If I could reveal anything that is hidden from us, at least in modern cultures, it would be to reveal something that we've forgotten, that we used to know as well as we knew our own names. And that is that we live in a competent universe, that we are part of a brilliant planet, and that we are surrounded by genius.
Ako bih mogla da otkrijem bilo šta sakriveno od nas, barem u modernim kulturama, bilo bi to nešto što smo zaboravili, nešto što smo znali jasno kao što znamo sopstvena imena. A to je da živimo u sposobnom univerzumu, da smo deo izvanredne planete. I da smo okruženi genijalnošću.
Biomimicry is a new discipline that tries to learn from those geniuses, and take advice from them, design advice. That's where I live, and it's my university as well. I'm surrounded by genius. I cannot help but remember the organisms and the ecosystems that know how to live here gracefully on this planet. This is what I would tell you to remember if you ever forget this again. Remember this. This is what happens every year. This is what keeps its promise. While we're doing bailouts, this is what happened. Spring.
Biomimikrija je nova disciplina koja pokušava da uči od te genijalnosti i da prima savete od nje, savete o dizajnu. Tu ja živim. I to je takođe moj univerzitet. Okružena sam genijalnošću. Ne mogu a da se ne setim organizama i ekosistema koji znaju kako da žive graciozno na ovoj planeti. Ovo vam savetujem da zapamtite ako ikada ovo opet zaboravite. Zapamtite ovo. Ovo se dešava svake godine. Ovo uvek održi obećanje. Dok smo mi zauzeti finansijskim problemima, ovo se dešava. Proleće.
Imagine designing spring. Imagine that orchestration. You think TED is hard to organize. (Laughter) Right? Imagine, and if you haven't done this in a while, do. Imagine the timing, the coordination, all without top-down laws, or policies, or climate change protocols. This happens every year. There is lots of showing off. There is lots of love in the air. There's lots of grand openings. And the organisms, I promise you, have all of their priorities in order.
Zamislite da dizajnirate proleće. Zamislite tu organizaciju. Vi mislite da je teško organizovati TED. (Smeh) Zar ne? Zamislite, i ako to niste skoro radili, zamislite. Zamislite, vremensko usklađivanje, koordinaciju, sve bez hijerarhijskih zakona, ili načela, ili protokola o promeni klime. Ovo se dešava svake godine. Ima mnogo hvalisanja. Mnogo ljubavi u vazduhu. Puno velikih otvaranja. A organizmi, garantujem vam, imaju tačno određene prioritete.
I have this neighbor that keeps me in touch with this, because he's living, usually on his back, looking up at those grasses. And one time he came up to me -- he was about seven or eight years old -- he came up to me. And there was a wasp's nest that I had let grow in my yard, right outside my door. And most people knock them down when they're small. But it was fascinating to me, because I was looking at this sort of fine Italian end papers. And he came up to me and he knocked. He would come every day with something to show me. And like, knock like a woodpecker on my door until I opened it up. And he asked me how I had made the house for those wasps, because he had never seen one this big. And I told him, "You know, Cody, the wasps actually made that." And we looked at it together. And I could see why he thought, you know -- it was so beautifully done. It was so architectural. It was so precise.
Imam suseda koji me održava u vezi sa tim. Zato što obično provodi vreme na leđima, gledajući u to zelenilo. I jednom je došao do mene, imao je oko sedam ili osam godina. Bilo je jedno osinje gnezdo koje mi je raslo u dvorištu odmah ispred vrata. Većina ljudi ih poruši dok su mala. Ali meni je bilo fascinantno. Jer kao da sam gledala kvalitetnu vrstu italijanskog papira. I on je došao i pokucao. Svaki dan bi došao da mi nešto pokaže i kucao kao detlić dok ne bih otvorila vrata. I pitao me je kako sam napravila kuću za te ose. Jer nikada nije video toliki osinjak. I rekla sam mu: Znaš, Kodi, ose su ga zapravo napravile." I gledali smo je zajedno. I shvatila sam zašto je to pomislio, bila je predivno urađena. Tako arhitektonski. Tako precizno.
