Please close your eyes, and open your hands. Now imagine what you could place in your hands: an apple, maybe your wallet. Now open your eyes. What about a life?
Iltimos, ko'zinglarni yuminglar va qo'llaringlarni ochinglar. Qo'llaringizga nimani joylay olishingizni tasavvur qiling: olma, balki hamyoningizdir. Endi esa ko'zinglarni ochinglar. Hayotnichi? joylashtira olasizlarmi?
What you see here is a premature baby. He looks like he's resting peacefully, but in fact he's struggling to stay alive because he can't regulate his own body temperature. This baby is so tiny he doesn't have enough fat on his body to stay warm. Sadly, 20 million babies like this are born every year around the world. Four million of these babies die annually.
Hozir ko'rib turganingiz barvaqt tug'ilgan go'dak. Ko'rinishidan u hotirjam yotgan tuyuladi, aslida esa u hayot uchun kurashayapti, chunki u tana haroratini boshqara olmaydi. Chaqaloq shu qadar kichkinaki, tanasini iliq holda saqlashi uchun organizmida yetarli yog' yo'q. Shunisi achinarliki, har yili dunyo bo'ylab shunga o'hshash 20 million chaqaloqlar tug'iladi. Har yili shu chaqaloqlarning 4 millioni vafot etadi.
But the bigger problem is that the ones who do survive grow up with severe, long-term health problems. The reason is because in the first month of a baby's life, its only job is to grow. If it's battling hypothermia, its organs can't develop normally, resulting in a range of health problems from diabetes, to heart disease, to low I.Q. Imagine: Many of these problems could be prevented if these babies were just kept warm.
Lekin bundanda kattaroq muammo shuki shu vaziyatlardan yengib o'tib yashayotgan chaqaloqlar murakkab, uzoq muddatga cho'ziladigan sog'liq muammolari bilan o'sadilar. Chunki chaqaloqning hayotidagi birinchi oyda uning yagona vazifasi o'sishdir. Agar u gipotermiya bilan kurashayotgan bo'lsa, uning organlari normal holatda rivojlana olmaydi. Bu esa diabetdan yurak kasalliklarigacha, hattoki zaif ilmiy qobiliyat kabi sog'liq muammolarini keltirb chiqaradi. Agar shu chaqaloqlar issiq holatda saqlansa, bu muammolarning ko'pchiligining oldini olsak bo'ladi.
That is the primary function of an incubator. But traditional incubators require electricity and cost up to 20 thousand dollars. So, you're not going to find them in rural areas of developing countries. As a result, parents resort to local solutions like tying hot water bottles around their babies' bodies, or placing them under light bulbs like the ones you see here -- methods that are both ineffective and unsafe. I've seen this firsthand over and over again.
Bu esa inkubatorning asosiy vazifasi. Lekin an'anaviy inkubatorlar uchun elektr kerak va ularning narxi 20 ming dollargacha boradi. Shunaqa ekan, rivojlanayotgan davlatlarning qishloq joylarida bularni topolmaysiz. Natijada, ota onalar mahalliy usullarni qo'llaydilar, masalan, go'daklarining badanlariga issiq suv quyilgan shishalarni o'raydialr yoki mana bu yerda ko'rib turganingiz kabi chaqaloqlarni elektr lampalarining tagiga qo'yishdir- bu usullar foydasiz va havflidir. Men buni birinchi marta takror-takror ko'rganman.
On one of my first trips to India, I met this young woman, Sevitha, who had just given birth to a tiny premature baby, Rani. She took her baby to the nearest village clinic, and the doctor advised her to take Rani to a city hospital so she could be placed in an incubator. But that hospital was over four hours away, and Sevitha didn't have the means to get there, so her baby died.
Hindistonga bo'lgan birinchi sayohatimda, Sevita ismli bu yosh ayolni uchratdim. Uning barvaqt tug'ilgan kichkina chaqalog'i, Rani, yaqindagina dunyoga kelgandi. U chaqalog'ini yaqin atrofdagi qishloq shifoxonasiga olib bordi. Shifokorlar esa Ranini inkubatorga joylashtirish uchun shahar shifoxonasiga olib borishni tavsiya qilishdi. Ammo, u shifoxona to'rt soatdan ham ortiqroq masofada edi. Sevitaning u yerga boradigan hech qanday transport vositasi yoki mablag'i yo'q edi, shu bois chaqaloq hayotdan ko'z yumdi.
Inspired by this story, and dozens of other similar stories like this, my team and I realized what was needed was a local solution, something that could work without electricity, that was simple enough for a mother or a midwife to use, given that the majority of births still take place in the home. We needed something that was portable, something that could be sterilized and reused across multiple babies and something ultra-low-cost, compared to the 20,000 dollars that an incubator in the U.S. costs.
