I'm a neuroscientist, a professor at the University of California. And over the past 35 years, I've studied behavior on the basis of everything from genes through neurotransmitters, dopamine, things like that, all the way through circuit analysis. So that's what I normally do. But then, for some reason, I got into something else, just recently. And it all grew out of one of my colleagues asking me to analyze a bunch of brains of psychopathic killers.
Olen neuroteadlane, California Ülikooli professor. ja viimased 35 aastat olen uurinud käitumist toetudes kõigele alates geenidest, neurotransmitteritest, dopamiinist ja sellistest asjadest kuni vooluringi analüüsini välja. See on siis see, millega tavaliselt tegelen. Kuid mingil põhjusel sattusin ma hiljuti tegelema millegi muuga ja seda seetõttu, et üks kolleeg palus mul analüüsida hulka ajusid: psühhopaatidest tapjate omasid.
And so this would be the typical talk I would give. And the question is, "How do you end up with a psychopathic killer?" What I mean by psychopathic killer are these people, these types of people. And so some of the brains that I've studied are people you know about. When I get the brains I don't know what I'm looking at. It's blind experiments. They also gave me normal people and everything.
Ja selline oleks siis minu tüüpiline kõne. Ja küsimus on: "Kuidas sinust kujuneb psühhopaadist tapja?" Psühhopaadist mõrtsuka all mõtlen ma seda tüüpi inimesi. Ja mõned minu uuritud ajudest kuuluvad inimestele, kellest te kuulnud olete. Kui ma saan need ajud, siis ma ei tea, mida ma otsin. Need olid pimekatsed. Nad andsid mulle ka normaalsete inimeste ajusid ja puha.
So I've looked at about 70 of these. And what came up was a number of pieces of data. So we look at these sorts of things theoretically, on the basis of genetics, and brain damage, and interaction with environment, and exactly how that machine works. So we're interested in exactly where in the brain, and what's the most important part of the brain. So we've been looking at this: the interaction of genes, what's called epigenetic effects, brain damage, and environment, and how these are tied together. And how you end up with a psychopath, and a killer, depends on exactly when the damage occurs. It's really a very precisely timed thing. You get different kinds of psychopaths.
Niisiis ma olen uurinud umbes 70-t sellist. Ja välja tuli hulk infokilde. Seega me vaatleme selliseid asju teoreetiliselt võttes aluseks geneetika ja ajukahjustuse ja interaktsiooni keskkonnaga ning arusaamad kuidas selline masinavärk töötab. Seega meid huvitas, kus otsitav täpselt ajus asub ja milline aju osa on kõige olulisem. Niisiis me oleme seda asja uurinud. Geenide interaktsioon, mida kutsutakse epigeneetilisteks efektideks, ajukahjustus ja keskkond ja kuidas need omavahel seotud on. Ja kuidas sinust tekib psühhopaat ja tapja, sõltub sellest, millal täpselt kahjustus aset leiab. See on tõesti väga täpselt ajastatud asi. Tekivad erisugused psühhopaadid.
So we're going along with this. And here's, just to give you the pattern. The pattern is that those people, every one of them I looked at, who was a murderer, and was a serial killer, had damage to their orbital cortex, which is right above the eyes, the orbits, and also the interior part of the temporal lobe. So there is the pattern that every one of them had, but they all were a little different too. They had other sorts of brain damage. A key thing is that the major violence genes, it's called the MAO-A gene.
Sellega me jätkame. Ja see siin, lihtsalt, et tekiks muster. Seaduspärasus seisneb selles, et kõigil neil inimestel, keda olen vaadelnud, kes olid tapjad, olid sarimõrvarid, on ajukoor kahjustunud silmade kohalt, silmakoobastes, ja samuti oimusagara sisemises osas. Selline on siis muster, mis oli neil kõigil sarnane kuid samas olid kõik veidi erinevad ka. Neil olid erinevad ajukahjustused. Võtmeks on peamiste vägivallageenide mõju nagu MAO-A geen.
