He tingut el ditingit plaer de viure dins dues biosferes. Naturalment, tots els que estem ara en aquesta sala vivim a la Biosfera 1. Però jo també he viscut a la Biosfera 2 I el que és meravellós de tot plegat és que he pogut comparar biosferes. I n'he pogut aprendre alguna cosa.
I have had the distinct pleasure of living inside two biospheres. Of course we all here in this room live in Biosphere 1. I've also lived in Biosphere 2. And the wonderful thing about that is that I get to compare biospheres. And hopefully from that I get to learn something.
I què he après? Bé, Aquí em teniu a la Biosfera 2, fent una pizza. Per tant, he hagut de conrear el blat per poder fer la massa. I després, naturalment, munyir les cabres i donar-les de menjar per poder fer el formatge Em va portar quatre mesos fer una pizza a la Biosfera 2. Aquí, a la Biosfera 1, bé, m'hauria portat dos minuts. Ja que hagués agafat el telèfon, hauria trucat i hauria dit: "Ei, que porteu pizzes a domicili?"
So what did I learn? Well, here I am inside Biosphere 2, making a pizza. So I am harvesting the wheat, in order to make the dough. And then of course I have to milk the goats and feed the goats in order to make the cheese. It took me four months in Biosphere 2 to make a pizza. Here in Biosphere 1, well it takes me about two minutes, because I pick up the phone and I call and say, "Hey, can you deliver the pizza?"
La Biosfera 2 era bàsicament un món en miniatura de 12.000 metres quadrats hemèticament tancats en el qual vaig viure durant dos anys i 20 minuts. (Riures) Per sobre estava hermèticament tancat amb acer i vidre. Per sota per una plataforma d'acer. O sigui, ben tancat. Per tant, teniem la nostra pròpia selva, Una platja privada amb coralls. Teniem una savana, un pantà, un desert. Teniem la nostra pròpia granja de 2.000 metres quadrats de la qual haviem d'obtenir-ho tot. I naturalment un habitat per nosaltres, que era on viviem.
So Biosphere 2 was essentially a three-acre, entirely sealed, miniature world that I lived in for two years and 20 minutes. (Laughter) Over the top it was sealed with steel and glass, underneath it was sealed with a pan of steel -- essentially entirely sealed. So we had our own miniature rainforest, a private beach with a coral reef. We had a savanna, a marsh, a desert. We had our own half-acre farm that we had to grow everything. And of course we had our human habitat, where we lived.
A mitjans dels 80 quan es va dissenyar la Biosfera 2, ens feiem algunes preguntes elementals. Vull dir, què és una biosfera? Sí, estic segura que tots nosaltres ho sabem que bàsicament és l'esfera de vida que hi ha al voltant de la Terra, no? Bé, però haurem de ser una mica més específics si en volem construir una. I vam establir que realment és quelcom materialment tancat, o sigui, que res pot entrar o sortir, res de material, i energèticament obert. Que és el que, en essència, és el planeta Terra.
Back in the mid-'80s when we were designing Biosphere 2, we had to ask ourselves some pretty basic questions. I mean, what is a biosphere? Back then, yes, I guess we all know now that it is essentially the sphere of life around the Earth, right? Well, you have to get a little more specific than that if you're going to build one. And so we decided that what it really is is that it is entirely materially closed -- that is, nothing goes in or out at all, no material -- and energetically open, which is essentially what planet Earth is.
Aquesta cambra era 1/400 part la mida de la Biosfera 2. En dèiem el Mòdul d'Experimentació. I el primer dia que aquest individu, John Allen, hi va entrar per estar-s'hi un parell de dies, amb totes les plantes, animals i bactèries que hi havíem posat amb l'esperança de mantenir-lo viu. Els metges estaven increiblement preocupats de que morís víctima d'alguna toxina fatal, o que els seus pulmons s'ennuaguessin amb els bacteris o els fongs. Però, és clar, res d'això va succeir.