Shu va shu kabi ko'plab voqealardan o'rnak olib, mening guruhim va men bu muammoga mahalliy yechim kerakligini anglab yetdik. Elektrsiz ishlaydigan, ona yoki uy bekasi osongina foydalana oladigan asbob kerak, sababi hali ham, ko'pchilik go'daklar uylarida tu'gilishadi. Bizga qulay hajmda bo'lgan, sterillab, bir necha go'daklar uchun qayta ishlatsa bo'ladigan va AQSHdagi 20,000 dollarlik inkubatorga nisbatan juda ham arzon narxdagi asbob kerak edi.
So, this is what we came up with. What you see here looks nothing like an incubator. It looks like a small sleeping bag for a baby. You can open it up completely. It's waterproof. There's no seams inside so you can sterilize it very easily. But the magic is in this pouch of wax. This is a phase-change material. It's a wax-like substance with a melting point of human body temperature, 37 degrees Celsius. You can melt this simply using hot water and then when it melts it's able to maintain one constant temperature for four to six hours at a time, after which you simply reheat the pouch. So, you then place it into this little pocket back here, and it creates a warm micro-environment for the baby.
Xullas, biz mana buni o'ylab topdik. Bu yerda ko'rib turganingiz inkubatorga aslo o'xshamaydi. Bu go'dakning uhlashi uchun mo'ljallangan kichkina sumkaga o'xshaydi. Buni to'liq ochishingiz mumkin. Bu suv o'tkazmaslik hususiyatiga ega. Ichki qismida qatlamlari yo'q, bu esa sterillash uchun oson bo'ladi. Lekin, buning siri mana bu parafinli sumkada. Bu agregati o'zgaruvchi material. Bu parafinga o'xshash modda, inson tana haroratida, ya'ni 37 daraja Celsiy da, erish hususiyatiga ega. Siz buni oddiygina issiq suv bilan eritishingiz mumkin. Erigandan so'ng, bir paytning o'zida 4-6 soatgacha muntazam bir hil haroratni saqlab tura oladi. So'ngra, parafinli sumkani qayta isitasiz. Bu yerdagi kichkina cho'ntakka joylashtirasiz va u chaqaloq uchun iliq mikro-muhit hosil qiladi.
Looks simple, but we've reiterated this dozens of times by going into the field to talk to doctors, moms and clinicians to ensure that this really meets the needs of the local communities. We plan to launch this product in India in 2010, and the target price point will be 25 dollars, less than 0.1 percent of the cost of a traditional incubator.
Ko'rinishidan soddagina, lekin biz bir necha marta bu sohadagi shifokorlar va onalar bilan maslahatlashdik. Bu mahalliy xalqning ehtiyojlariga mos bo'lishi uchun hamma harakatlarni qildik. Bu mahsulotni Hindistonda 2010 yilda ishga tushirishni rejalashtiryapmiz. Narhi 25 dollar bo'ladi, ya'ni bu an'anaviy inkubator narxining 0.1 foizidir.
Over the next five years we hope to save the lives of almost a million babies. But the longer-term social impact is a reduction in population growth. This seems counterintuitive, but turns out that as infant mortality is reduced, population sizes also decrease, because parents don't need to anticipate that their babies are going to die. We hope that the Embrace infant warmer and other simple innovations like this represent a new trend for the future of technology: simple, localized, affordable solutions that have the potential to make huge social impact.
Keyingi besh yil ichida, umid qilamizki deyarli million chaqaloqning hayotini saqlay olamiz. Ammo, uzoq muddatli ijtimoiy ta'sir aholi o'sishini kamaytirishni maqsad qilgan. Bu esa hissiyotga qarshi tuyuladi, lekin chaqaloqlarning vafot etishi kamaygan sari, aholi soni ham kamayadi, chunki ota-onalar chaqaloqlarini vafot etish ehtimolligini o'ylamaydilar. Chaqaloqlarni isituvchi asbob va shunga o'xshash oddiy ixtirolar kelasi texnologiya uchun yangi yo'nalish namoyon qiladi, deb umid qilamiz: sodda, mahhaliy, arzon yechimlar ulkan ijtimoiy ta'sirga ega bo'lish hususiyatiga ega.
In designing this we followed a few basic principles. We really tried to understand the end user, in this case, people like Sevitha. We tried to understand the root of the problem rather than being biased by what already exists. And then we thought of the most simple solution we could to address this problem. In doing this, I believe we can truly bring technology to the masses. And we can save millions of lives through the simple warmth of an Embrace.
Buni tuzishda, biz asosiy qoidalarga rioya qildik. Biz Sevita kabi foydalanuvchilarni tushunishga harakat qildik. Biz mavjud narsaga moyil bo'lmadik. Aksincha, muammoning asl mohiyatini tushunishga harakat qilamiz. So'ngra, bu muammoni hal qilish uchun eng sodda yechimni o'yladik. Ishonamanki, shu usulda biz ko'pchilikka texnologiyani olib kela olamiz. Oddiygina "Embrace" inkubatorining mehri bilan, millionlab hayotlarni saqlay olamiz.