see if we can come up with these kinds of extraordinary win-win solutions.
Program ini menghasilkan uang untuk Zipline dan program ini menghemat banyak uang bagi Rwanda. Itulah yang kami butuhkan, dan kami butuh itu dari Anda. Saya meminta Anda agar meluangkan sedikit waktu untuk memikirkan teknologi yang Anda kerjakan, perusahaan yang Anda mulai, rancangan yang Anda buat. Pikirkan sedikit saja dan bekerja samalah dengan kami untuk melihat apakah kita dapat menemukan solusi yang terbaik.
I'm going to leave you with one final story. I was in Tanzania, and I was in a classroom. This is me with a classroom of 11-year-olds. And I asked them, as I always do, "What do you want to be when you grow up?" Two raised their hands and said, "I want to be President of the World Bank."
Saya akan menyampaikan satu cerita terakhir. Saya berada di Tanzania, dan dalam ruang kelas. Ini saya di ruang kelas dengan anak-anak usia 11 tahun. Dan saya bertanya pada mereka, "Kalian ingin menjadi apa ketika dewasa?" Dua anak angkat tangan dan berkata, "Saya ingin menjadi Presiden Bank Dunia."
(Laughter)
(Tawa)
And just like you, my own team and their teachers laughed. But then I stopped them. I said, "Look, I want to tell you a story. When I was born in South Korea, this is what it looked like. This is where I came from. And when I was three years old, in preschool, I don't think that George David Woods, the President of the World Bank, if he had visited Korea on that day and come to my classroom, that he would have thought that the future President of the World Bank was sitting in that classroom. Don't let anyone ever tell you that you cannot be President of the World Bank."
Seperti Anda, tim saya dan guru mereka tertawa. Lalu saya menghentikan mereka. Saya berkata, "Dengarkan cerita saya. Saat saya lahir di Korea Selatan, seperti inilah rupanya. Dari sinilah saya berasal. Dan saat saya berusia tiga tahun, di prasekolah, Saya tidak membayangkan George David Woods, Presiden Bank Dunia, jika dia mengunjungi Korea saat itu dan datang ke ruang kelas saya, dan dia akan mengira bahwa Presiden Bank Dunia di masa depan duduk di kelas itu. Jangan biarkan siapapun memberitahu kamu bahwa kamu tidak bisa menjadi Presiden Bank Dunia."
Now -- thank you.
Kini -- terima kasih.
(Applause)
(Tepuk tangan)
Let me leave you with one thought. I came from a country that was the poorest in the world. I'm President of the World Bank. I cannot and I will not pull up the ladder behind me. This is urgent. Aspirations are going up. Everywhere aspirations are going up. You folks in this room, work with us. We know that we can find those Zipline-type solutions and help the poor leapfrog into a better world, but it won't happen until we work together. The future "you" -- and especially for your children -- the future you will depend on how much care and compassion we bring to ensuring that the future "us" provides equality of opportunity for every child in the world.
Saya sampaikan sesuatu pada Anda. Saya berasal dari negara termiskin di dunia. Saya seorang Presiden Bank Dunia. Saya tidak bisa dan tidak akan mencegah siapapun untuk meraihnya. Ini begitu penting. Aspirasi semakin meningkat. Aspirasi meningkat di mana pun. Anda di ruangan ini, bekerja samalah dengan kami. Kami dapat menemukan solusi tipe Zipline tersebut dan membantu orang miskin melompat ke dunia yang lebih baik, tapi itu tidak akan terjadi sampai kita bekerja sama. Masa depan "Anda" -- dan terutama untuk anak Anda -- masa depan Anda bergantung pada kepedulian dan kasih yang kita bawa agar masa depan "kita" menyediakan kesempatan yang sama untuk setiap anak di dunia.
Thank you very much.
Terima kasih banyak.
(Applause)
(Tepuk tangan)
Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.
Terima kasih. Terima kasih. Terima kasih.
(Applause)
(Tepuk tangan)
Chris Anderson: You'd almost think people are surprised to hear a talk like this from the President of the World Bank. It's kind of cool. I'd encourage you to even be a little more specific on your proposal. There's many investors, entrepreneurs in this room. How will you partner with them? What's your proposal?
Chris Anderson: Anda hampir mengira orang akan terkejut mendengar ceramah ini dari Presiden Bank Dunia. Ini keren. Saya menganjurkan Anda untuk sedikit lebih spesifik pada proposal Anda. Ada banyak investor, pengusaha di ruangan ini. Bagaimana Anda akan berelasi dengan mereka? Apa proposal Anda?
Jim Yong Kim: Can I get nerdy for just a second.
Jim Yong Kim: Bisakah saya jelaskan sedikit?
CA: Ya. Tentu saja.
