War has been a part of my life since I can remember. I was born in Afghanistan, just six months after the Soviets invaded, and even though I was too young to understand what was happening, I had a deep sense of the suffering and the fear around me.
自我有記憶以來 戰爭就是我生活的一部分 就在蘇維埃入侵六個月之後 我出生於阿富汗 儘管當時我還年幼 並不知道發生了什麼 但我深深地感覺到 災難和恐懼在我周邊
Those early experiences had a major impact on how I now think about war and conflict. I learned that when people have a fundamental issue at stake, for most of them, giving in is not an option. For these types conflicts -- when people's rights are violated, when their countries are occupied, when they're oppressed and humiliated -- they need a powerful way to resist and to fight back. Which means that no matter how destructive and terrible violence is, if people see it as their only choice, they will use it. Most of us are concerned with the level of violence in the world. But we're not going to end war by telling people that violence is morally wrong. Instead, we must offer them a tool that's at least as powerful and as effective as violence.
這些早期的經歷 讓我現在對戰爭和衝突的看法 產生了重要的影響 我了解到人們在根本法則面臨危險時 對他們大部分人而言 屈服不是一個選擇 對於以下幾種類型的衝突 當人們的權利受到侵害時 當他們的國家被佔領時 當他們受到壓迫和受到羞辱時 他們需要一個強有力的方式 去抵制和反抗 這就意味著無論暴力有多麼兇殘可怕 如果人們認為暴力是 他們唯一的選擇 他們就會使用暴力 我們絕大部分人都對 存在於世界上的暴力感到擔心 但告訴人們戰爭是道德錯誤 並不能結束戰爭 取而代之的 我們必須 給他們一個工具 至少是一個與暴力 有相同效力的工具
This is the work I do. For the past 13 years, I've been teaching people in some of the most difficult situations around the world how they can use nonviolent struggle to conduct conflict. Most people associate this type of action with Gandhi and Martin Luther King. But people have been using nonviolent action for thousands of years. In fact, most of the rights that we have today in this country -- as women, as minorities, as workers, as people of different sexual orientations and citizens concerned with the environment -- these rights weren't handed to us. They were won by people who fought for them and who sacrificed for them. But because we haven't learned from this history, nonviolent struggle as a technique is widely misunderstood.
這是我的工作 在過去的十三年裡 我在一些有著最困難處境的地區 教導人們怎樣可以 用非暴力手段來結束分歧 很多人使用這種手段 比如 甘地和馬丁路德金 人們已經使用非暴力手段近千年 事實上 今天在這個國家裡 大部分的權利 作為女性 作為少數族群 作為工人 作為性少數人群 還有擔心環境的人們 這些權利沒有直接交給我們 這些是經過人們奮鬥而來的 還有為此犧牲的人們 但是因為我們還沒有從 這歷史當中學到教訓 非暴力鬥爭被廣泛的誤解
I met recently with a group of Ethiopian activists, and they told me something that I hear a lot. They said they'd already tried nonviolent action, and it hadn't worked. Years ago they held a protest. The government arrested everyone, and that was the end of that. The idea that nonviolent struggle is equivalent to street protests is a real problem. Because although protests can be a great way to show that people want change, on their own, they don't actually create change -- at least change that is fundamental.
我最近見了一個衣索比亞積極團體 然後他們跟我說了些我常聽到的事情 他們說他們已經嘗試過非暴力手段 但它沒有效果 幾年前 他們發起了抗議活動 政府把他們全部都逮捕了 這就是故事的結果 非暴力鬥爭的想法 是跟街頭抗議一樣的 這是一個問題 因為雖然抗議是一個很好的方式 來表達人們想要變革的意願 然而靠人們自己 並不能改變任何事情 尤其是改變一些基礎的東西
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
Powerful opponents are not going to give people what they want just because they asked nicely ... or even not so nicely.
太過強勢的對手不會給抗議者 帶來他們所想要的東西 僅僅是因為他們抗議得太過禮貌 或者太過火
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
Nonviolent struggle works by destroying an opponent, not physically, but by identifying the institutions that an opponent needs to survive, and then denying them those sources of power. Nonviolent activists can neutralize the military by causing soldiers to defect. They can disrupt the economy through strikes and boycotts. And they can challenge government propaganda by creating alternative media.
