Well we all know the World Wide Web has absolutely transformed publishing, broadcasting, commerce and social connectivity, but where did it all come from? And I'll quote three people: Vannevar Bush, Doug Engelbart and Tim Berners-Lee. So let's just run through these guys.
Nuž, všetci vieme, že World Wide Web kompletne zmenil vydavateľstvo, vysielanie, obchod a sociálne siete, ale odkiaľ sa to všetko vzalo? Budem citovať troch ľudí: Vannevar Bush, Doug Engelbart a Tim Berners-Lee. Tak sa na týchto pánov pozrime.
This is Vannevar Bush. Vannevar Bush was the U.S. government's chief scientific adviser during the war. And in 1945, he published an article in a magazine called Atlantic Monthly. And the article was called "As We May Think." And what Vannevar Bush was saying was the way we use information is broken. We don't work in terms of libraries and catalog systems and so forth. The brain works by association. With one item in its thought, it snaps instantly to the next item. And the way information is structured is totally incapable of keeping up with this process.
Toto je Vannevar Bush. Vannevar Bush bol počas vojny hlavným vedeckým poradcom vlády USA. A v roku 1945 publikoval článok v časopise Atlantic Monthly. A tento článok niesol názov "Ako si možno myslíme." Vannevar Bush tvrdil, že spôsob, akým využívame informácie, je chybný. Nefungujeme ako knižnice alebo katalógové systémy a tak ďalej. Mozog pracuje pomocou asociácií. Z jednej myšlienky skáče okamžite na druhú. A spôsob, akým je informácia štruktúrovaná, nie je schopný udržať tempo s týmto procesom.
And so he suggested a machine, and he called it the memex. And the memex would link information, one piece of information to a related piece of information and so forth. Now this was in 1945. A computer in those days was something the secret services used to use for code breaking. And nobody knew anything about it. So this was before the computer was invented. And he proposed this machine called the memex. And he had a platform where you linked information to other information, and then you could call it up at will.
A tak navrhol prístroj, ktorý pomenoval memex. Memex prepájal informácie, jeden kúsok informácie so súvisiacim kúskom inej informácie a tak ďalej. Toto bolo v roku 1945. Počítač v tej dobe bolo niečo, čo používali tajné služby k rozlúšteniu kódov. A nikto o tom nič nevedel. Takže toto bolo predtým, ako bol vynájdený počítač. A on prišiel s takýmto prístrojom s názvom memex. Mal platformu, na ktorej ste prepojili jednu informáciu s druhou a potom ste to mohli vyvolať na žiadosť.
So spinning forward, one of the guys who read this article was a guy called Doug Engelbart, and he was a U.S. Air Force officer. And he was reading it in their library in the Far East. And he was so inspired by this article, it kind of directed the rest of his life. And by the mid-60s, he was able to put this into action when he worked at the Stanford Research Lab in California. He built a system. The system was designed to augment human intelligence, it was called. And in a premonition of today's world of cloud computing and softwares of service, his system was called NLS for oN-Line System.
Tak, pohneme sa ďalej, jedným z ľudí, ktorí čítali tento článok, bol pán menom Doug Engelbart, bol to dôstojník vojenského letectva U.S. Čítal to v ich knižnici na Ďalekom východe. A tento článok ho tak inšpiroval, že to v podstate nesmerovalo, celý jeho ďalší život. A do polovice 60. rokov sa mu to podarilo uviesť do akcie, keď pracoval v Kalifornii v Stanford Research Lab. Vybudoval systém. Tento systém bol navrhnutý tak, aby rozšíril ľudskú inteligenciu. A ako predzvesť dnešného sveta cloud computingu a softvéru ako služby, sa jeho systém volal NLS ako "oN-Line System" (Online Systém).
And this is Doug Engelbart. He was giving a presentation at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in 1968. What he showed -- he sat on a stage like this, and he demonstrated this system. He had his head mic like I've got. And he works this system. And you can see, he's working between documents and graphics and so forth. And he's driving it all with this platform here, with a five-finger keyboard and the world's first computer mouse, which he specially designed in order to do this system. So this is where the mouse came from as well.
A to je Doug Engelbart. V roku 1968 prezentoval na konferencii Fall Joint Computer Conference. Kde ukázal - takto si sadol na pódium a názorne predviedol tento systém. Mal takýto mikrofón na hlave, ako mám ja. A obsluhoval tento systém. Môžete vidieť, ako pracuje medzi dokumentmi a grafikou a tak ďalej. A celé to riadi pomocou tejto platformy tu, s klávesnicou pre päť prstov a prvou počítačovou myšou na svete, ktorú navrhol špeciálne kvôli tomuto systému. Takže aj myš pochádza odtiaľto.
So this is Doug Engelbart. The trouble with Doug Engelbart's system was that the computers in those days cost several million pounds. So for a personal computer, a few million pounds was like having a personal jet plane; it wasn't really very practical.
Takže toto je Doug Engelbart. Problém so systémom Douga Engelbarta bol ten, že počítače v tej dobe stáli niekoľko miliónov libier. Takže mať osobný počítač za niekoľko miliónov libier bolo ako mať osobné lietadlo. Nebolo to veľmi praktické.
But spin on to the 80s when personal computers did arrive, then there was room for this kind of system on personal computers. And my company, OWL built a system called Guide for the Apple Macintosh. And we delivered the world's first hypertext system. And this began to get a head of steam. Apple introduced a thing called HyperCard, and they made a bit of a fuss about it. They had a 12-page supplement in the Wall Street Journal the day it launched. The magazines started to cover it. Byte magazine and Communications at the ACM had special issues covering hypertext. We developed a PC version of this product as well as the Macintosh version. And our PC version became quite mature.