CA: Get nerdy. Absolutely. JYK: So here's what we did. Insurance companies never invest in developing country infrastructure, for example, because they can't take the risk. They're holding money for people who pay for insurance. So what we did was a Swedish International Development Association gave us a little bit of money, we went out and raised a little bit more money, a hundred million, and we took first loss, meaning if this thing goes bad, 10 percent of the loss we'll just eat, and the rest of you will be safe. And that created a 90-percent chunk, tranche that was triple B, investment-grade, so the insurance companies invested. So for us, what we're doing is taking our public money and using it to derisk specific instruments to bring people in from the outside. So all of you who are sitting on trillions of dollars of cash, come to us. Right?
JYK: Ini yang kami lakukan. Perusahaan asuransi tak berinvestasi di infrastruktur negara berkembang misalnya, karena mereka tidak mau ambil resiko. Mereka memegang uang untuk orang yang membayar asuransi. Jadi yang kami melakukan Swedish International Development Association memberi kami sedikit uang, kami pergi dan mengumpulkan lebih banyak uang, seratus juta, mengambil kerugian pertama, artinya jika ini memburuk, 10 persen kerugian akan kami makan, dan sisanya akan aman. Dan itu menciptakan potongan 90 persen, tahap BBB, tingkat investasi, jadi perusahaan asuransi berinvestasi. Jadi yang kami lakukan adalah mengambil uang publik dan menggunakannya untuk meminimalkan risiko alat itu untuk membawa orang dari luar. Jadi Anda semua yang memiliki triliunan dolar uang tunai, datanglah ke kami. Baik?
(Laughter)
(Tawa)
CA: And what you're specifically looking for are investment proposals that create employment in the developing world.
CA: Anda secara khusus mencari proposal investasi yang menciptakan pekerjaan di negara berkembang.
JYK: Absolutely. Absolutely. So these will be, for example, in infrastructure that brings energy, builds roads, bridges, ports. These kinds of things are necessary to create jobs, but also what we're saying is you may think that the technology you're working on or the business that you're working on may not have applications in the developing world, but look at Zipline. And that Zipline thing didn't happen just because of the quality of the technology. It was because they engaged with the Rwandans early and used artificial intelligence -- one thing, Rwanda has great broadband -- but these things fly completely on their own. So we will help you do that. We will make the introductions. We will even provide financing. We will help you do that.
JYK: Tentu. Benar. Jadi ini, misalnya pada infrastruktur yang menghasilkan energi, pembangunan jalan, jembatan, pelabuhan. Hal semacam ini diperlukan untuk membuat lapangan kerja, tetapi yang kami katakan adalah mungkin Anda pikir teknologi yang Anda kerjakan atau bisnis yang Anda jalankan mungkin tidak sesuai di negara berkembang, tapi lihatlah Zipline. Zipline tidak hanya terjadi karena kualitas dari teknologinya. Tetapi karena mereka terlibat dengan Rwanda lebih awal dan menggunakan kecerdasan buatan -- satu hal, Rwanda memiliki jalur koneksi internet yang kuat -- tetapi hal-hal ini sepenuhnya berjalan sendiri. Jadi kami akan membantu agar Anda melakukannya. Kami membuat pengenalan.
Kami bahkan menyediakan biaya.
CA: How much capital is the World Bank willing to deploy to back those kinds of efforts?
CA: Berapa banyak modal yang Bank Dunia berikan untuk mendukung usaha ini?
JYK: Chris, you're always getting me to try to do something like this.
JYK: Chris, Anda membuat saya melakukan hal ini. CA: Saya bersalah.
CA: I'm trying to get you in trouble. JYK: So here's what we're going to do. We have 25 billion a year that we're investing in poor countries, the poorest countries. And as we invest over the next three years, 25 billion a year, we have got to think with you about how to use that money more effectively. So I can't give you a specific number. It depends on the quality of the ideas. So bring us your ideas, and I don't think that financing is going to be the problem.
JYK: Jadi ini yang akan kami lakukan. Kami punya 25 miliar setahun yang kami investasikan di negara miskin, negara-negara termiskin. Dan saat kami berinvestasi selama tiga tahun ke depan, 25 miliar dalam setahun, kita harus mendiskusikan cara efektif dalam menggunakan uang itu. Saya tak bisa memberikan angka spesifiknya. Itu tergantung kualitas ide. Jadi bawakan kami ide Anda, dan menurut saya pembiayaan tidak akan menjadi masalah.
CA: All right, you heard it from the man himself.
CA: Baiklah, Anda langsung dengar dari pria ini.
Jim, thanks so much. JYK: Thank you. Thank you.
Terima kasih banyak, Jim. JYK: Terima kasih.
(Applause)
(Tepuk tangan)