Well we all know the World Wide Web has absolutely transformed publishing, broadcasting, commerce and social connectivity, but where did it all come from? And I'll quote three people: Vannevar Bush, Doug Engelbart and Tim Berners-Lee. So let's just run through these guys.
Svi znamo da je internet apsolutno promenio izdavaštvo, emitovanje materijala, trgovinu i društvenu umreženost, ali odakle je sve to došlo? Citiraću trojicu ljudi: Vanevara Buša, Daga Englbarta i Tima Berners-Lija. Hajde sada, na brzinu, da upoznamo ove ljude.
This is Vannevar Bush. Vannevar Bush was the U.S. government's chief scientific adviser during the war. And in 1945, he published an article in a magazine called Atlantic Monthly. And the article was called "As We May Think." And what Vannevar Bush was saying was the way we use information is broken. We don't work in terms of libraries and catalog systems and so forth. The brain works by association. With one item in its thought, it snaps instantly to the next item. And the way information is structured is totally incapable of keeping up with this process.
Ovo je Vanevar Buš. On je bio glavni naučni savetnik za vladu SAD tokom rata. A 1945. godine, objavio je članak u časopisu Atlantic Monthly. Članak se zvao "Kao što bismo mi mislili." Ono što je Vanevar Buš tvrdio je da je način na koji mi koristimo informacije loš. Ne sortiramo informacije poput biblioteka, kataloga i sličnih sistema. Mozak radi pomoću asocijacija. Dok nam je jedna stvar na umu, mozak odmah skače na sledeću. I način na koji su informacije strukturirane ne može da ide u korak sa ovim procesom.
And so he suggested a machine, and he called it the memex. And the memex would link information, one piece of information to a related piece of information and so forth. Now this was in 1945. A computer in those days was something the secret services used to use for code breaking. And nobody knew anything about it. So this was before the computer was invented. And he proposed this machine called the memex. And he had a platform where you linked information to other information, and then you could call it up at will.
Buš je onda predložio jednu mašinu, i nazvao ju je memeks. Memeks bi povezivao informacije, jednu informaciju sa drugom srodnom i tako dalje. Ovo je bilo 1945. U to vreme kompjuter je bio nešto što su koristile tajne službe kako bi razbile šifre. I niko nije znao ništa o njemu. Dakle ovo je bilo pre nastanka kompjutera. I on je predložio da se ova mašina zove memeks. Imao je platformu gde su se informacije povezivale jedna sa drugom, i onda ste mogli da ih povratite kada vam trebaju.
So spinning forward, one of the guys who read this article was a guy called Doug Engelbart, and he was a U.S. Air Force officer. And he was reading it in their library in the Far East. And he was so inspired by this article, it kind of directed the rest of his life. And by the mid-60s, he was able to put this into action when he worked at the Stanford Research Lab in California. He built a system. The system was designed to augment human intelligence, it was called. And in a premonition of today's world of cloud computing and softwares of service, his system was called NLS for oN-Line System.
Kada premotamo film unapred, jedan od ljudi koji su pročitali članak zvao se Dag Englbart i bio je oficir američkog vazduhoplovstva. Čitao je članak u biblioteci na Dalekom istoku, i toliko ga je toliko inspirisao da je izmenio ostatak njegovog života. I do sredine '60-tih, mogao je da realizuje sve ovo jer je radio u Stenfordskoj laboratoriji za istraživanje u Kaliforniji. Napravio je sistem. Sistem je bio osmišljen da poveća čovekovu inteligenciju. I u predosećanju današnjeg sveta računarstva i uslužnih softvera, Englbart je sistem nazvao NLS što je bila skraćenica za oN-Lajn Sistem.
And this is Doug Engelbart. He was giving a presentation at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in 1968. What he showed -- he sat on a stage like this, and he demonstrated this system. He had his head mic like I've got. And he works this system. And you can see, he's working between documents and graphics and so forth. And he's driving it all with this platform here, with a five-finger keyboard and the world's first computer mouse, which he specially designed in order to do this system. So this is where the mouse came from as well.
A ovo je Dag Englbart. Imao je prezentaciju na Jesenjoj zajedničkoj kompjuterskoj konferenciji 1968. godine. Ono što je pokazao je - sedeo je na pozornici poput ove i demonstrirao svoj sistem. Imao je mikrofon na glavi kao i ja. I radio je na ovom sistemu. I kao što vidite, radi kroz dokumente i grafičke datoteke i tako dalje. I sve to pokreće ovom platformom ovde, sa tastaturom za pet prstiju i prvim kompjuterskim mišem na svetu, koji je osmislio posebno za ovaj sistem. Tako da je ovde nastao i prvi miš.
So this is Doug Engelbart. The trouble with Doug Engelbart's system was that the computers in those days cost several million pounds. So for a personal computer, a few million pounds was like having a personal jet plane; it wasn't really very practical.
Dakle ovo je Dag Englbart. Problem sa njegovim sistemom bio je taj da su u to vreme kompjuteri koštali po par miliona funti. Tako da je za lični računar, par miliona funti bilo poput posedovanja ličnog aviona; zaista nije bilo veoma praktično.
