If you want to buy high-quality, low-price cocaine, there really is only one place to go, and that is the dark net anonymous markets.
Ako želite kupiti visokokvalitetan, jeftini kokain, idete samo na jedno mjesto, a to su anonimna tržišta dark neta.
Now, you can't get to these sites with a normal browser -- Chrome or Firefox -- because they're on this hidden part of the Internet, known as Tor hidden services, where URLs are a string of meaningless numbers and letters that end in .onion, and which you access with a special browser called the Tor browser.
Do ovih stranica ne možete doći normalnim preglednicima -- Chromeom ili Firefoxom -- jer se nalaze u skrivenom dijelu interneta poznatom kao Torove skrivene usluge gdje su url-ovi nizovi besmislenih brojeva i slova koji završavaju na .onion i kojima pristupate posebnim preglednikom koji se zove Tor preglednik.
Now, the Tor browser was originally a U.S. Naval intelligence project. It then became open source, and it allows anybody to browse the net without giving away their location. And it does this by encrypting your IP address and then routing it via several other computers around the world that use the same software. You can use it on the normal Internet, but it's also your key to the dark net. And because of this fiendishly clever encryption system, the 20 or 30 -- we don't know exactly -- thousand sites that operate there are incredibly difficult to shut down. It is a censorship-free world visited by anonymous users.
Preglednik Tor originalno je bio projekt obavještajne službe Mornarice SAD-a. Nakon toga, otvoren mu je kod i svima omogućuje surfanje na Internetu bez odavanja njihove lokacije. Čini ovo šifriranjem vaše IP adrese i preusmjeravanjem preko nekoliko računala diljem svijeta, koja koriste isti softver. Možete ga koristiti za normalan internet, ali je ključan za dark net. Zbog ovog zlokobno pametnog sustava šifriranja 20 ili 30 -- ne znamo točno -- tisuća stranica koje se tamo nalaze nevjerojatno je teško ugasiti. Ovo je svijet bez cenzure, kojeg posjećuju anonimni korisnici.
Little wonder, then, that it's a natural place to go for anybody with something to hide, and that something, of course, need not be illegal. On the dark net, you will find whistle-blower sites, The New Yorker. You will find political activism blogs. You will find libraries of pirated books. But you'll also find the drugs markets, illegal pornography, commercial hacking services, and much more besides. Now, the dark net is one of the most interesting, exciting places anywhere on the net. And the reason is, because although innovation, of course, takes place in big businesses, takes place in world-class universities, it also takes place in the fringes, because those on the fringes -- the pariahs, the outcasts -- they're often the most creative, because they have to be. In this part of the Internet, you will not find a single lolcat, a single pop-up advert anywhere. And that's one of the reasons why I think many of you here will be on the dark net fairly soon.
Nije čudno da je to i prirodno mjesto na kojeg idu svi koji imaju nešto za sakriti, a to, naravno, ne mora biti nezakonito. Na dark netu, naći ćete stranice zviždača, The New Yorker. Naći ćete blogove za politički aktivizam. Naći ćete knjižnice piratiziranih knjiga. Ali naći ćete i tržišta droge, nezakonitu pornografiju, komercijalne usluge hakiranja i još mnogo toga. Dark net je jedno od najzanimljivijih, najuzbudljivijih mjesta na Internetu. Razlog tome je što, iako se inovacija javlja u velikim tvrtkama i na poznatim sveučilištima, događa se i na rubovima, jer oni koji su na rubovima -- izgnani i odbačeni -- oni su često najkreativniji jer moraju biti. U ovom dijelu Interneta, nećete naći smiješne mačke ili skočne reklame. To je jedan od razloga zašto mislim da će mnogi od vas uskoro prijeći na dark net.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
Not that I'm suggesting anyone in this audience would use it to go and procure high-quality narcotics. But let's say for a moment that you were.
