Vi ved alle at internettet har forandret udgivelse, tv-udsendelse, handel og sociale forbindelser totalt. Men hvor kom det hele fra? Jeg vil citere tre personer: Vannevar Bush, Doug Engelbart og Tim Berners-Lee. Lad os lige gennemgå dem.
Well we all know the World Wide Web has absolutely transformed publishing, broadcasting, commerce and social connectivity, but where did it all come from? And I'll quote three people: Vannevar Bush, Doug Engelbart and Tim Berners-Lee. So let's just run through these guys.
Dette er Vannevar Bush. Han var den amerikanske regerings top videnskabelige rådgiver under krigen, og i 1945 udgav han en artikel i et blad kaldet Atlantic Monthly. Artiklen var kaldet "As We May Think" (Som vi kan tænke) Og hvad Vannevar Bush sagde var at måden vi bruger information er i stykker. Vi virker ikke på samme måde som biblioteker og katalogsystemer osv. Hjernen virker ved associationer. med en genstand i tanken går den øjeblikkeligt over til den næste genstand. og måden information er struktureret er totalt ude af stand til at følge med i den proces.
This is Vannevar Bush. Vannevar Bush was the U.S. government's chief scientific adviser during the war. And in 1945, he published an article in a magazine called Atlantic Monthly. And the article was called "As We May Think." And what Vannevar Bush was saying was the way we use information is broken. We don't work in terms of libraries and catalog systems and so forth. The brain works by association. With one item in its thought, it snaps instantly to the next item. And the way information is structured is totally incapable of keeping up with this process.
Så han foreslog en maskine, og han kaldte den memexen, og memexen ville koble information, et stykke information til et relateret stykke information osv. Dette var i 1945 og en computer i de dage var noget efterretningstjenester brugte til at knække koder. og ingen vidste noget om det. Så dette var før computeren var opfundet, og han foreslog denne maskine kaldet memexen, og han havde en platform hvor du koblede information til andet information, og så kunne du genkalde det.
And so he suggested a machine, and he called it the memex. And the memex would link information, one piece of information to a related piece of information and so forth. Now this was in 1945. A computer in those days was something the secret services used to use for code breaking. And nobody knew anything about it. So this was before the computer was invented. And he proposed this machine called the memex. And he had a platform where you linked information to other information, and then you could call it up at will.
Hvis vi springer lidt frem, en af dem der læste artiklen var en mand ved navn Doug Engelbart og han var officer i det amerikanske luftvåben. Han læste i deres bibliotek i fjernøsten og han blev så inspireret af artiklen at den på en måde styrede resten af hans liv, og i midt 60'erne var han i stand til at omsætte det til handling da han arbejdede ved Stanford's forsknings laboratorium i Californien. Han byggede et system, systemet var designet til at forøge menneskelig intelligens, og i en foruddannelse af nutidens verden med cloud-computing og service programmer, Blev hans system kaldet NLS for oN-Line System.
So spinning forward, one of the guys who read this article was a guy called Doug Engelbart, and he was a U.S. Air Force officer. And he was reading it in their library in the Far East. And he was so inspired by this article, it kind of directed the rest of his life. And by the mid-60s, he was able to put this into action when he worked at the Stanford Research Lab in California. He built a system. The system was designed to augment human intelligence, it was called. And in a premonition of today's world of cloud computing and softwares of service, his system was called NLS for oN-Line System.
og dette er Doug Engelbart. Han gav en præsentation ved Fall Joint computer konferencen i 1968. Hvad han viste -- han sad på en scene som den her, og han demonstrerede sit system, han havde en hoved-mikrofon som den jeg har, og han brugte systemet, og som i kan se arbejder han imellem dokumenter, grafik osv. og han styrer det hele med den platform her. med et fem-fingers tastatur og verdens første computermus. Som han designede specielt for at lave systemet. Så det er her musen kom fra.
And this is Doug Engelbart. He was giving a presentation at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in 1968. What he showed -- he sat on a stage like this, and he demonstrated this system. He had his head mic like I've got. And he works this system. And you can see, he's working between documents and graphics and so forth. And he's driving it all with this platform here, with a five-finger keyboard and the world's first computer mouse, which he specially designed in order to do this system. So this is where the mouse came from as well.
Det var Doug Engelbart. Problemet med Doug Engelbarts system var at computere dengang kostede flere millioner pund, så for en personlig computer, er nogle millioner pund ligesom at have et personligt jetfly, det var ikke særligt praktisk.
So this is Doug Engelbart. The trouble with Doug Engelbart's system was that the computers in those days cost several million pounds. So for a personal computer, a few million pounds was like having a personal jet plane; it wasn't really very practical.