非暴力鬥爭通過非武力方式 打擊對手來取勝 他們找出對手生存所需的機構 然後剝奪其權力的來源 非暴力積極人士可以 通過使士兵叛變來擊潰軍隊 他們可以通過 罷工和抵制來搗亂經濟 他們還可以通過其他媒體 來挑戰政府的宣傳
There are a variety of methods that can be used to do this. My colleague and mentor, Gene Sharp, has identified 198 methods of nonviolent action. And protest is only one. Let me give you a recent example.
有很多方法可以達成這樣的效果 我的同事和導師吉恩·夏普 已經發現了 198 種非暴力手段 而抗議只是其中一個 讓我來給你們一個最近的例子
Until a few months ago, Guatemala was ruled by corrupt former military officials with ties to organized crime. People were generally aware of this, but most of them felt powerless to do anything about it -- until one group of citizens, just 12 regular people, put out a call on Facebook to their friends to meet in the central plaza, holding signs with a message: "Renuncia YA" -- resign already. To their surprise, 30,000 people showed up. They stayed there for months as protests spread throughout the country. At one point, the organizers delivered hundreds of eggs to various government buildings with a message: "If you don't have the huevos" -- the balls -- "to stop corrupt candidates from running for office, you can borrow ours."
直到幾個月以前 瓜地馬拉是被一個腐敗的前軍官統治 他與黑社會有染 人們普遍知曉此事 但是大部分人們都不敢有任何舉措 直到一個由 12 個普通人組成的團體 在臉書上告訴他們的朋友 在中心廣場舉牌 牌上寫著 立刻辭職 讓他們驚喜的是 30000人出現在廣場 他們在那裡待了幾個月 抗議也擴散到了全國 有一天 組織者給政府部門送了幾百個雞蛋 帶著一條訊息 如果你沒有雞蛋 ──膽量之意── 來阻止那些腐敗份子來糟蹋政府部門 你可以借我們的
(Laughter)
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President Molina responded by vowing that he would never step down. And the activists realized that they couldn't just keep protesting and ask the president to resign. They needed to leave him no choice. So they organized a general strike, in which people throughout the country refused to work. In Guatemala City alone, over 400 businesses and schools shut their doors. Meanwhile, farmers throughout the country blocked major roads. Within five days, the president, along with dozens of other government officials, resigned already.
莫里納總統回應 發誓說他絕不下台 然後抗議者意識到他們不能 僅僅停留在抗議上 要求總統下台 他們得讓總統別無他選 所以他們組織了大範圍的罷工 整個國家的人拒絕工作 僅在瓜地馬拉市 超過 400 所公司和學校關門了 同時 全國的農民阻斷了公路 罷工持續了五天 總統 和其他數十個政府官員 下台了
(Applause)
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I've been greatly inspired by the creativity and bravery of people using nonviolent action in nearly every country in the world. For example, recently a group of activists in Uganda released a crate of pigs in the streets. You can see here that the police are confused about what to do with them.
非暴力手段的抗議者 和其他勇敢的人們對我產生極大鼓舞 他們存在於世界上所有的國家 舉個例子 最近一組在烏干達的行動家 在街上放了一箱子的豬 你可以看到警察對於那些豬 顯得不知所措
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
The pigs were painted the color of the ruling party. One pig was even wearing a hat, a hat that people recognized.
豬被劃上了執政黨的顏色 有一頭豬甚至戴上了一頂帽子 一頂所有人都可以認出的帽子
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
Activists around the world are getting better at grabbing headlines, but these isolated actions do very little if they're not part of a larger strategy. A general wouldn't march his troops into battle unless he had a plan to win the war. Yet this is how most of the world's nonviolent movements operate. Nonviolent struggle is just as complex as military warfare, if not more. Its participants must be well-trained and have clear objectives, and its leaders must have a strategy of how to achieve those objectives.