But it occurred to me, how in his small life had he already believed the myth that if something was that well done, that we must have done it. How did he not know -- it's what we've all forgotten -- that we're not the first ones to build. We're not the first ones to process cellulose. We're not the first ones to make paper. We're not the first ones to try to optimize packing space, or to waterproof, or to try to heat and cool a structure. We're not the first ones to build houses for our young.
I sinulo mi je, kako je on tako rano već poverovao u mit da ako je nešto tako dobro urađeno, mora da smo ga mi uradili. Kako nije znao, to je ono što smo svi zaboravili, da mi nismo prvi koji su gradili. Nismo prvi koji obrađuju celulozu. Nismo prvi koji prave papir. Niti prvi koji pokušavaju da što bolje iskoriste prostor, ili da zaštite od vode, ili greju i hlade strukturu. Nismo prvi koji grade kuće za svoju decu.
What's happening now, in this field called biomimicry, is that people are beginning to remember that organisms, other organisms, the rest of the natural world, are doing things very similar to what we need to do. But in fact they are doing them in a way that have allowed them to live gracefully on this planet for billions of years. So these people, biomimics, are nature's apprentices. And they're focusing on function. What I'd like to do is show you a few of the things that they're learning. They have asked themselves, "What if, every time I started to invent something, I asked, 'How would nature solve this?'"
Ono što se sada dešava u biomimikriji, jeste da ljudi počinju da se sećaju da organizmi, drugi organizmi ostatak prirodnog sveta, rade vrlo slične stvari onima koje bi mi trebalo da radimo. Ali zapravo to čine time što žive graciozno na ovoj planeti milijardama godina. Tako da su ti ljudi, biomimičari, šegrti prirode. I fokusiraju se na funkcionalnost. Sada bih vam pokazala par stvari koje oni uče. Zapitali su se: Šta ako se, svaki put kad počnem da smišljam nešto, zapitam, "Kako bi priroda rešila ovo?""
And here is what they're learning. This is an amazing picture from a Czech photographer named Jack Hedley. This is a story about an engineer at J.R. West. They're the people who make the bullet train. It was called the bullet train because it was rounded in front, but every time it went into a tunnel it would build up a pressure wave, and then it would create like a sonic boom when it exited. So the engineer's boss said, "Find a way to quiet this train."
I evo šta oni uče. Ovo je sjajna slika češkog fotografa, Džeka Hedlija. Ovo je priča o inženjeru iz JR Vest-a. To su ljudi koji prave voz-metak. Tako su ga nazvali jer je zaobljen spreda. Ali, svaki put kada je ušao u tunel on je stvarao pritisak. A po njegovom izlasku, nastajao bi zvučni udar. Tako da je šef rekao inženjeru: "Smisli kako da utišaš voz."
He happened to be a birder. He went to the equivalent of an Audubon Society meeting. And he studied -- there was a film about king fishers. And he thought to himself, "They go from one density of medium, the air, into another density of medium, water, without a splash. Look at this picture. Without a splash, so they can see the fish. And he thought, "What if we do this?" Quieted the train. Made it go 10 percent faster on 15 percent less electricity.
Ispostavilo se da je on ljubitelj ptica. Otišao je na sastanak ljubitelja ptica. I učio je, video je film o vodomarima. I pomislio je: "Oni se kreću iz sredine sa jednom gustinom - vazduha, u sredinu sa drugom gustinom - vodu, bez prskanja." Pogledajte sliku. Nema prskanja i mogu da vide ribu. I pomislio je: "Šta ako mi uradimo ovo?" Utišao je voz. Išao je 10% brže, koristeći 15% manje struje.
How does nature repel bacteria? We're not the first ones to have to protect ourselves from some bacteria. Turns out that -- this is a Galapagos Shark. It has no bacteria on its surface, no fouling on its surface, no barnacles. And it's not because it goes fast. It actually basks. It's a slow-moving shark. So how does it keep its body free of bacteria build-up? It doesn't do it with a chemical. It does it, it turns out, with the same denticles that you had on Speedo bathing suits, that broke all those records in the Olympics,
Kako priroda odbija bakterjie? Nismo prvi koji moraju da se brane od bakterija. Ispostavlja se - ovo je ajkula sa Galapagosa. Nema bakterija na telu, nema prljavštine, nema parazita. I ne zato što se kreće brzo. Ona se zapravo kreće sporo, to je spora ajkula. Pa, kako nema naslaga bakterija na njenom telu? Ne radi to pomoću hemikalije. U stvari, radi to pomoću istih nabora koji su na plivačkoj opremi marke "Spido", koja su oborila rekorde na Olimpijskim igrama.