This is a chamber that was 1/400th the size of Biosphere 2 that we called our Test Module. And the very first day that this fellow, John Allen, walked in, to spend a couple of days in there with all the plants and animals and bacteria that we'd put in there to hopefully keep him alive, the doctors were incredibly concerned that he was going to succumb to some dreadful toxin, or that his lungs were going to get choked with bacteria or something, fungus. But of course none of that happened.
I al cap d'uns pocs anys, hi van haver grans sagues sobre el disseny de la Biosfera 2. Però el 1991 la vam tenir finalment construïda I va ser l'hora de ficar-nos-hi a dins i donar-li una oportunitat. Ens calia saber, la vida és tan mal·leable? Es pot agafar aquesta biosfera, que ha evolucionat a escala planetària, i envasar-la en una ampolla, i que sobrevisqui? Grans preguntes. I volíem saber això per ser capaços d'anar a un altre lloc a l'univers, si anem a Mart, per exemple, ens podriem emportar una biosfera amb nosaltres, per poder viure-hi a dins? També volíem saber si podíem entendre millor la Terra on vivim. Bé, dons el 1991 va ser finalment el moment d'entrar i provar el nostre bebè. Aquí estem fent el viatge inagural. Funcionarà? O passarà alguna cosa que no entendrem i que no podrem arreglar? Negant així el concepte de biosfera artificial.
And over the ensuing few years, there were great sagas about designing Biosphere 2. But by 1991 we finally had this thing built. And it was time for us to go in and give it a go. We needed to know, is life this malleable? Can you take this biosphere, that has evolved on a planetary scale, and jam it into a little bottle, and will it survive? Big questions. And we wanted to know this both for being able to go somewhere else in the universe -- if we were going to go to Mars, for instance, would we take a biosphere with us, to live in it? We also wanted to know so we can understand more about the Earth that we all live in. Well, in 1991 it was finally time for us to go in and try out this baby. Let's take it on a maiden voyage. Will it work? Or will something happen that we can't understand and we can't fix, thereby negating the concept of man-made biospheres?
Així que vuit de nosaltres vam entrar a dins. Quatre homes i quatre dones. Més sobre això més endavant. (Riures) I aquest era el món en el que vivíem. Així, a sobre teníem aquesta bonica selva i un oceà. I a sota hi teniem el que anomenavem tecnosfera. Que és on hi havien totes les bombes i vàlvules i dipòsits d'aigua i els sistemes de tractament de l'aire, i tot això. Un dels biosferians l'anomenava el "jardí de l'Eden damunt d'un portaavions." I, naturalment, també teniem l'habitat dels humans. amb els laboratoris, i tot això. Aquesta és la granja. Bàsicament era una granja orgànica.
So eight of us went in: four men and four women. More on that later. (Laughter) And this is the world that we lived in. So, on the top, we had these beautiful rainforests and an ocean, and underneath we had all this technosphere, we called it, which is where all the pumps and the valves and the water tanks and the air handlers, and all of that. One of the Biospherians called it "garden of Eden on top of an aircraft carrier." And then also we had the human habitat of course, with the laboratories, and all of that. This is the agriculture. It was essentially an organic farm.
El dia que vaig caminar per Biosfera 2, estava, per primera vegada, respirant una atmosfera completament diferent que qualsevol altra persona en el món excepte les set altres persones. En aquest moment jo em vaig tornar part d'aquella biosfera. I no vull dir en sentit abstracte. Vull dir literalment. Quan exhalava, el meu CO2 alimentava els moniatos que estava conreant. I vam menjar una pila de moniatos. (Riures) I aquells moniatos van convertir-se en part de mi. De fet, vam menjar tants moniatos, que em vaig tornar taronja. Estava menjant literalment el mateix carbó una i altra vegada. D'alguna manera m'estava menjant a mi mateixa-
The day I walked into Biosphere 2, I was, for the first time, breathing a completely different atmosphere than everybody else in the world, except seven other people. At that moment I became part of that biosphere. And I don't mean that in an abstract sense; I mean it rather literally. When I breathed out, my CO2 fed the sweet potatoes that I was growing. And we ate an awful lot of the sweet potatoes. (Laughter) And those sweet potatoes became part of me. In fact, we ate so many sweet potatoes I became orange with sweet potato. I literally was eating the same carbon over and over again. I was eating myself in some strange sort of bizarre way.