Ale presuňme sa do 80. rokov, kedy dorazili osobné počítače, vtedy tam už bol priestor pre takéto systémy na osobných počítačoch. A moja spoločnosť, OWL, vybudovala systém s názvom Príručka (Guide) pre Apple Macintosh. A my sme dodali prvý hypertextový systém na svete. A to sa pustilo plnou parou vpred. Apple predstavil vec menom HyperCard a urobili okolo toho trochu rozruchu. V deň, kedy to vyšlo mali vo Wall Street Journal 12-stránkovú prílohu. Časopisy o tom začali písať. Časopis Byte a Communications od ACM mali špeciálne čísla o hypertexte. Vyvinuli sme PC verziu pre tento produkt tak ako aj verziu pre Macintosh. A naša PC verzia bola celkom vyspelá.
These are some examples of this system in action in the late 80s. You were able to deliver documents, were able to do it over networks. We developed a system such that it had a markup language based on html. We called it hml: hypertext markup language. And the system was capable of doing very, very large documentation systems over computer networks.
Toto je pár príkladov tohto systému v akcii na konci 80. rokov. Mohli ste posielať dokumenty, mohli ste to robiť po sieti. Vyvinuli sme systém tak, že mal značkový jazyk založený na html. Nazvali sme ho html: hypertext markup language (hypertextový značkový jazyk). Tento systém dokázal robiť veľmi, veľmi rozsiahle dokumentačné systémy po počítačových sieťach.
So I took this system to a trade show in Versailles near Paris in late November 1990. And I was approached by a nice young man called Tim Berners-Lee who said, "Are you Ian Ritchie?" and I said, "Yeah." And he said, "I need to talk to you." And he told me about his proposed system called the World Wide Web. And I thought, well, that's got a pretentious name, especially since the whole system ran on his computer in his office. But he was completely convinced that his World Wide Web would take over the world one day. And he tried to persuade me to write the browser for it, because his system didn't have any graphics or fonts or layout or anything; it was just plain text. I thought, well, you know, interesting, but a guy from CERN, he's not going to do this. So we didn't do it.
Tak som na konci novembra roku 1990 vzal tento systém na veľtrh do Versailles blízko Paríža. A oslovil ma sympatický mladý muž menom Tim Berners-Lee, ktorý sa spýtal, "Vy ste Ian Ritchie?" a ja na to, "Áno." A on povedal, "Potrebujem s vami hovoriť." A povedal mi o systéme menom World Wide Web, ktorý navrhol. A ja som si pomyslel, nuž, to má ale okázalý názov, obzvlášť keď celý ten systém beží na počítači v jeho kancelárii. No on bol celkom presvedčený, že jeho World Wide Web jedného dňa ovládne svet. A snažil sa ma presvedčiť, aby som pre to vytvoril prehliadač, pretože jeho systém nemal žiadnu grafiku ani fonty, ani layout ani nič; bol to len jednoduchý text. Pomyslel som si, nuž, viete, zaujímavé, ale chlapík z CERNu, nepodarí sa mu to. Takže sme to neurobili.
In the next couple of years, the hypertext community didn't recognize him either. In 1992, his paper was rejected for the Hypertext Conference. In 1993, there was a table at the conference in Seattle, and a guy called Marc Andreessen was demonstrating his little browser for the World Wide Web. And I saw it, and I thought, yep, that's it. And the very next year, in 1994, we had the conference here in Edinburgh, and I had no opposition in having Tim Berners-Lee as the keynote speaker.
Pár najbližších rokov si ho nevšímala ani hypertextová komunita. V roku 1992 bol jeho návrh pre Hypertextovú konferenciu odmietnutý. V roku 1993 bol na konferencii v Seattli stôl a chlapík menom Marc Andreessen tam predvádzal svoj malý prehliadač pre World Wide Web. A ja som to zbadal a pomyslel si, hej, tak toto je ono. A hneď na ďalší rok, 1994, sme mali konferenciu tu v Edinburghu a ja som nemal žiadne námietky voči tomu, že Tim Berners-Lee je hlavný rečník.
So that puts me in pretty illustrious company. There was a guy called Dick Rowe who was at Decca Records and turned down The Beatles. There was a guy called Gary Kildall who went flying his plane when IBM came looking for an operating system for the IBM PC, and he wasn't there, so they went back to see Bill Gates. And the 12 publishers who turned down J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter, I guess.
To ma dostáva do dosť významnej spoločnosti. Je tam chlapík menom Dick Rowe, ktorý bol z Decca Records a odmietol The Beatles. Je tam chlapík menom Gary Kildall, ktorý si šiel zalietať lietadlom, keď IBM hľadali operačný systém pre IBM PC, a keďže tam nebol, tak sa vrátili a šli za Billom Gatesom. A 12 vydavateľov, ktorí odmietli Harryho Pottera od J.K. Rowling.
On the other hand, there's Marc Andreessen who wrote the world's first browser for the World Wide Web. And according to Fortune magazine, he's worth 700 million dollars. But is he happy?
Na druhej strane, je tu Marc Andreessen, ktorý napísal prvý prehliadač pre World Wide Web na svete. A podľa časopisu Fortune má hodnotu 700 miliónov dolárov. Ale je šťastný?
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