Well we all know the World Wide Web has absolutely transformed publishing, broadcasting, commerce and social connectivity, but where did it all come from? And I'll quote three people: Vannevar Bush, Doug Engelbart and Tim Berners-Lee. So let's just run through these guys.
Svi znamo kako je World Wide Web u potpunosti transformirao izdavaštvo, emitiranje, trgovinu i društvenu povezanost, ali odakle je sve to došlo? Citirat ću troje ljudi: Vannevara Busha, Douga Engelbarta i Tima Berners-Leeja. Pa predstavimo tu trojicu.
This is Vannevar Bush. Vannevar Bush was the U.S. government's chief scientific adviser during the war. And in 1945, he published an article in a magazine called Atlantic Monthly. And the article was called "As We May Think." And what Vannevar Bush was saying was the way we use information is broken. We don't work in terms of libraries and catalog systems and so forth. The brain works by association. With one item in its thought, it snaps instantly to the next item. And the way information is structured is totally incapable of keeping up with this process.
Ovo je Vannevar Bush. Vannevar Bush bio je glavni znanstveni savjetnik američke vlade za vrijeme rata. 1945. godine objavio je članak u časopisu Atlantic Monthly. Naslov članka bio je "Kao što možemo misliti". U tom je članku Vannevar Bush govorio da je način na koji koristimo informacije neispravan. Ne radimo poput knjižnica ili kataloških sustava i slično. Mozak radi kroz asocijacije. S jednom stvari u mislima, u trenu se prebaci na sljedeću stvar. Način na koji su informacije strukturirane potpuno je neprimjeren za praćenje tog procesa.
And so he suggested a machine, and he called it the memex. And the memex would link information, one piece of information to a related piece of information and so forth. Now this was in 1945. A computer in those days was something the secret services used to use for code breaking. And nobody knew anything about it. So this was before the computer was invented. And he proposed this machine called the memex. And he had a platform where you linked information to other information, and then you could call it up at will.
I tako je on predložio stroj i nazvao ga memex. Memex bi povezivao informacije, jednu informaciju s drugom, sličnom, i tako dalje. To je bilo 1945. godine. Računalo je u to vrijeme bilo nešto čime je tajna služba razbijala šifre. I nitko nije ništa znao o tome. Dakle, to je bilo prije nego što je računalo izumljeno. On je predložio neki stroj pod imenom memex Imao je platformu za povezivanje informacija, do kojih ste mogli doći po želji.
So spinning forward, one of the guys who read this article was a guy called Doug Engelbart, and he was a U.S. Air Force officer. And he was reading it in their library in the Far East. And he was so inspired by this article, it kind of directed the rest of his life. And by the mid-60s, he was able to put this into action when he worked at the Stanford Research Lab in California. He built a system. The system was designed to augment human intelligence, it was called. And in a premonition of today's world of cloud computing and softwares of service, his system was called NLS for oN-Line System.
Zavrtimo unaprijed, jedan od onih koj su pročitali taj članak bio je momak imenom Doug Engelbart, koji je bio časnik američkih zračnih snaga. Članak je pročitao u njihovoj knjižnici na Dalekom istoku. Taj ga je članak toliko inspirirao da je na neki način usmjerio ostatak njegova života. Sredinom 1960-ih uspio je to pokrenuti kad je radio u istraživačkom laboratoriju na Stanfordu u Kaliforniji. Izgradio je sustav. Sustav je osmišljen kako bi povećao ljudsku inteligenciju, tako je bio nazvan. Kao prethodnica današnjeg svijeta računalstva u oblacima i softvera za usluge, njegov sustav zvao se NLS - oN-Line Sustav.
And this is Doug Engelbart. He was giving a presentation at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in 1968. What he showed -- he sat on a stage like this, and he demonstrated this system. He had his head mic like I've got. And he works this system. And you can see, he's working between documents and graphics and so forth. And he's driving it all with this platform here, with a five-finger keyboard and the world's first computer mouse, which he specially designed in order to do this system. So this is where the mouse came from as well.
Ovo je Doug Engelbart. Držao je prezentaciju je na jesenskoj Zajedničkoj računalnoj konferenciji 1968. godine. Ono što je on pokazao -- sjedio je podiju ovako i demonstrirao ovaj sustav. Imao je mikrofon na glavi kao ja sada. I radio je u tom sustavu. Vidite kako radi između dokumenata i grafika i tako dalje. A sve to pokreće ovom platformom ovdje, tipkovnicom za pet prstiju i prvim mišem za računalo na svijetu, koji je on posebno dizajnirao za upravljanje tim sustavom. Dakle, odatle je došao i miš.
So this is Doug Engelbart. The trouble with Doug Engelbart's system was that the computers in those days cost several million pounds. So for a personal computer, a few million pounds was like having a personal jet plane; it wasn't really very practical.
Ovo je Doug Engelbart. Problem njegovog sustava bio je da su računala u to vrijeme stajala nekoliko milijuna funti. Za osobno računalo, nekoliko milijuna funti je kao da imate privatni avion, nije bilo baš praktično.
But spin on to the 80s when personal computers did arrive, then there was room for this kind of system on personal computers. And my company, OWL built a system called Guide for the Apple Macintosh. And we delivered the world's first hypertext system. And this began to get a head of steam. Apple introduced a thing called HyperCard, and they made a bit of a fuss about it. They had a 12-page supplement in the Wall Street Journal the day it launched. The magazines started to cover it. Byte magazine and Communications at the ACM had special issues covering hypertext. We developed a PC version of this product as well as the Macintosh version. And our PC version became quite mature.