Però quan es tractava de la nostra atmosfera no era un tema per fer broma a llarg termini. Perquè ens vam adonar que estavem perdent oxigen, bastant d'oxigen. I sabíem que estàvem perdent CO2. Així que ens vam posar a treballar per segrestar carboni. Déu meu senyor. Ara en diem "segrestar". Vam començar a plantar plantes com bojos. Agafavem la biomassa i l'emmagatzemavem al soterrani. plantant plantes, i tornant a començar, intentant treure tot aquell carboni de l'atmosfera Estàvem intentant aturar que el carboni anés a l'atmosfera. Vam deixar de regar el sòl, tant com vam poder. Vam deixar de conrear, ja que això podia evitar que gasos d'efecte hivernacle anessin a l'aire. Però l'oxigen baixava ràpidament mentre que el CO2 anava augmentant, la qual cosa era bastant sorprenent, pel que havíem après en el Mòdul d'Experimentació. Era com jugar a fet i amagar a nivell atòmic. Havíem perdut set tones d'oxigen. I no teníem ni idea a on havia anat.
When it came to our atmosphere, however, it wasn't that much of a joke over the long term, because it turned out that we were losing oxygen, quite a lot of oxygen. And we knew that we were losing CO2. And so we were working to sequester carbon. Good lord -- we know that term now. We were growing plants like crazy. We were taking their biomass, storing them in the basement, growing plants, going around, around, around, trying to take all of that carbon out of the atmosphere. We were trying to stop carbon from going into the atmosphere. We stopped irrigating our soil, as much as we could. We stopped tilling, so that we could prevent greenhouse gasses from going into the air. But our oxygen was going down faster than our CO2 was going up, which was quite unexpected, because we had seen them going in tandem in the test module. And it was like playing atomic hide-and-seek. We had lost seven tons of oxygen. And we had no clue where it was.
I us haig de dir, quan perds molt d'oxigen i el nostre baixava bastant de pressa, va passar del 21 per cent fins el 14.2 per cent, Déu meu, et sents fatal. Vull dir que ens estàvem arrossegant al voltant de la Biosfera. I a la nit patíem apnea del son. I ens despertàvem sobtadament panteixant. Perquè la química de la nostra sang havia canviat. I tu fas això realment. Deixes de respirar i després ... esbufecs. Agafes aire i això et desperta. És molt irritant. I tothom a fora pensava que ens moririem. Vull dir, els mitjans de comunicació parlaven com si ens estéssim morint. I havia de trucar a la meva mare dia cada dia dient-li:"No, mare, tot va bé, bé." No estem morts. Estem bé. Estem bé." I el metge, de fet, ens feia revisions per estar segur que, realment, estàvem bé. Però, de fet, ell era la persona que més patia la manca d'oxigen. I un dia va ser incapaç d'ordenar una linea de figures. I va ser el moment per nosaltres d'afegir oxigen. I podeu pensar, bé, "Nano, el teu sistema de suport vital us ha estat fallat. No és fotut, això?" Sí. D'una banda era terrorífic. Excepte que jo sabia que podia obrir la porta exterior en qualsevol moment, si les coses realment es posaven lletjes. Però qui seria el que diria, "No puc aguantar més!"? Jo segur que no.