Ne mislim da će ga netko iz publike koristiti za pronalaženje visokokvalitetnih narkotika. No, recimo da želite to napraviti.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
Bear with me. The first thing you will notice on signing up to one of these sites is how familiar it looks. Every single product -- thousands of products -- has a glossy, high-res image, a detailed product description, a price. There's a "Proceed to checkout" icon. There is even, most beautifully of all, a "Report this item" button.
Poslušajte me. Prvo što ćete primijetiti kada se registrirate na takve stranice je kako poznato izgledaju. Svaki proizvod -- tisuće proizvoda -- imaju sjajnu sliku u visokoj rezoluciji, detaljan opis proizvoda, cijenu. Imate ikonu "Završi kupovinu". Najbolje od svega, imaju čak i dugme "Prijavi ovaj proizvod".
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
Incredible.
Nevjerojatno.
You browse through the site, you make your choice, you pay with the crypto-currency bitcoin, you enter an address -- preferably not your home address -- and you wait for your product to arrive in the post, which it nearly always does. And the reason it does is not because of the clever encryption. That's important. Something far simpler than that. It's the user reviews.
Pregledavate stranicu, odaberete proizvod, platite kriptovalutom bitcoinom, upišete adresu -- po mogućnosti ne svoju kućnu -- i čekate da vaš proizvod dođe poštom, a gotovo uvijek i dođe. Razlog što on dođe nije pametno šifriranje. To je važno. Nego je nešto puno jednostavnije od toga. Ocjene korisnika.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
You see, every single vendor on these sites uses a pseudonym, naturally enough, but they keep the same pseudonym to build up a reputation. And because it's easy for the buyer to change allegiance whenever they want, the only way of trusting a vendor is if they have a good history of positive feedback from other users of the site.
Svaki prodavač na ovim stranicama koristi pseudonim, naravno, no drži se istog pseudonima kako bi izgradio reputaciju. Zato što kupac lako može otići dalje kada to želi, jedini način kako vjerovati prodavaču je ako ima dobru povijest pozitivnih ocjena od drugih korisnika na stranici.
And this introduction of competition and choice does exactly what the economists would predict. Prices tend to go down, product quality tends to go up, and the vendors are attentive, they're polite, they're consumer-centric, offering you all manner of special deals, one-offs, buy-one-get-one-frees, free delivery, to keep you happy.
Ovo uvođenje natjecanja i izbora radi upravo ono što bi ekonomisti pretpostavili. Cijene idu dolje, kvaliteta proizvoda ide gore, a prodavači su pažljivi, oni su pristojni, usmjereni na kupca, nude vam svakakve posebne ponude, kupite jedan, uzmite dva, besplatne dostave, sve da biste bili sretni.
I spoke to Drugsheaven. Drugsheaven was offering excellent and consistent marijuana at a reasonable price. He had a very generous refund policy, detailed T's and C's, and good shipping times.
Razgovarao sam s Drugsheavenom. Drugsheaven je nudio odličnu i konzistentnu marihuanu po razumnoj cijeni. Imao je vrlo velikodušnu politiku vraćanja proizvoda, detaljne Odredbe i uvjete i dobro vrijeme dostave.
"Dear Drugsheaven," I wrote, via the internal emailing system that's also encrypted, of course. "I'm new here. Do you mind if I buy just one gram of marijuana?"
"Dragi Drugsheaven", napisao sam pomoću internog sustava poruka koji je također šifriran, naravno. "Novi sam ovdje. Mogu li kupiti samo jedan gram marihuane?"
A couple of hours later, I get a reply. They always reply.
Par sati poslije, dobio sam odgovor. Uvijek odgovore.
"Hi there, thanks for your email. Starting small is a wise thing to do. I would, too, if I were you."
"Bok, hvala za e-mail. Početi polagano je uvijek mudro. I ja bih tako da sam na tvom mjestu."
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
"So no problem if you'd like to start with just one gram. I do hope we can do business together. Best wishes, Drugsheaven."
"Nema problema ako ćete početi samo s jednim gramom. Nadam se da ćemo poslovati. Lijep pozdrav, Drugsheaven."
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
I don't know why he had a posh English accent, but I assume he did.
