I'm a neuroscientist, a professor at the University of California. And over the past 35 years, I've studied behavior on the basis of everything from genes through neurotransmitters, dopamine, things like that, all the way through circuit analysis. So that's what I normally do. But then, for some reason, I got into something else, just recently. And it all grew out of one of my colleagues asking me to analyze a bunch of brains of psychopathic killers.
Ja sam neuronaučnik, profesor na univerzitetu u Kaliforniji. I proteklih 35 godina, proučavao sam ponašanje na bazi svega od gena preko neurotransmitera, dopamina, takvih stvari, sve do analize kola. Dakle, to je ono što normalno radim. Ali onda sam, iz nekog razloga, ušao u nešto drugo, baš skoro. I sve je počelo od toga kada me je jedan kolega pitao da analiziram gomilu mozgova psihopatskih ubica.
And so this would be the typical talk I would give. And the question is, "How do you end up with a psychopathic killer?" What I mean by psychopathic killer are these people, these types of people. And so some of the brains that I've studied are people you know about. When I get the brains I don't know what I'm looking at. It's blind experiments. They also gave me normal people and everything.
I tako bi ovo bio tipičan govor koji bih dao. Pitanje je: "Kako završite sa psihopatskim ubicom?" Šta mislim pod psihopatskim ubicom su ovi ljudi, ovi tipovi ljudi. Neki od mozgova koje sam proučavao su ljudi koje znate. Kada dobijem mozgove ja ne znam u šta gledam. Ovo su bili slepi eksperimenti. Takođe su mi dali normalne ljude i sve.
So I've looked at about 70 of these. And what came up was a number of pieces of data. So we look at these sorts of things theoretically, on the basis of genetics, and brain damage, and interaction with environment, and exactly how that machine works. So we're interested in exactly where in the brain, and what's the most important part of the brain. So we've been looking at this: the interaction of genes, what's called epigenetic effects, brain damage, and environment, and how these are tied together. And how you end up with a psychopath, and a killer, depends on exactly when the damage occurs. It's really a very precisely timed thing. You get different kinds of psychopaths.
Dakle, pogledao sam oko 70 ovih. I došao do nekoliko podataka. Dakle, gledamo na ovakve stvari teorijski, na bazi genetike i oštećenja mozga i interakcije sa sredinom i kako tačno ta mašina funkcioniše. Dakle, zanima nas tačno gde u mozgu i koji je najznačajniji deo mozga. Dakle, gledali smo u ovo. U interakciju gena, koja se naziva epigenetski efekti, oštećenje mozga i sredinu, i kako su ove stvari povezane. Kako na kraju ispadnete psihopata i ubica zavisi od toga kada tačno dođe do oštećenja. To je veoma, vremenski precizna stvar. Postoje različiti tipovi psihopata.
So we're going along with this. And here's, just to give you the pattern. The pattern is that those people, every one of them I looked at, who was a murderer, and was a serial killer, had damage to their orbital cortex, which is right above the eyes, the orbits, and also the interior part of the temporal lobe. So there is the pattern that every one of them had, but they all were a little different too. They had other sorts of brain damage. A key thing is that the major violence genes, it's called the MAO-A gene.
Pratimo ovo. A evo ovde, čisto da biste uočili obrazac. Obrazac je da ovi ljudi, svaki od njih koje sam pogledao, koji je bio ubica i koji je bio serijski ubica, imao je oštećenje orbitalnog korteksa. Koji se nalazi tačno iznad očiju, i takođe unutrašnjeg dela temporalnog režnja. Dakle, to je obrazac koji je imao svaki od njih, ali su takođe bili malo različiti. Imali su i druge vrste oštećenja mozga. Ključna stvar je efekat glavnih nasilnih gena, kao što je MAO-A gen.
And there is a variant of this gene that is in the normal population. Some of you have this. And it's sex-linked. It's on the X chromosome. And so in this way you can only get it from your mother. And in fact this is probably why mostly men, boys, are psychopathic killers, or are very aggressive. Because a daughter can get one X from the father, one X from the mother, it's kind of diluted out. But for a son, he can only get the X chromosome from his mother.
Postoji varijanta ovog gena u normalnoj populaciji. Neki od vas ga imaju. I povezan je sa polom. Nalazi se na X hromozomu. Tako da ga možete dobiti samo preko majke. Zbog ovoga su, verovatno, više muškarci psihopatske ubice ili veoma agresivni. Zato što ćerka može da dobije jedan X hromozom od oca, jedan X hromozom od majke, pa je uticaj razređeniji. Ali za sina, on može da dobije X hromozom od majke.
So this is how it's passed from mother to son. And it has to do with too much brain serotonin during development, which is kind of interesting because serotonin is supposed to make you calm and relaxed. But if you have this gene, in utero your brain is bathed in this, so your whole brain becomes insensitive to serotonin, so it doesn't work later on in life.
Dakle, ovako se prenosi sa majke na sina. I ima veze sa previše serotonina u toku razvoja. Što je interesantno zato što serotonin treba da vas učini smirenim i opuštenim. Ali ako imate ovaj gen, u materici vaš mozak je okupan u njemu. Tako da ceo vaš mozak postaje neosetljiv na serotonin. I zato nema uticaj kasnije u životu.
And I'd given this one talk in Israel, just this past year. And it does have some consequences. Theoretically what this means is that in order to express this gene, in a violent way, very early on, before puberty, you have to be involved in something that is really traumatic -- not a little stress, not being spanked or something, but really seeing violence, or being involved in it, in 3D. Right? That's how the mirror neuron system works.