And I tell you, when you lose a lot of oxygen -- and our oxygen went down quite far; it went from 21 percent down to 14.2 percent -- my goodness, do you feel dreadful. I mean we were dragging ourselves around the Biosphere. And we had sleep apnea at night. So you'd wake up gasping with breath, because your blood chemistry has changed. And that you literally do that. You stop breathing and then you -- (Gasps) -- take a breath and it wakes you up. And it's very irritating. And everybody outside thought we were dying. I mean, the media was making it sound like were were dying. And I had to call up my mother every other day saying, "No, Mum, it's fine, fine. We're not dead. We're fine. We're fine." And the doctor was, in fact, checking us to make sure we were, in fact, fine. But in fact he was the person who was most susceptible to the oxygen. And one day he couldn't add up a line of figures. And it was time for us to put oxygen in. And you might think, well, "Boy, your life support system was failing you. Wasn't that dreadful?" Yes. In a sense it was terrifying. Except that I knew I could walk out the airlock door at any time, if it really got bad, though who was going to say, "I can't take it anymore!"? Not me, that was for sure.
Però d'altra banda estava l'objectiu científic del projecte. Perquè realment podiem exigir a aquesta estrutura, com una eina cientifica, i veure si podiem, de fet, trobar on aquelles set tones d'oxigen havien anat a parar. I al final les vam trobar. I les vam trobar al formigó. Essencialment havia passat una cosa ben simple. Havíem posat massa carboni en el sòl en forma de compost. Es va desfer, va agafar oxigen de l'aire. i posava CO2 a l'aire. I l'oxigen se n'anava al formigó. Ben senzill, de fet.
But on the other hand, it was the scientific gold of the project, because we could really crank this baby up, as a scientific tool, and see if we could, in fact, find where those seven tons of oxygen had gone. And we did indeed find it. And we found it in the concrete. Essentially it had done something very simple. We had put too much carbon in the soil in the form of compost. It broke down; it took oxygen out of the air; it put CO2 into the air; and it went into the concrete. Pretty straightforward really.
Així que al final dels dos anys quan vam sortir, estàvem eufòrics. Perquè, de fet, a pesar del que poguessin dir havíem descobert una cosa que era bastant "uhh," quan el teu oxigen baixa, s'atura el funcionament del teu sistema de suport vital, és una errada fatal. Si no fos que ara sabíem perquè va passar. I sabíem com arreglar-ho. I no va sortir res més que realment fos seriós com això I vam provar el concepte, més o menys. La gent, d'altra banda, tenia una altra idea. Érem, no sabíem si érem reparables. Ens vam tornar bastant bojos, jo diria.
So at the end of the two years when we came out, we were elated, because, in fact, although you might say we had discovered something that was quite "uhh," when your oxygen is going down, stopped working, essentially, in your life support system, that's a very bad failure. Except that we knew what it was. And we knew how to fix it. And nothing else emerged that really was as serious as that. And we proved the concept, more or less. People, on the other hand, was a different subject. We were -- yeah I don't know that we were fixable. We all went quite nuts, I will say.