but it's a particular kind of pattern. And that pattern, the architecture of that pattern on its skin denticles keep bacteria from being able to land and adhere. There is a company called Sharklet Technologies that's now putting this on the surfaces in hospitals to keep bacteria from landing, which is better than dousing it with anti-bacterials or harsh cleansers that many, many organisms are now becoming drug resistant. Hospital-acquired infections are now killing more people every year in the United States than die from AIDS or cancer or car accidents combined -- about 100,000.
Ali stvar je u određenom šablonu. I taj šablon, njegova arhitektura na tim kožnim naborima sprečava bakterije da se spuste i zadrže. Postoji kompanija "Šarklet Tehnolodžiz" koja te šablone stavlja na površine u bolnicama kako bi odbili bakterije. Što je bolje nego da ih ribaju antibakterijskim, jakim hemikalijama na koje mnogi organizmi sada postaju imuni. Infekcije nastale u bolnicama svake godine ubiju više ljudi u SAD-u nego SIDA, rak i automobilske nesreće zajedno. Oko sto hiljada.
This is a little critter that's in the Namibian desert. It has no fresh water that it's able to drink, but it drinks water out of fog. It's got bumps on the back of its wing covers. And those bumps act like a magnet for water. They have water-loving tips, and waxy sides. And the fog comes in and it builds up on the tips. And it goes down the sides and goes into the critter's mouth. There is actually a scientist here at Oxford who studied this, Andrew Parker. And now kinetic and architectural firms like Grimshaw are starting to look at this as a way of coating buildings so that they gather water from the fog. 10 times better than our fog-catching nets.
Ova životinjica živi u Namibijskoj pustinji. Nema sveže vode za piće. Ali pije vodu iz magle. Ima izbočine na omotačim krila. I te izbočine su kao magneti za vodu. Imaju vrhove pogodne za vodu i strane premazane voskom. I magla se skuplja na tim vrhovima. I sliva se niz strane u usta. Zapravo, jedan naučnik ovde u Oksfordu proučava ovo. Endru Parker. I sada kinetičke i arhitektonske firme kao što je Grimšo počinju da vide to kao način oblaganja zgrada tako da skupljaju vodu iz magle. Deset puta bolje od mreža za skupljanje magle.
CO2 as a building block. Organisms don't think of CO2 as a poison. Plants and organisms that make shells, coral, think of it as a building block. There is now a cement manufacturing company starting in the United States called Calera. They've borrowed the recipe from the coral reef, and they're using CO2 as a building block in cement, in concrete. Instead of -- cement usually emits a ton of CO2 for every ton of cement. Now it's reversing that equation, and actually sequestering half a ton of CO2 thanks to the recipe from the coral.
Ugljen-dioksid kao gradivni element. Organizmi ne smatraju ugljen-dioksid otrovom. Biljkama i organizmima koji formiraju školjke, korale, to je gradivni element. Postoji jedna cementara pokrenuta u SAD-u, zove se "Klara". Pozajmili su recept od koralnih grebena. I koriste ugljen-dioksid kao gradivni element u cementu i betonu. Cement obično emituje tonu ugljen-dioksida na svaku tonu cementa. Sada se ta jednačina preokreće i oduzima pola tone ugljen-dioksida zahvaljujući receptu od korala.
None of these are using the organisms. They're really only using the blueprints or the recipes from the organisms. How does nature gather the sun's energy? This is a new kind of solar cell that's based on how a leaf works. It's self-assembling. It can be put down on any substrate whatsoever. It's extremely inexpensive and rechargeable every five years. It's actually a company a company that I'm involved in called OneSun, with Paul Hawken.
Niko od njih ne koristi organizme. U stvari koriste samo nacrte ili recepte od organizama. Kako priroda skuplja solarnu energiju? Ovo je nova vrsta solarne ćelije zasnovana na principu lista. Sama se stvara. Može se staviti na bilo kakvu podlogu. Veoma je jeftina i puni se svakih pet godina. To je zapravo kompanija "Uansan" u kojoj ja radim sa Polom Hokenom.