Držao sam jedan govor u Izraelu prošle godine. I imao je neke posledice. U teorijskom smislu, da bi došlo do ekspresije ovog gena, na nasilni način, morali biste vrlo rano, pre puberteta, da budete uključeni u nešto zaista traumatično, ne malo stresa, ne biti išamaran ili nešto slično. Nego stvarno prisustvovati nasilju ili biti uključeni u njemu, u 3D. OK? Na taj način funkcioniše nervni sistem.
And so, if you have that gene, and you see a lot of violence in a certain situation, this is the recipe for disaster, absolute disaster. And what I think might happen in these areas of the world, where we have constant violence, you end up having generations of kids that are seeing all this violence. And if I was a young girl, somewhere in a violent area, you know, a 14 year old, and I want to find a mate, I'd find some tough guy, right, to protect me. Well what the problem is this tends to concentrate these genes. And now the boys and the girls get them. So I think after several generations, and here is the idea, we really have a tinderbox.
I ukoliko imate taj gen, i videli ste mnogo nasilja u određenim situacijama, to vam je recept za katastrofu, apsolutnu katastrofu. I ono što mislim da bi se moglo dogoditi u ovim delovima sveta u kojima je prisutno konstantno nasilje, jeste da završite za generacijama dece koja gledaju to nasilje. I, da sam ja devojčica, negde okružena nasiljem, znate, 14-godišnjakinja, i želim da nađem momka, tražila bih nekog opasnog tipa, da me zaštiti. I ono što predstavlja problem je da ovo teži koncentraciji ovih gena. I sada ih imaju i dečaci i devojčice. Dakle nakon nekoliko generacija - i evo je ideja- imamo "atomsku bombu".
So that was the idea. But then my mother said to me, "I hear you've been going around talking about psychopathic killers. And you're talking as if you come from a normal family." I said, "What the hell are you talking about?" She then told me about our own family tree. Now she blamed this on my father's side, of course. This was one of these cases, because she has no violence in her background, but my father did.
Dakle to je ideja. Ali onda mi je majka rekla "Čujem da pričaš naokolo o psihopatskih ubicama. I pričaš o tome kao da ti dolaziš iz normalne porodice." Ja sam odgovorio, " O čemu ti to pričaš?" Onda mi je ispričala o našem porodičnom stablu. Okrivila je očevu stranu, naravno. Ovo je bila jedna onih situacija, jer ona nije imala nasilnu prošlost. Ali moj otac jeste.
Well she said, "There is good news and bad news. One of your cousins is Ezra Cornell, founder of Cornell university. But the bad news is that your cousin is also Lizzie Borden.
Rekla je "Imam dobre i loše vesti. Jedna od tvojih rođaka je Ezra Kornel, osnivač Kornel univerziteta. Ali loše vesti su te da je tvoja rođaka i Lizi Borden."
Now I said, "Okay, so what? We have Lizzie."
Ja sam odgovorio "Ok, pa šta? Imamo Lizi."
She goes, "No it gets worse, read this book."
Ona je nastavila " Ne, postaje gore, pročitaj ovu knjigu."
And here is this "Killed Strangely," and it's this historical book. And the first murder of a mother by a son was my great-great-great-great-great-great-grandfather. Okay, so that's the first case of matricide. And that book is very interesting. Because it's about witch trials, and how people thought back then.
I evo je, "Čudno ubijena" i ona je istorijska knjiga. I prvo ubistvo majke od strane sina, bilo je od mog pra-pra-pra-pra-pra-pradede. Ok, dakle to je bio prvi slučaj ubistva majke. I knjiga je veoma zanimljiva. Zato što je o suđenjima vešticama i kako su ljudi tada razmišljali.
But it doesn't stop there. There were seven more men, on my father's side, starting then, Cornells, that were all murderers. Okay, now this gives one a little pause. (Laughter) Because my father himself, and my three uncles, in World War II, were all conscientious objectors, all pussycats. But every once in a while, like Lizzie Borden, like three times a century, and we're kind of due. (Laughter)
Ali tu nije kraj. Još sedmorica muškaraca, sa očeve strane, počevši tad, Kornelovi, su bili ubice. Ok, ovo zaslužuje malu pauzu. (Smeh) Zato što su moj otac i trojica mojih stričeva, u Drugom svetskom ratu, bili protivnici rata, mamine maze. Ali svako malo, nađe se slučaj kao Lizi Borden, npr. tri puta u veku, i onda smo "kvit". (Smeh)
So the moral of the story is: people in glass houses shouldn't throw stones. But more likely is this. (Laughter) And we had to take action. Now our kids found out about it. And they all seemed to be OK. But our grandkids are going to be kind of concerned here. So what we've done is I've started to do PET scans of everybody in the family. (Laughter) We started to do PET scans, EEGs and genetic analysis to see where the bad news is. Now the only person -- it turns out one son and one daughter, siblings, didn't get along and their patterns are exactly the same. They have the same brain, and the same EEG. And now they are close as can be. But there's gonna be bad news somewhere. And we don't know where it's going to pop up. So that's my talk. (Laughter)
Dakle, pouka ove priče je: ljudi u staklenim kućama ne bi trebalo da bacaju kamenje. Ali više je onih koji to rade. (Smeh) I mi moramo da preuzmemo akciju. Jer su naša deca saznala za ovo i čini se da im je to u redu. Ali će naši unuci biti zabrinuti. Zato sam počeo da radim PET snimke svih u porodici. (Smeh) Počeli smo da radimo PET skeniranja, EEG i genetičke analize da vidimo gde leže loše vesti. Sad, jedna osoba -- ustvari jedan sin i jedna ćerka, rođeni brat i sestra se nisu slagali. A njihovi obrazci su potpuno isti. Imaju isti mozak, isti EEG. I sada su najbliži koiko mogu biti. Ali, negde će biti loših vesti. I mi ne znamo gde će se one pojaviti. Dakle, ovo je moj govor. (Smeh)