Ali pomaknimo se u 80-e kad su se pojavila osobna računala, tada je bilo mjesta za tu vrstu sustava u osobnim računalima. Moja tvrtka, OWL, izradila sustav pod nazivom Guide za Apple Macintosh. Isporučili smo prvi hypertext sustav na svijetu. I to je pokrenulo stvari. Apple je predstavio nešto što se zove HyperCard i napravili su veliku strku oko toga. Imali su dodatak od 12 stranica u Wall Street Journalu na dan izlaska. Časopisi su počeli pisati o tome. Časopis Byte i Communications na ACM-u imali su posebna izdanja o hypertextu. Razvili smo verziju ovog proizvoda za PC, kao i za Macintosh. Verzija za PC prilično se razvila.
These are some examples of this system in action in the late 80s. You were able to deliver documents, were able to do it over networks. We developed a system such that it had a markup language based on html. We called it hml: hypertext markup language. And the system was capable of doing very, very large documentation systems over computer networks.
Ovo su neki primjeri tog sustava na djelu krajem 80-ih. Mogli ste isporučiti dokumente, mogli ste to učiniti preko mreže. Razvili smo sustav koji je imao programski jezik baziran na html-u. Nazvali smo ga hml: hypertext markup language. A sustavom se moglo upravljati vrlo velikim dokumentacijskim sustavima preko računalnih mreža.
So I took this system to a trade show in Versailles near Paris in late November 1990. And I was approached by a nice young man called Tim Berners-Lee who said, "Are you Ian Ritchie?" and I said, "Yeah." And he said, "I need to talk to you." And he told me about his proposed system called the World Wide Web. And I thought, well, that's got a pretentious name, especially since the whole system ran on his computer in his office. But he was completely convinced that his World Wide Web would take over the world one day. And he tried to persuade me to write the browser for it, because his system didn't have any graphics or fonts or layout or anything; it was just plain text. I thought, well, you know, interesting, but a guy from CERN, he's not going to do this. So we didn't do it.
Predstavio sam taj sustav na sajmu u Versaillesu pokraj Pariza krajem studenog 1990. godine. Pristupio mi je simpatičan mladić imenom Tim Berners-Lee i rekao je: "Jeste li vi Ian Ritchie?", a ja sam rekao: "Aha." A on je rekao: "Moram razgovarati s vama." Ispričao mi je o tom sustavu koji predlaže - World Wide Web. A ja sam pomislio, pa, to ima pretenciozno ime, posebno jer cijeli sustav pokreće jedno računalo u njegovom uredu. Ali on je bio u potpunosti uvjeren kako će njegov World Wide Web jednog dana osvojiti svijet. Pokušao me uvjeriti da isprogramiram preglednik za to jer njegov sustav nije imao nikakvu grafiku ni fontove ni predloške ni išta, to je bio običan tekst. Mislio sam, dobro, znaš, zanimljivo, ali momak iz CERN-a to neće napraviti. Tako da od toga nije bilo ništa.
In the next couple of years, the hypertext community didn't recognize him either. In 1992, his paper was rejected for the Hypertext Conference. In 1993, there was a table at the conference in Seattle, and a guy called Marc Andreessen was demonstrating his little browser for the World Wide Web. And I saw it, and I thought, yep, that's it. And the very next year, in 1994, we had the conference here in Edinburgh, and I had no opposition in having Tim Berners-Lee as the keynote speaker.
U sljedećih nekoliko godina, ni hypertext zajednica nije ga prepoznala. 1992. godine njegov je rad odbijen na konferenciji za Hypertext. 1993. godine održavala se rasprava na konferenciji u Seatlleu, a čovjek imenom Marc Andreessen demonstrirao je svoj mali preglednik za World Wide Web. Ja sam ga vidio i pomislio, da, to je to. Već sljedeće godine, 1994., imali smo konferenciju ovdje u Edinburghu, i nitko se nije protivio da Tim Berners-Lee bude glavni govornik.
So that puts me in pretty illustrious company. There was a guy called Dick Rowe who was at Decca Records and turned down The Beatles. There was a guy called Gary Kildall who went flying his plane when IBM came looking for an operating system for the IBM PC, and he wasn't there, so they went back to see Bill Gates. And the 12 publishers who turned down J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter, I guess.
Tako sam se našao u krasnom društvu. Tu je čovjek imenom Dick Rowe, koji je radio u Decca Recordsu i odbio Beatlese. Tu je i Gary Kildall, koji je otišao letjeti svojim avionom kad je IBM došao tražiti operativni sustav za IBM PC, a kako njega nije bilo, oni su otišli Billu Gatesu. A tu je i onih 12 izdavača koji su odbili J. K. Rowling i Harryja Pottera, pretpostavljam.
On the other hand, there's Marc Andreessen who wrote the world's first browser for the World Wide Web. And according to Fortune magazine, he's worth 700 million dollars. But is he happy?
S druge strane, tu je Marc Andreessen, koji je napravio prvi pretraživač za World Wide Web. Prema časopisu Fortune, težak je 700 milijuna dolara. No, je li sretan?
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