But spin on to the 80s when personal computers did arrive, then there was room for this kind of system on personal computers. And my company, OWL built a system called Guide for the Apple Macintosh. And we delivered the world's first hypertext system. And this began to get a head of steam. Apple introduced a thing called HyperCard, and they made a bit of a fuss about it. They had a 12-page supplement in the Wall Street Journal the day it launched. The magazines started to cover it. Byte magazine and Communications at the ACM had special issues covering hypertext. We developed a PC version of this product as well as the Macintosh version. And our PC version became quite mature.
Ali krenimo do osamdesetih godina kada su zaista došli lični računari. Onda je bilo prostora za ovakav sistem na njima. I moja kompanija OWL napravila je sistem pod imenom Vodič za Apple Mackintosh. Proizveli smo prvi hipertekst sistem na svetu. I onda su stvari počele da se zahuktavaju. Apple je predstavio stvarčicu zvanu HyperCard, i malo su digli frku oko toga. Imali su prilog od 12 strana u Dnevniku Vol Strita kada je izašao. Novine su počele da pišu o tome. Magazin Byte i ACM komunikacije imali su posebna izdanja za hipertekst. Razvili smo verziju proizvoda za računare, kao i verziju za Mackintosh. Verzija za računare se poprilično razvila.
These are some examples of this system in action in the late 80s. You were able to deliver documents, were able to do it over networks. We developed a system such that it had a markup language based on html. We called it hml: hypertext markup language. And the system was capable of doing very, very large documentation systems over computer networks.
Ovo su primerci sistema u radu kasnih osamdeseth. Mogli ste da dostavljate dokumente i da radite to preko mreža. Napravili smo sistem koji je imao jezik za označavanje baziran na HTML-u. Nazvali smo ga HML - hipertekst jezik za označavanje. I mogao je da obrađuje velike sisteme dokumentacije preko mreža kompjutera.
So I took this system to a trade show in Versailles near Paris in late November 1990. And I was approached by a nice young man called Tim Berners-Lee who said, "Are you Ian Ritchie?" and I said, "Yeah." And he said, "I need to talk to you." And he told me about his proposed system called the World Wide Web. And I thought, well, that's got a pretentious name, especially since the whole system ran on his computer in his office. But he was completely convinced that his World Wide Web would take over the world one day. And he tried to persuade me to write the browser for it, because his system didn't have any graphics or fonts or layout or anything; it was just plain text. I thought, well, you know, interesting, but a guy from CERN, he's not going to do this. So we didn't do it.
Tako sam poneo ovaj sistem na sajam u Versaju pored Pariza u drugoj polovini novembra 1990. Tamo mi je prišao fini mladić - Tim Berners-Li i pitao: "Da li ste vi Ian Riči?" "Da.", odgovorio sam. "Moram da razgovaram sa vama.", rekao mi je. I pričao mi je o predlogu za sistem pod imenom World Wide Web (Svetska mreža). Pomislio sam da je to prilično pretenciozno ime, naročito zato što je ceo sistem bio na kompjuteru u njegovoj kancelariji. Ali Berners-Li je bio skroz uveren da će Svetska mreža osvojiti svet jednoga dana. Pokušao je da me nagovori da napravim pretraživač za tu mrežu, jer njegov sistem nije imao grafiku, font, okruženje ili bilo šta; sastojao se od jednostavnog teksta. Pomislio sam, znaš, zanimljivo je to, ali tip iz CERN-a, neće hteti to da uradi. Tako da nismo to uradili.
In the next couple of years, the hypertext community didn't recognize him either. In 1992, his paper was rejected for the Hypertext Conference. In 1993, there was a table at the conference in Seattle, and a guy called Marc Andreessen was demonstrating his little browser for the World Wide Web. And I saw it, and I thought, yep, that's it. And the very next year, in 1994, we had the conference here in Edinburgh, and I had no opposition in having Tim Berners-Lee as the keynote speaker.
U sledećih nekoliko godina, ni hipertekst zajednica nije prepoznala njegov rad. 1992. njegov rad je odbijen za Hipertekst konferenciju. 1993. na konferenciji u Sijetlu za jednim stolom momak zvani Mark Andrisen demonstrirao je svoj mali pretraživač za Svetsku mrežu. Video sam ga i pomislio, da, to je to. I već sledeće godine, 1994., imali smo konferenciju ovde u Edinburgu i nisam imao ništa protiv da Tim Berners-Li bude glavni govornik.
So that puts me in pretty illustrious company. There was a guy called Dick Rowe who was at Decca Records and turned down The Beatles. There was a guy called Gary Kildall who went flying his plane when IBM came looking for an operating system for the IBM PC, and he wasn't there, so they went back to see Bill Gates. And the 12 publishers who turned down J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter, I guess.
To me stavlja u društvo slavnih. Dik Rou iz izdavačke kuće Decca Records odbio je Bitlse. Geri Kildal leteo je svojim avionom kada su iz IBM-a došli da traže operativni sistem za IBM računar, a on nije bio tamo, tako da su otišli nazad do Bila Gejtsa. Tu je i 12 izdavača koji su odbili Dž.K. Rouling i knjige o Hariju Poteru.
On the other hand, there's Marc Andreessen who wrote the world's first browser for the World Wide Web. And according to Fortune magazine, he's worth 700 million dollars. But is he happy?
Sa druge strane, tu je Mark Andrisen koji ja napravio prvi pretraživač za Svetsku mrežu na svetu. I ako je verovati magazinu Fortune, on vredi 700 miliona dolara. Ali da li je srećan?
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
(Applause)
(Aplauz)