And there is a variant of this gene that is in the normal population. Some of you have this. And it's sex-linked. It's on the X chromosome. And so in this way you can only get it from your mother. And in fact this is probably why mostly men, boys, are psychopathic killers, or are very aggressive. Because a daughter can get one X from the father, one X from the mother, it's kind of diluted out. But for a son, he can only get the X chromosome from his mother.
Ja siin on üks vorm sellest geenist, mis esineb normpopulatsioonis. Mõnedel teistki on see olemas. Ja see on sooga seotud. See sisaldub X kromosoomis. Ja seega võid sa selle saada vaid oma emalt. Ja see seletab tõenäoliselt, miks enamasti on just mehed psühhopaatseteks tapjateks, või on väga agressiivsed. Sest tütar saab ühe X oma isalt, ja teise X-i oma emalt, seega selle mõju lahjeneb. Aga poeg, saab X kromosoomi vaid oma emalt.
So this is how it's passed from mother to son. And it has to do with too much brain serotonin during development, which is kind of interesting because serotonin is supposed to make you calm and relaxed. But if you have this gene, in utero your brain is bathed in this, so your whole brain becomes insensitive to serotonin, so it doesn't work later on in life.
Nii siis antakse see emalt pojale. Ja sellel on seos liigse serotoniini hulgaga ajus arengu kestel. Mis on omamoodi põnev, sest serotoniin peaks su tegema rahulikuks ja lõdvestunuks. Kuid kui sul on see geen, siis emakas olles su aju supleb selles. Niisiis aju muutub serotoniini suhtes tundetuks. Seega hiljem see elus enam ei tööta.
And I'd given this one talk in Israel, just this past year. And it does have some consequences. Theoretically what this means is that in order to express this gene, in a violent way, very early on, before puberty, you have to be involved in something that is really traumatic -- not a little stress, not being spanked or something, but really seeing violence, or being involved in it, in 3D. Right? That's how the mirror neuron system works.
Pidasin Iisraelis ühe kõne alles möödunud aastal ja sel on mõningad tagajärjed. Teoreetiliselt tähendab see, et selleks, et geen avalduks vägivaldsena, peab varases eas, enne puberteedi algust kogema midagi tõeliselt traumeerivat, mitte väikest stressi, laksu saamist või midagi sellist. Vaid tõesti vägivalda nägema, või sellesse lausa kaasatud olema, nagu 3D. Onju? Niimoodi peegelneuronite süsteem töötabki.
And so, if you have that gene, and you see a lot of violence in a certain situation, this is the recipe for disaster, absolute disaster. And what I think might happen in these areas of the world, where we have constant violence, you end up having generations of kids that are seeing all this violence. And if I was a young girl, somewhere in a violent area, you know, a 14 year old, and I want to find a mate, I'd find some tough guy, right, to protect me. Well what the problem is this tends to concentrate these genes. And now the boys and the girls get them. So I think after several generations, and here is the idea, we really have a tinderbox.
Ja seega kui sul on see geen, ja sa näed palju vägivalda mingis kindlas situatsioonis, siis see on katastroofi, täieliku katastroofi retsept. Ja minu meelest võib juhtuda, et nendes maailmapiirkondades, kus on pidev vägivald, kasvab üles terve generatsioon lapsi kes näevad kogu seda vägivalda. Ja kui ma oleksin noor tütarlaps kuskil vägivallapiirkonnas, teate, 14-aastane, ja tahaksin leida kaaslast, otsiksin ma mingi kõva kuti, eks, et see mind kaitseks. Kuid probleem on selles, et sellises olukorras kipuvad need geenid konsentreeruma. Ja nüüd poisid ja tüdrukud saavad need. Seega ma arvan, et peale mitut põlve, idee on selline, et meil on tegemist tõelise aegpommiga.
So that was the idea. But then my mother said to me, "I hear you've been going around talking about psychopathic killers. And you're talking as if you come from a normal family." I said, "What the hell are you talking about?" She then told me about our own family tree. Now she blamed this on my father's side, of course. This was one of these cases, because she has no violence in her background, but my father did.