I el dia que vaig sortir de Biosfera 2 Estava excitada perquè veuria la meva família i els meus amics. Durant dos anys havia estat veient la gent a través del vidre. I tothom se'm va apropar. I jo vaig recular. Feien pudor! La gent feia pudor! Fem pudor d'esprai pels cabells i desodorant per les aixelles, i de tota aquesta mena de coses. A dins de Biosfera teniem coses per rentar-nos. Però res perfumat. I noi, aquí a fora fem pudor. No només això, sinó que sentia que no sabia d'on venia el meu menjar Havia estat conreant tot el meu menjar I ara no tenia ni idea que era el que menjava ni d'on venia Ni tan sols reconeixia la meitat dels noms de les coses que menjava. De fet, m'estava dreta hores als supermercats, llegint les etiquetes dels productes. La gent es devia pensar que m'havia tornat boja. Era bastant sorprenent. I poc a poc vaig anar perdent la pista de quin lloc ocupava en aquesta gran biosfera en la que vivim tots. A Biosfera 2 entenia totalment que jo representava un gran impacte a la biosfera, cada dia, i que ella tenia un gran impacte en mi, visceralment, literalment
And the day I came out of Biosphere 2, I was thrilled I was going to see all my family and my friends. For two years I'd been seeing people through the glass. And everybody ran up to me. And I recoiled. They stank! People stink! We stink of hairspray and underarm deodorant, and all kinds of stuff. Now we had stuff inside Biosphere to keep ourselves clean, but nothing with perfume. And boy do we stink out here. Not only that, but I lost touch of where my food came from. I had been growing all my own food. I had no idea what was in my food, where it came from. I didn't even recognize half the names in most of the food that I was eating. In fact, I would stand for hours in the aisles of shops, reading all the names on all of the things. People must have thought I was nuts. It was really quite astonishing. And I slowly lost track of where I was in this big biosphere, in this big biosphere that we all live in. In Biosphere 2 I totally understood that I had a huge impact on my biosphere, everyday, and it had an impact on me, very viscerally, very literally.
Vaig a parlar-vos de la meva empresa. Paragon Space Development Corporation, Una petita empresa que vaig endagar amb els meus companys mentre estàvem a Biosfera 2. perquè no teníem res més a fer. I una de les coses que vaig fer va ser esbrinar fins a quin punt de petita es podia fer les biosferes. I que en podíem fer amb elles? I en vam enviar una a l'estació orbital Mir. En teniem una en el transbordador espacial i una l'Estació Espacial Internacional. durant 16 mesos. Vam aconseguir produir els primeres organismes que van completar múltiples cicles de vida a l'espai. Realment trencant els límits en la comprensió de com de mal·leable és la vida.
So I went about my business: Paragon Space Development Corporation, a little firm I started with people while I was in the Biosphere, because I had nothing else to do. And one of the things we did was try to figure out: how small can you make these biospheres, and what can you do with them? And so we sent one onto the Mir Space Station. We had one on the shuttle and one on the International Space Station, for 16 months, where we managed to produce the first organisms to go through complete multiple life cycles in space -- really pushing the envelope of understanding how malleable our life systems are.
I també estic orgullosa d'anunciar, en primícia, el divendres ho anunciarem oficialment que estem formant un equip per desenvolupar un sistema per conrear plantes a la Lluna, la qual cosa és bastant graciosa. I el llegat d'això és el sistema que vam dissenyar, un sistema totalment tancat per conrear plantes a Mart. I una part d'aixì és que vam haver de modelar una ràpida circulació del CO2 i oxigen i aigua, a través d'aquest sistema vegetal.
And I'm also proud to announce that you're getting a sneak preview -- on Friday we're going to announce that we're actually forming a team to develop a system to grow plants on the Moon, which is going to be pretty fun. And the legacy of that is a system that we were designing: an entirely sealed system to grow plants to grow on Mars. And part of that is that we had to model very rapid circulation of CO2 and oxygen and water through this plant system.
I com a resultat d'aquest modelatge vaig acabar a Eritrea, la banya d'Àfrica. Eritrea, antiga part d'Etiòpia, és un d'aquells lloc que és sorprenentment bonic, molt dur, i no entenia com la gent s'hi guanya la vida És tan sec. Això és el que vaig veure. Però també vaig veure això. Vaig veure una empresa que agafava aigua de mar, i sorra, i conreaven una mena de cultiu que creixia en aigua salada sense problemes. I volien produir un conreu comestible. En aquest cas es tractava de llavors oleaginoses. Estava molt sorpresa. També estaven produint manglars en una plantació. I els manglars proporcionaven fusta i mel, i fulles pels animals, del quals en podien obtenir llet i el que sigui, com el que teníem a la Biosfera.