There are many many ways that nature filters water that takes salt out of water. We take water and push it against a membrane. And then we wonder why the membrane clogs and why it takes so much electricity. Nature does something much more elegant. And it's in every cell. Every red blood cell of your body right now has these hourglass-shaped pores called aquaporins. They actually export water molecules through. It's kind of a forward osmosis. They export water molecules through, and leave solutes on the other side. A company called Aquaporin is starting to make desalination membranes mimicking this technology.
Priroda filtrira vodu na razne načine i izbacuje so iz vode. Mi vodu propuštamo kroz membranu. I onda se pitamo zašto se membrana zapuši i zašto troši puno struje. Priroda to radi mnogo elegantnije. I to u svakoj ćeliji. U svakom crvenom krvnom zrncu u vašem telu nalaze se pore u obliku peščanog sata, zovu se akvaporini. Oni sprovode molekule vode. To je vrsta napredne osmoze. Ekstraktuju molekule vode i ostavljaju rastvorljive materije sa druge strane. Kompanija "Akvaporin" počinje da pravi membrane za desalinizaciju zasnovane na toj tehnologiji.
Trees and bones are constantly reforming themselves along lines of stress. This algorithm has been put into a software program that's now being used to make bridges lightweight, to make building beams lightweight. Actually G.M. Opel used it to create that skeleton you see, in what's called their bionic car. It lightweighted that skeleton using a minimum amount of material, as an organism must, for the maximum amount of strength.
Drveće i kosti se stalno obnavljaju na području oštećenja. Ovaj algoritam je ubačen u softverski program koji se koristi u pravljenju lakih mostova, lakih potpornih stubova. "G.M. Opel" to koristi za pravljenje okvira koji vidite, u njihovim takozvanim bioničkim autima. Olakšali su okvir uz minimalnu potrošnju materijala, kao što to organizam radi, za maksimalnu snagu.
This beetle, unlike this chip bag here, this beetle uses one material, chitin. And it finds many many ways to put many functions into it. It's waterproof. It's strong and resilient. It's breathable. It creates color through structure. Whereas that chip bag has about seven layers to do all of those things. One of our major inventions that we need to be able to do to come even close to what these organisms can do is to find a way to minimize the amount of material, the kind of material we use, and to add design to it. We use five polymers in the natural world to do everything that you see. In our world we use about 350 polymers to make all this.
Ovaj insekt, za razliku od ove kesice čipsa, ovaj insekt koristi jedan materijal zvani hitin. I pronalazi mnogo mnogo načina da ga primeni. Vodootporan je. Jak je i otporan. Propušta vazduh. Stvara boju kroz strukturu. Dok kesica čipsa koristi oko sedam slojeva za to. Jedan od naših najvećih izuma koji moramo da osmislimo kako bismo se bar približili tim organizmima, jeste da nađemo način da smanjimo količinu materijala, vrste materijala koje koristimo i dodamo im dizajn. Koristimo pet polimera u prirodnom svetu da napravimo sve što vidite. U našem svetu koristimo oko 350 polimera da napravimo sve ovo.
Nature is nano. Nanotechnology, nanoparticles, you hear a lot of worry about this. Loose nanoparticles. What is really interesting to me is that not many people have been asking, "How can we consult nature about how to make nanotechnology safe?" Nature has been doing that for a long time. Embedding nanoparticles in a material for instance, always. In fact, sulfur-reducing bacteria, as part of their synthesis, they will emit, as a byproduct, nanoparticles into the water. But then right after that, they emit a protein that actually gathers and aggregates those nanoparticles so that they fall out of solution.
Priroda je na nano nivou. Nanotehnologija, nanočestice, dosta se brine o tome. Slobodne nanočestice. Meni je veoma zanimljivo to što se ne mnogo ljudi ne pitaju, "Kako da od prirode saznamo tajnu sigurne nanotehnologije?" Priroda to radi već dugo. Na primer, uvek oblaže materijale nanočesticama. U stvari, bakterije koje smanjuju količinu sumpora kao deo njihove sinteze, emitovaće, kao nusproizvod, nanočestice u vodu. Ali odmah posle toga emituju proteine koji skupljaju i gomilaju te nanočestice tako da izađu iz rastvora.