Selline oli siis see idee. Kuid siis ütles mu ema mulle, "Ma kuulsin, et sa käid ringi ja räägid psühhopaatidest tapjatest. Ja sa räägid nagu sina tuleksid normaalsest perest." Ma vastasin, "Millest sa põrgu päralt räägid?" Ta rääkis mulle siis meie enda sugupuust. Ta süüdistas loomulikult isapoolset suguvõsa. See oli ka selline juhtum, kuna tema taustas vägivald puudus. Kuid mu isa omas oli.
Well she said, "There is good news and bad news. One of your cousins is Ezra Cornell, founder of Cornell university. But the bad news is that your cousin is also Lizzie Borden.
Seega ta ütles," Mul on head ja halvad uudised, Üheks sinu nõbuks on Ezra Cornell, Cornelli ülikooli asutaja, kuid halb uudis on see, et sinu nõbuks on ka Lizzi Borden.
Now I said, "Okay, so what? We have Lizzie."
Nüüd ma vastasin;" Okei, ja siis? Meil on Lizzi."
She goes, "No it gets worse, read this book."
Ta jätkas, " Ei, see läheb hullemaks, loe seda raamatut."
And here is this "Killed Strangely," and it's this historical book. And the first murder of a mother by a son was my great-great-great-great-great-great-grandfather. Okay, so that's the first case of matricide. And that book is very interesting. Because it's about witch trials, and how people thought back then.
Ja seal see oli, "Kummaliselt mõrvatud," ja see on ajalooline raamat. Ja esimene mõrtsukas, poeg, kes tappis oma ema, oli minu vana-vana-vana-vana-vana-vanaisa. Okei, see oli siis esimene ematapp. Ja see raamat on väga huvitav. Sest see on nõiaprotsessidest, ja sellest, kuidas inimesed tol ajal mõtlesid.
But it doesn't stop there. There were seven more men, on my father's side, starting then, Cornells, that were all murderers. Okay, now this gives one a little pause. (Laughter) Because my father himself, and my three uncles, in World War II, were all conscientious objectors, all pussycats. But every once in a while, like Lizzie Borden, like three times a century, and we're kind of due. (Laughter)
Kuid see ei lõpe sellega. Oli veel seitse meest minu isapoolsest suguvõsast, alates sellest ajast, Cornellid, kes kõik olid mõrtsukad. Noh, see väärib küll pausi. (naer) Sest minu isa, ja mu kolm onu, olid Teises Maailmasõja ajal kõik väeteenistusest keeldujad, süleloomakesed. Kuid aeg-ajalt ikka juhtub, nagu Lizzie Borden, umbes kolm korda sajandis, ja me olemegi kohe sellised. (naer)
So the moral of the story is: people in glass houses shouldn't throw stones. But more likely is this. (Laughter) And we had to take action. Now our kids found out about it. And they all seemed to be OK. But our grandkids are going to be kind of concerned here. So what we've done is I've started to do PET scans of everybody in the family. (Laughter) We started to do PET scans, EEGs and genetic analysis to see where the bad news is. Now the only person -- it turns out one son and one daughter, siblings, didn't get along and their patterns are exactly the same. They have the same brain, and the same EEG. And now they are close as can be. But there's gonna be bad news somewhere. And we don't know where it's going to pop up. So that's my talk. (Laughter)
Seega loo moraal on: inimesed klaasmajades ei tohiks kive loopida. Kuid tõenäolisem on see: (naer) Me pidime tegutsema. Nüüd said meie lapsed sellest teada. Ja nad kõik tundusid OK. Kuid meie lapselapsi teeb see veidi murelikuks. Seega ma asusin tegema PET skaneeringuid kõigile oma pereliikmetele. (naer) Me asusime tegema PET skaneeringuid, EEG-sid ja geenianalüüse et näha, kus kohast halb uudis tulemas on. Ainsad inimesed, nagu välja tuli üks poeg, üks tütar, õde-venda, ei saanud omavahel läbi. Ja nende mustrid on täpselt ühesugused. Neil on sarnane aju ja sarnane EEG. Aga nüüd on nad nii lähedased kui olla saab. Kuid kuskil saab see halb uudis olema ja me ei tea, kust see äkki välja ilmub. Selline oli siis minu ettekanne. naer.