Men går vi frem til 80'erne da personlige computere ankom, blev der plads til denne slags system på personlige computere, og mit firma, OWL, lavede et system kaldet Guide til Apple Macintoshen, og vi lavede verdens første hypertekst system. dette begyndte at gå hurtigt fremad. Apple introducerede noget kaldet HyperCard, og de gjorde meget ud af det. De havde et 12-siders tillæg til Wall Street Journal dagen hvor det blev udgivet. Bladene begyndte at dække det, Byte-bladet og Communications ved ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) Havde special udgivelser der dækkede hypertekst. Vi udviklede en PC version af produktet og også en Macintosh version. Vores PC version blev ret moden,
But spin on to the 80s when personal computers did arrive, then there was room for this kind of system on personal computers. And my company, OWL built a system called Guide for the Apple Macintosh. And we delivered the world's first hypertext system. And this began to get a head of steam. Apple introduced a thing called HyperCard, and they made a bit of a fuss about it. They had a 12-page supplement in the Wall Street Journal the day it launched. The magazines started to cover it. Byte magazine and Communications at the ACM had special issues covering hypertext. We developed a PC version of this product as well as the Macintosh version. And our PC version became quite mature.
dette er nogle eksempler af systemet i aktion i sen 80'erne. Du var i stand til at sende dokumenter over netværk. Vi udviklede et system så det havde et opmærkningssprog baseret på html. vi kaldte det hml: hypertekst opmærkningssprog (Hypertext Markup Language) og systemet var i stand til at lave meget, meget store dokumentsystemer over computernetværk,
These are some examples of this system in action in the late 80s. You were able to deliver documents, were able to do it over networks. We developed a system such that it had a markup language based on html. We called it hml: hypertext markup language. And the system was capable of doing very, very large documentation systems over computer networks.
Så jeg tog dette system til en messe i Versailles nær Paris i sen-november 1990. Her kom en fin ung mand ved navn Tim Berners-Lee hen til mig, og sagde "Er du Ian Ritchie?" og jeg sagde, "Jarh." og han sagde "Jeg skal tale med dig." og han fortalte mig om hans foreslåede system kaldet World Wide Web. og jeg tænkte at det var et prætentiøst navn særligt siden systemet kørte på computeren på hans kontor men han var fuldstændigt overbevist om at hans World Wide Web ville overtage verden en dag, og han prøvede at overbevise mig om at skrive browseren til det, for hans system havde ingen grafik, skrifttype, layout eller noget som helst, det var bare ren tekst. Jeg tænkte : interessant, men en mand fra CERN, han skal ikke lave det her. så vi gjorde det ikke,
So I took this system to a trade show in Versailles near Paris in late November 1990. And I was approached by a nice young man called Tim Berners-Lee who said, "Are you Ian Ritchie?" and I said, "Yeah." And he said, "I need to talk to you." And he told me about his proposed system called the World Wide Web. And I thought, well, that's got a pretentious name, especially since the whole system ran on his computer in his office. But he was completely convinced that his World Wide Web would take over the world one day. And he tried to persuade me to write the browser for it, because his system didn't have any graphics or fonts or layout or anything; it was just plain text. I thought, well, you know, interesting, but a guy from CERN, he's not going to do this. So we didn't do it.
i de næste par år, blev han heller ikke anerkendt af hypertekst-fællesskabet. I 1992 blev hans artikel afvist til Hypertekst konferencen. I 1993, var der et bord ved konferencen i Seattle, og en mand ved navn Marc Andreessen demonstrerede hans lille browser til World Wide Web. og jeg så den og tænkte "jep, der er dét!" og næste år, i 1994, havde vi konferencen her i Edinburgh, og jeg havde intet imod at have Tim Berners-Lee som hovedtaler.
In the next couple of years, the hypertext community didn't recognize him either. In 1992, his paper was rejected for the Hypertext Conference. In 1993, there was a table at the conference in Seattle, and a guy called Marc Andreessen was demonstrating his little browser for the World Wide Web. And I saw it, and I thought, yep, that's it. And the very next year, in 1994, we had the conference here in Edinburgh, and I had no opposition in having Tim Berners-Lee as the keynote speaker.
Så alt dette sætter mig i fint selskab, der var en mand ved navn Dick Rowe der var ved Decca Records og sagde nej til The Beatles. Der var en mand ved navn Gary Kildall som fløj en tur i sit fly da IBM kom og ledte efter et operativsystem til IBM pc'en, og han var der ikke, så de tog tilbage og mødte Bill Gates, og de 12 udgivere som sagde nej til J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter.
So that puts me in pretty illustrious company. There was a guy called Dick Rowe who was at Decca Records and turned down The Beatles. There was a guy called Gary Kildall who went flying his plane when IBM came looking for an operating system for the IBM PC, and he wasn't there, so they went back to see Bill Gates. And the 12 publishers who turned down J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter, I guess.
På den anden side er der Marc Andreessen som skrev verdens første browser til World Wide Web. og ifølge Fortune-bladet har han 3.8 milliarder kroner. Men er han glad?
On the other hand, there's Marc Andreessen who wrote the world's first browser for the World Wide Web. And according to Fortune magazine, he's worth 700 million dollars. But is he happy?
(Latter)
(Laughter)
(Bifald)
(Applause)