Ne znam zašto bi imao profinjeni britanski naglasak, ali pretpostavljam.
Now, this kind of consumer-centric attitude is the reason why, when I reviewed 120,000 pieces of feedback that had been left on one of these sites over a three-month period, 95 percent of them were five out of five. The customer, you see, is king. But what does that mean? Well, on the one hand, that means there are more drugs, more available, more easily, to more people. And by my reckoning, that is not a good thing. But, on the other hand, if you are going to take drugs, you have a reasonably good way of guaranteeing a certain level of purity and quality, which is incredibly important if you're taking drugs. And you can do so from the comfort of your own home, without the risks associated with buying on the streets.
Ovakva usmjerenost na kupca je razlog zašto, kada sam pregledao 120 000 ocjena koje su ostavljene na jednoj od stranica u roku od tri mjeseca, 95% njih bilo ocijenjeno pet od pet. Kupac je kralj. No što to znači? S jedne strane, znači da je više droge lakše dostupno većem broju ljudi. Po mom mišljenju, to nije dobra stvar. No, s druge strane, ako ćete se drogirati, imate razumno dobar način garancije određene razine čistoće i kvalitete, što je nevjerojatno važno ako se drogirate. Možete to činiti iz udobnosti svog doma, bez rizika povezanih s kupovinom na ulicama.
Now, as I said, you've got to be creative and innovative to survive in this marketplace. And the 20 or so sites that are currently in operation -- by the way, they don't always work, they're not always perfect; the site that I showed you was shut down 18 months ago, but not before it had turned over a billion dollars' worth of trade. But these markets, because of the difficult conditions in which they are operating, the inhospitable conditions, are always innovating, always thinking of ways of getting smarter, more decentralized, harder to censor, and more customer-friendly.
Kao što sam rekao, morate biti kreativni i inovativni kako biste preživjeli na ovom tržištu. Otprilike 20-ak stranica koje rade -- usput, ne rade uvijek, nisu uvijek savršene; stranica koju sam vam pokazao srušena je prije 18 mjeseci, ali ne prije nego je kroz nju prošlo preko milijardu dolara robe. Ova tržišta, zbog teških uvjeta u kojima rade, negostoljubivih tržišta, uvijek su inovativna, uvijek razmišljaju kako biti pametniji, decentralizirati se, biti otporniji na cenzuru, i usmjereniji na kupca.
Let's take the payment system. You don't pay with your credit card, of course -- that would lead directly back to you. So you use the crypto-currency bitcoin, which is easily exchanged for real-world currencies and gives quite a high degree of anonymity to its users.
Pogledajmo sustav plaćanja. Ne plaćate kreditnom karticom, naravno -- to bi vodilo ravno do vas. Koristite kriptovalutu bitcoin, koja se lako mijenja za nevirtualne valute i daje veću dozu anonimnosti svojim korisnicima.
But at the beginning of these sites, people noticed a flaw. Some of the unscrupulous dealers were running away with peoples' bitcoin before they'd mailed the drugs out. The community came up with a solution, called multi-signature escrow payments. So on purchasing my item, I would send my bitcoin to a neutral, secure third digital wallet. The vendor, who would see that I'd sent it, would be confident that they could then send the product to me, and then when I received it, at least two of the three people engaged in the transaction -- vendor, buyer, site administrator -- would have to sign the transaction off with a unique digital signature, and then the money would be transferred.
No na početku ovih stranica, ljudi su primijetili manu. Neki bezobzirni dileri su uzimali bitcoine prije slanja droge. Zajednica je našla rješenje, escrow račun s više potpisa. Dakle, pri kupnji stavke poslao bih bitcoine u neutralni, sigurni digitalni novčanik treće stranke. Prodavač, koji vidi da sam poslao, siguran je da mi može poslati proizvod, a kada bih ga primio najmanje dvoje od troje ljudi uključenih u transakciju -- prodavač, kupac, administrator stranice -- moraju potpisati transakciju jedinstvenim digitalnim potpisom, nakon čega se vrši prijenos novca.
Brilliant! Elegant. It works.