世界上的行動家變得 越來越能佔據頭條 但是這些孤立的活動能做的卻很少 如果他們不能有更深遠的戰略 一個將軍如果沒考慮過怎麼贏 他不會帶著他的士兵進入戰場 事實上這是世界上大部分的 非暴力運動的工作方式 非暴力鬥爭就跟打仗一樣複雜 甚至更複雜 參與者必須是受過良好培訓 並且條例清晰的人 領導人必須有一個戰略 來達到這些目標
The technique of war has been developed over thousands of years with massive resources and some of our best minds dedicated to understanding and improving how it works. Meanwhile, nonviolent struggle is rarely systematically studied, and even though the number is growing, there are still only a few dozen people in the world who are teaching it. This is dangerous, because we now know that our old approaches of dealing with conflict are not adequate for the new challenges that we're facing.
戰爭的戰略已經經過幾千年的發展 伴隨著大量的資源 還有最聰明的人來致力於學習 以及它是怎樣工作的 同時 非暴力鬥爭基本上 沒有系統性地研究過 雖然現在使用的人越來越多 但是世界上也只有十幾人 真正地在教授它 這是很危險的 因為我們知道 以前用來解決爭端的方法 並不能應對這些新的挑戰
The US government recently admitted that it's in a stalemate in its war against ISIS. But what most people don't know is that people have stood up to ISIS using nonviolent action. When ISIS captured Mosul in June 2014, they announced that they were putting in place a new public school curriculum, based on their own extremist ideology. But on the first day of school, not a single child showed up. Parents simply refused to send them. They told journalists they would rather homeschool their children than to have them brainwashed.
美國政府最近承認 現在對於打擊伊斯蘭國 處在一個膠著的狀態 但是大部分人不知道 有些人在用非暴力手段 與伊斯蘭國抗爭 當伊斯蘭國在 2014 年 佔領摩蘇爾時 他們宣布要在公立學校裡實施新標準 建立在他們自己的極端主義形態上 但是在開學的第一天 沒有一個孩子出現 家長不讓他們的孩子去上學 家長們告訴記者 他們寧願在家裡教孩子 也不希望他們被洗腦
This is an example of just one act of defiance in just one city. But what if it was coordinated with the dozens of other acts of nonviolent resistance that have taken place against ISIS? What if the parents' boycott was part of a larger strategy to identify and cut off the resources that ISIS needs to function; the skilled labor needed to produce food; the engineers needed to extract and refine oil; the media infrastructure and communications networks and transportation systems, and the local businesses that ISIS relies on? It may be difficult to imagine defeating ISIS with action that is nonviolent. But it's time we challenge the way we think about conflict and the choices we have in facing it.
這是一個抗爭的例子 僅僅在摩蘇爾這一座城市裡 但 如果他們可以 與其他數十個抵抗伊斯蘭國的 非暴力抵抗團體合作會怎樣? 如果家長的抵制是大戰略的一部分 用來找出並切斷伊斯蘭國的資源: 伊斯蘭國需要有經驗的勞工來製造食物 需要工程師以提煉原油 媒體基礎設施還有通訊網絡 還有運輸系統 還有伊斯蘭國仰賴的當地公司等等 也許很難想像通過非暴力手段 來擊潰伊斯蘭國 但是這是挑戰我們 如何面對分歧的時機 我們選擇了去面對
Here's an idea worth spreading: let's learn more about where nonviolent action has worked and how we can make it more powerful, just like we do with other systems and technologies that are constantly being refined to better meet human needs. It may be that we can improve nonviolent action to a point where it is increasingly used in place of war. Violence as a tool of conflict could then be abandoned in the same way that bows and arrows were, because we have replaced them with weapons that are more effective. With human innovation, we can make nonviolent struggle more powerful than the newest and latest technologies of war. The greatest hope for humanity lies not in condemning violence but in making violence obsolete.
這裡是一個值得傳播的想法 讓我們學習更多 非暴力手段成功的事蹟 還有我們怎樣讓它變得更加有效 就像我們對待其它系統和技術 他們總是可以隨著人類 需求來更新換代 我們也可以讓非暴力行動昇華 達到替代戰爭的效果 用暴力解決紛爭的手段將被拋棄 就像弓箭一樣 因為我們用更加有效的 武器代替了它們 伴隨著人類的革新 我們可以讓非暴力手段更有力 比最新的戰爭技術更加有效 人性上最期望的不是對暴力的譴責 而是讓暴力永遠停留在過去
Thank you.
(謝謝)
(Applause)
(掌聲)