As a result of that modeling I ended up in all places, in Eritrea, in the Horn of Africa. Eritrea, formerly part of Ethiopia, is one of those places that is astonishingly beautiful, incredibly stark, and I have no understanding of how people eke out a living there. It is so dry. This is what I saw. But this is also what I saw. I saw a company that had taken seawater and sand, and they were growing a kind of crop that will grow on pure salt water without having to treat it. And it will produce a food crop. In this case it was oilseed. It was astonishing. They were also producing mangroves in a plantation. And the mangroves were providing wood and honey and leaves for the animals, so that they could produce milk and whatnot, like we had in the Biosphere.
I tot venia d'aquí, granjes de gambetes. Les granjes de gambetes són una plaga per la Terra, francament, des d'un punt de vist ecològic, aboquen grans quantitats de contaminants a l'oceà. i també contaminen els seus veïns. Parlant en plata, es caguen a la banyera del veí. I el que feia aquets projecte, era prendre aquests residus, i convertir-los en menjar. Literalment estaven convertint contaminació en abundància per a la gent del desert. d'alguna manera, havien creat un ecosistema industrial
And all of it was coming from this: shrimp farms. Shrimp farms are a scourge on the earth, frankly, from an environmental point of view. They pour huge amounts of pollutants into the ocean. They also pollute their next-door neighbors. So they're all shitting each other's ponds, quite literally. And what this project was doing was taking the effluent of these, and turning them into all of this food. They were literally turning pollution into abundance for a desert people. They had created an industrial ecosystem, of a sense.
Jo hi era perquè en aquell moment estava modelant la part dels manglars per a un programa de crèdits de carbó, sota l'ONU. El protocol de Kyoto I jo estava modelant aquest pantà de manglars I pensava "Com podria posar això dins una caixa?" Estava modelant com posar una planta dins una caixa, literalment, Sé on hi ha el límit Però en un bosc de manglars com aquest no en tinc ni idea. Bé, naturalment el límit és la Terra mateixa. I entendre les interaccions amb la tota la Terra. I com posar un projecte en aquest context.
I was there because I was actually modeling the mangrove portion for a carbon credit program, under the U.N. Kyoto Protocol system. And as I was modeling this mangrove swamp, I was thinking to myself, "How do you put a box around this?" When I'm modeling a plant in a box, literally, I know where to draw the boundary. In a mangrove forest like this I have no idea. Well, of course you have to draw the boundary around the whole of the Earth. And understand its interactions with the entire Earth. And put your project in that context.
Actualment estem veient una increible transformació del món. Del que podríem anomenar una espècie biocida, tant si ho fem intencionadament o no els nostres sistemes estan majoritàriament dissenyats per matar vida Aquesta bonica fotografia està presa sobre l'Amazones. En verd clar les àres de deforestació massiva. I aquests bonics núvols són, de fet, incendis, incendis provocats pels humans. Estem en un procés de transformació d'una sociedad biocida al que podríem anomenar una sociedad biofílica, en la qual aprendrem a nodrir la societat. Pot semblar que no estem en aquest camí, però hi estem. Està passant a tot el món, en tots els àmbits de la vida, i en tots els àmbits d'estudi i de la indústria que us pogueu imaginar. Sovint penso en ela gent que se sent perduda en tot això. Diuen, "Però com puc trobar el meu camí en un àmbit tan gros?" Els petits canvis són poderosos. De veritat que sí.
Around the world today we're seeing an incredible transformation, from what I would call a biocidal species, one that -- whether we intentionally or unintentionally -- have designed our systems to kill life, a lot of the time. This is in fact, this beautiful photograph, is in fact over the Amazon. And here the light green are areas of massive deforestation. And those beautiful wispy clouds are, in fact, fires, human-made fires. We're in the process of transforming from this, to what I would call a biophilic society, one where we learn to nurture society. Now it may not seem like it, but we are. It is happening all across the world, in every kind of walk of life, and every kind of career and industry that you can think of. And I think often times people get lost in that. They go, "But how can I possibly find my way in that? It's such a huge subject." And I would say that the small stuff counts. It really does.