Genijalno! Elegantno. Funkcionira.
But then they realized there was a problem with bitcoin, because every bitcoin transaction is actually recorded publicly in a public ledger. So if you're clever, you can try and work out who's behind them. So they came up with a tumbling service. Hundreds of people send their bitcoin into one address, they're tumbled and jumbled up, and then the right amount is sent on to the right recipients, but they're different bitcoins: micro-laundering systems.
Tada su shvatili da postoji problem s bitcoinom jer se svaka transakcija bitcoina bilježi u javno dostupnoj knjizi salda. Ako ste pametni, možete probati doći do uključenih osoba. Pa su izmislili servis za prevrtanje. Stotine ljudi šalju svoje bitcoine na jednu adresu, oni se prevrću i miješaju i točan iznos šalje se pravim primateljima, ali druge bitcoine: sustav mikropranja novca.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
It's incredible.
Nevjerojatno.
Interested in what drugs are trending right now on the dark net markets? Check Grams, the search engine. You can even buy some advertising space.
Zanima li vas koje su droge popularne na tržištima darkneta? Pogledajte na Gramsu, pretraživaču. Možete kupiti i reklamni prostor.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
Are you an ethical consumer worried about what the drugs industry is doing? Yeah. One vendor will offer you fair trade organic cocaine.
Jeste li etičan korisnik kojeg brine što industrija droge radi? Da. Jedan prodavač nudi organski kokain po fer cijeni.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
That's not being sourced from Colombian druglords, but Guatemalan farmers. They even promised to reinvest 20 percent of any profits into local education programs.
Ovaj ne dolazi od kolumbijskih narko šefova nego od gvatemalskih farmera. Obećavaju čak i ponovno investirati 20% profita u lokalne sustave obrazovanja.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
There's even a mystery shopper.
Imaju čak i tajnog kupca.
Now, whatever you think about the morality of these sites -- and I submit that it's not actually an easy question -- the creation of functioning, competitive, anonymous markets, where nobody knows who anybody else is, constantly at risk of being shut down by the authorities, is a staggering achievement, a phenomenal achievement. And it's that kind of innovation that's why those on the fringes are often the harbingers of what is to come.
Štogod mislili o moralnosti ovih stranica -- i smatram da ovo nije jednostavno pitanje -- stvaranje kompetitivnog i anonimnog tržišta koje funkcionira, pri čemu nitko ne zna gdje je netko drugi, u konstantnom riziku da će vas vlasti zatvoriti, zapanjujuće je postignuće, fenomenalno postignuće. Zbog ovog tipa inovacije su oni koji su na rubovima često preteča onoga što dolazi.
It's easy to forget that because of its short life, the Internet has actually changed many times over the last 30 years or so. It started in the '70s as a military project, morphed in the 1980s to an academic network, co-opted by commercial companies in the '90s, and then invaded by all of us via social media in the noughties, but I think it's going to change again. And I think things like the dark net markets -- creative, secure, difficult to censor -- I think that's the future.
Lako je zaboraviti, zbog svog kratkog vijeka, da se internet mijenjao nekoliko puta u zadnjih 30 godina. Javio se 70-ih kao vojni projekt, pretvorio u akademsku mrežu 1980-ih, preuzele su ga komercijalne tvrtke u 90-ima, a onda smo mi izvršli invaziju kroz društvene medije u 2000-ima i mislim da će se opet promijeniti. Mislim da je nešto poput tržišta darkneta -- kreativno, sigurno, teško za cenzurirati -- mislim da je to budućnost.
And the reason it's the future is because we're all worried about our privacy. Surveys consistently show concerns about privacy. The more time we spend online, the more we worry about them, and those surveys show our worries are growing. We're worried about what happens to our data. We're worried about who might be watching us.
Razlog zašto je ovo budućnost jest zbog brige o našoj privatnosti. Anekte neprestano pokazuju brigu za privatnost. Što više vremena provodimo na internetu, sve smo zabrinutiji, a ankete pokazuju da briga raste. Brine nas što se događa s našim podatcima. Brine nas to tko nas možda gleda.