Energy use. Organisms sip energy, because they have to work or barter for every single bit that they get. And one of the largest fields right now, in the world of energy grids, you hear about the smart grid. One of the largest consultants are the social insects. Swarm technology. There is a company called Regen. They are looking at how ants and bees find their food and their flowers in the most effective way as a whole hive. And they're having appliances in your home talk to one another through that algorithm, and determine how to minimize peak power use.
Upotreba energije. Organizmi malo troše energiju. Zato što moraju da zarade ili uštede svaki delić koji dobiju. I jedno od trenutno najvećih polja, u svetu energetskih mreža, čujete o pametnoj mreži. Jedan od najvećih stručnjaka su društveni insekti. Tehnologija roja. Kompanija "Regen" istražuje kako mravi i pčele nalaze hranu i cveće na najefikasniji način kao cela košnica. I oni čine da uređaji u vašim domovima pričaju međusobno putem tog algoritma, i određuju kako da smanje upotrebu struje.
There's a group of scientists in Cornell that are making what they call a synthetic tree, because they are saying, "There is no pump at the bottom of a tree." It's capillary action and transpiration pulls water up, a drop at a time, pulling it, releasing it from a leaf and pulling it up through the roots. And they're creating -- you can think of it as a kind of wallpaper. They're thinking about putting it on the insides of buildings to move water up without pumps.
Grupa naučnika na "Kornelu" pravi sintetičko drvo. Oni kažu: "Nema pumpe na dnu drveta." Njegova kapilarna aktivnost i isparavanje vuku vodu nagore, kap po kap, oslobađajući je od lista i vukući je naviše kroz korenje. I stvaraju - zamislite to kao tapetu. Razmišljaju da to stave u unutrašnost zgrada da bi vodu podigli bez pumpi.
Amazon electric eel -- incredibly endangered, some of these species -- create 600 volts of electricity with the chemicals that are in your body. Even more interesting to me is that 600 volts doesn't fry it. You know we use PVC, and we sheath wires with PVC for insulation. These organisms, how are they insulating against their own electric charge? These are some questions that we've yet to ask.
Amazonska električna jegulja. Izuzetno ugrožena, neke od tih vrsta, stvore 600 volti struje sa hemikalijama koje postoje i u našim telima. Meni je još zanimljivije to što je 600 volti ne sprži. Znate da koristimo PVC. I oblažemo žice PVC-om radi izolacije. Kako se ovi organizmi izoluju od sopstvenog električnog naboja? To su pitanja koja tek treba da postavimo.
Here's a wind turbine manufacturer that went to a whale. Humpback whale has scalloped edges on its flippers. And those scalloped edges play with flow in such a way that is reduces drag by 32 percent. These wind turbines can rotate in incredibly slow windspeeds, as a result.
Evo proizvođača turbina na vetar koji se ugleda na kita. Grbavi kit ima izrezane ivice na perajima. I te ivice smanjuju otpor protoka vode za 32%. Kao rezultat toga, ove turbine na vetar se okreću na izuzetno slabim brzinama vetra.
MIT just has a new radio chip that uses far less power than our chips. And it's based on the cochlear of your ear, able to pick up internet, wireless, television signals and radio signals, in the same chip. Finally, on an ecosystem scale.
"MIT" je upravo razvio novi radio čip koji zahteva mnogo manje snage nego naši čipovi. Zasnovan je na pužu u vašem uhu i može da prima internet, bežične i televizijske signale i radio signale, sve u jednom čipu. Konačno, nivo ekosistema.
At Biomimicry Guild, which is my consulting company, we work with HOK Architects. We're looking at building whole cities in their planning department. And what we're saying is that, shouldn't our cities do at least as well, in terms of ecosystem services, as the native systems that they replace? So we're creating something called Ecological Performance Standards that hold cities to this higher bar.