Aquesta és la història d'un rascló en el meu jardí. Aquest era el meu jardí, molt aviat, quan vaig comprar casa meva. I a Arizona, naturalment, tothom cobreix el terra amb grava. I a tothom li agrada mantenir-ho tot ben rasclonat. I treuen les fulles de terra. I el diumenge pel matí apareix el bufador de fulles del veí. I els vull fer fora. És una mena d'estètica. Ens sentim molt incòmodes amb el desordre. I vaig llençar el meu rascló I vaig deixar que les fulles dels arbres de la meva propietat caiguessin. I amb el temps, bàsicament que és el que he estat fent? He estat construint la capa superficial del sòl. I ara els ocells hi venen. Fins i tot els falcons. Tinc un oasi. Això és el que passa cada primavera. Durant sis setmanes, de sis a vuit setmanes, tinc aquest oasi verd. Això és en realitat en una zona riberenca. I tot Tucson podria ser així si tothom es revoltes i simplement llencés el seu rascló. Els petits canvis són poderosos.
This is the story of a rake in my backyard. This was my backyard, very early on, when I bought my property. And in Arizona, of course, everybody puts gravel down. And they like to keep everything beautifully raked. And they keep all the leaves away. And on Sunday morning the neighbors leaf blower comes out, and I want to throttle them. It's a certain type of aesthetic. We're very uncomfortable with untidiness. And I threw away my rake. And I let all of the leaves fall from the trees that I have on my property. And over time, essentially what have I been doing? I've been building topsoil. And so now all the birds come in. And I have hawks. And I have an oasis. This is what happens every spring. For six weeks, six to eight weeks, I have this flush of green oasis. This is actually in a riparian area. And all of Tucson could be like this if everybody would just revolt and throw away the rake. The small stuff counts.
La Revolució Industrial, i Prometeu, ens han donat això: la capacitat d'il·luminar el mòn. Però també ens han donat això, la capacitat de mirar al mòn des de l'exterior. I és possible que no tinguem una altra biosfera on viure, i comparar amb aquesta biosfera. Però podem mirar al mòn, i intentar entendre on som nosaltres en aquest context, i com volem interactuar-hi.
The Industrial Revolution -- and Prometheus -- has given us this, the ability to light up the world. It has also given us this, the ability to look at the world from the outside. Now we may not all have another biosphere that we can run to, and compare it to this biosphere. But we can look at the world, and try to understand where we are in its context, and how we choose to interact with it.
I si perds de vista on ets dins la teva biosfera, o si tal vegada tens problemes per connectar amb on ets dins la biosfera, Et diria, respira profundament. Els ioguis tenien raó. La respiració, de fet, ens connecta amb tot d'una manera ben literal. Agafa aire altra vegada. I mentre respires, pensa sobre l'aire que has inspirat. Potser és el CO2 d'una persona sentada al teu costat. Potser hi ha una mica d'oxigen d'alguna alga d'una platja no molt lluny d'aquí. També ens connecta amb el temps. Potser hi ha una mica de carboni en el teu aire dels dinosaures. I també podria ser que el carboni que ara exhales, estigui en la respiració del teu re-bes-bes-bes-nét. Gràcies.
And if you lose where you are in your biosphere, or are perhaps having a difficulty connecting with where you are in the biosphere, I would say to you, take a deep breath. The yogis had it right. Breath does, in fact, connect us all in a very literal way. Take a breath now. And as you breathe, think about what is in your breath. There perhaps is the CO2 from the person sitting next-door to you. Maybe there is a little bit of oxygen from some algae on the beach not far from here. It also connects us in time. There may be some carbon in your breath from the dinosaurs. There could also be carbon that you are exhaling now that will be in the breath of your great-great-great-grandchildren. Thank you. (Applause)