Since the revelations from Edward Snowden, there's been a huge increase in the number of people using various privacy-enhancing tools. There are now between two and three million daily users of the Tor browser, the majority of which use is perfectly legitimate, sometimes even mundane. And there are hundreds of activists around the world working on techniques and tools to keep you private online -- default encrypted messaging services. Ethereum, which is a project which tries to link up the connected but unused hard drives of millions of computers around the world, to create a sort of distributed Internet that no one really controls. Now, we've had distributed computing before, of course. We use it for everything from Skype to the search for extraterrestrial life. But you add distributed computing and powerful encryption -- that's very, very hard to censor and control. Another called MaidSafe works on similar principles. Another called Twister, and so on and so on.
Od otkrića Edwarda Snowdena, došlo je do ogromnog povećanja broja ljudi koji koriste razne alate za osiguravanje privatnosti. Postoji oko dva ili tri milijuna svakodnevnih korisnika preglednika Tor, od kojih ga većina koristi za zakonite radnje, čak svakodnevne. Postoji stotine aktivista diljem svijeta koji rade na tehnikama i alatima kako biste imali privatnost na internetu - standardne šifrirane usluge za slanje poruka. Ethereum, projekt koji nastoji povezati spojene, ali neiskorištene tvrde diskove milijuna računala diljem svijeta kako bi se stvorio distribuirani internet koji nitko ne kontrolira. Imamo distribuirano računarstvo od ranije, naravno. Koristimo ga za sve, od Skypea do potrage za izvanzemaljskim životom. No kada spojite distribuirano računarstvo i snažno šifriranje -- to je iznimno teško cenzurirati i kontrolirati. Drugi se zove MaidSafe i radi na sličnim principima. Treći se zove Twister i tako dalje, i tako dalje.
And here's the thing -- the more of us join, the more interesting those sites become, and then the more of us join, and so on. And I think that's what's going to happen.
Stvar je u ovome -- što nas se više uključi, ove stranice postaju sve zanimljivije, a tada nas se još priključi, itd. Mislim da će se to dogoditi.
In fact, it's already happening. The dark net is no longer a den for dealers and a hideout for whistle-blowers. It's already going mainstream. Just recently, the musician Aphex Twin released his album as a dark net site. Facebook has started a dark net site. A group of London architects have opened a dark net site for people worried about regeneration projects. Yes, the dark net is going mainstream, and I predict that fairly soon, every social media company, every major news outlet, and therefore most of you in this audience, will be using the dark net, too.
Zapravo, već se događa. Darknet više nije jazbina za dilere i skrovište za zviždače. Postaje glavni trend. Nedavno je glazbenik Aphex Twin objavio svoj album na stranici darkneta. Facebook je pokrenuo darknet stranicu. Grupa londonskih arhitekata otvorila je stranicu na darknetu za ljude zabrinute za projekte regeneracije. Da, darknet postaje glavni trend, vjerujem da će uskoro svaka tvrtka društvenih medija, svaka veća novinska agencija i većina vas u publici koristiti darknet.
So the Internet is about to get more interesting, more exciting, more innovative, more terrible, more destructive. That's good news if you care about liberty. It's good news if you care about freedom. It's good news if you care about democracy. It's also good news if you want to browse for illegal pornography and if you want to buy and sell drugs with impunity. Neither entirely dark, nor entirely light. It's not one side or the other that's going to win out, but both.
Internet će postati još zanimljiviji, uzbudljiviji i inovativniji, još strašniji i još destruktivniji. Ovo su dobre vijesti ako vam je stalo do slobode. Dobre vijesti ako vam je stalo do nezavisnosti. Dobre vijesti ako vam je stalo do demokracije. Dobre vijesti ako želite gledati nezakonitu pornografiju i ako želite kupiti i prodati droge bez kazne. Nije u potpunosti mračan, niti u potpunosti svijetao. Neće pobijediti nijedna strana, nego obje.
Thank you very much, indeed.
Puno vam hvala.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)