U mojoj kompaniji za konsalting, "Biomimikri Gild", sarađujemo sa arhitektama iz "HOK"-a, razmatramo izgradnju čitavih gradova, u njihovom odeljenju za planiranje. I pitamo se, zar ne bi trebalo da su naši gradovi barem jednako efikasni na nivou usluga ekosistema, kao i prvobitni sistemi koje su zamenili? Tako da stvaramo Standarde za ekološko delovanje, koji obavezuju gradove na bolji učinak.
The question is -- biomimicry is an incredibly powerful way to innovate. The question I would ask is, "What's worth solving?" If you haven't seen this, it's pretty amazing. Dr. Adam Neiman. This is a depiction of all of the water on Earth in relation to the volume of the Earth -- all the ice, all the fresh water, all the sea water -- and all the atmosphere that we can breathe, in relation to the volume of the Earth. And inside those balls life, over 3.8 billion years, has made a lush, livable place for us.
Biomimikrija je izuzetno moćan način za inovaciju. Moje pitanje je, " Šta je vredno rešavanja?" Ako niste videli ovo, zaista je neverovatno. Dr Adam Niman. Ovo je prikaz svih voda na Zemlji u odnosu na zapreminu Zemlje, svog leda, svih slatkih voda, svih slanih voda, i celokupne atmosfere u kojoj možemo da dišemo, u odnosu na zapreminu Zemlje. I unutar tih kugli život je, tokom 3,8 milijardi godina, stvorio plodno, pogodno mesto za nas.
And we are in a long, long line of organisms to come to this planet and ask ourselves, "How can we live here gracefully over the long haul?" How can we do what life has learned to do? Which is to create conditions conducive to life. Now in order to do this, the design challenge of our century, I think, we need a way to remind ourselves of those geniuses, and to somehow meet them again.
I mi smo u dugom nizu organizama koji su se nastanili na ovoj planeti, i pitamo se, "Kako možemo živeti ovde graciozno i dugovečno?" Kako možemo uraditi ono što je život naučio da radi? A to je da stvori uslove povoljne za život. Kako bismo to uradili, dizajnerski problem veka, rekla bih, je da moramo naći način da se podsećamo tih genijalnosti, i nekako ih ponovo dostignemo.
One of the big ideas, one of the big projects I've been honored to work on is a new website. And I would encourage you all to please go to it. It's called AskNature.org. And what we're trying to do, in a TEDesque way, is to organize all biological information by design and engineering function.
Jedna od velikih ideja, velikih projekata na kojima imam čast da radim je nova internet stranica. I preporučila bih vam da je posetite. Zove se " AskNature.org". Mi pokušavamo, kao što to TED radi, da organizujemo sve biološke informacije po dizajnerskim i inženjerskim funkcijama.
And we're working with EOL, Encyclopedia of Life, Ed Wilson's TED wish. And he's gathering all biological information on one website. And the scientists who are contributing to EOL are answering a question, "What can we learn from this organism?" And that information will go into AskNature.org. And hopefully, any inventor, anywhere in the world, will be able, in the moment of creation, to type in, "How does nature remove salt from water?" And up will come mangroves, and sea turtles and your own kidneys.
I sarađujemo sa "EOL"-om, Enciklopedijom života, TED želja Eda Vilsona. I on sakuplja sve biološke informacije na jednoj internet stranici. I naučnici koji doprinose "EOL"-u odgovaraju na pitanje. "Šta možemo naučiti od ovih organizama?" I te informacije će biti na stranici AskNature.org I nadamo se da će, bilo koji pronalazač, bilo gde na svetu, moći, da u trenutku stvaranja, iskuca: "Kako priroda izdvaja so iz vode?" I iskočiće mangrov i morske kornjače i vaši bubrezi.
And we'll begin to be able to do as Cody does, and actually be in touch with these incredible models, these elders that have been here far, far longer than we have. And hopefully, with their help, we'll learn how to live on this Earth, and on this home that is ours, but not ours alone. Thank you very much. (Applause)
I postaćemo sposobni da kao Kodi budemo u dodiru sa svim tim neverovatnim modelima, tim prethodnicima koji su ovde mnogo duže od nas. I nadamo se da ćemo uz njihovu pomoć, naučiti da živimo na ovoj planeti i u ovom domu koji je naš, ali ne i samo naš. Mnogo vam hvala. (Aplauz)