Space, we all know what it looks like. We've been surrounded by images of space our whole lives, from the speculative images of science fiction to the inspirational visions of artists to the increasingly beautiful pictures made possible by complex technologies. But whilst we have an overwhelmingly vivid visual understanding of space, we have no sense of what space sounds like.
Svemir, svi znamo kako izgleda. Okruženi smo slikama svemira cijeli naš život, od spektakularnih slika znanstvene fantastike preko inspirativnih vizija umjetnika do sve većeg broja prekrasnih slika koje je omogućila kompleksna tehnologija. No, dok smo imali neodoljivo životopisno vizualno razumijevanje svemira, nemamo osjećaj kako svemir zvuči.
And indeed, most people associate space with silence. But the story of how we came to understand the universe is just as much a story of listening as it is by looking. And yet despite this, hardly any of us have ever heard space. How many of you here could describe the sound of a single planet or star? Well in case you've ever wondered, this is what the Sun sounds like.
I stvarno, većina ljudi povezuje svemir s tišinom. Ali priča o tome kako smo počeli razumijevati svemir je jednako toliko priča o slušanju kao i o gledanju. A unatoč tome, teško da je itko od nas čuo kako zvuči svemir. Koliko vas ovdje bi moglo opisati zvuk jednog planeta ili zvijezde? U slučaju da ste se ikada zapitali ovako zvuči Sunce.
(Static) (Crackling) (Static) (Crackling)
(Atmosferske smetnje) (Pucketanje) (Atmosferske smetnje) (Pucketanje)
This is the planet Jupiter.
Ovo je planet Jupiter.
(Soft crackling)
(Nježno pucketanje)
And this is the space probe Cassini pirouetting through the ice rings of Saturn.
A ovo je svemirska sonda Cassini kako se vrti kroz ledene prstenove Saturna.
(Crackling)
(Pucketanje)
This is a a highly condensed clump of neutral matter, spinning in the distant universe.
Ovo je jako kondenzirani grumen neutralne tvari, kako se vrti u udaljenom svemiru.
(Tapping)
(Kuckanje)
So my artistic practice is all about listening to the weird and wonderful noises emitted by the magnificent celestial objects that make up our universe. And you may wonder, how do we know what these sounds are? How can we tell the difference between the sound of the Sun and the sound of a pulsar? Well the answer is the science of radio astronomy. Radio astronomers study radio waves from space using sensitive antennas and receivers, which give them precise information about what an astronomical object is and where it is in our night sky. And just like the signals that we send and receive here on Earth, we can convert these transmissions into sound using simple analog techniques. And therefore, it's through listening that we've come to uncover some of the universe's most important secrets -- its scale, what it's made of and even how old it is.
Tako se moja umjetnička praksa uglavnom svodi na slušanje čudnih i prekrasnih zvukova koje emitiraju veličanstvena nebeska tijela koja čine naš svemir. I možda ćete se pitati, kako znamo što predstavljaju ti zvukovi? Kako možemo prepoznati razliku između zvuka Sunca i zvuka pulzara? Odgovor se nalazi u znanosti o radio astronomiji. Radio astronomi proučavaju radio valove iz svemira koristeći se osjetljivim antenama i prijemnicima, koji im daju precizne informacije o tome što predstavlja astronomski predmet i gdje se nalazi na našem noćnom nebu. I jednako kao signali koje šaljemo i primamo ovdje na Zemlji, možemo pretvoriti te prijenose u zvuk koristeći se jednostavnim analognim tehnikama. I tako, kroz slušanje otkrili smo neke od najvažnijih tajni svemira -- njegov razmjer, od čega je napravljen i čak, koliko je star.
So today, I'm going to tell you a short story of the history of the universe through listening. It's punctuated by three quick anecdotes, which show how accidental encounters with strange noises gave us some of the most important information we have about space. Now this story doesn't start with vast telescopes or futuristic spacecraft, but a rather more humble technology -- and in fact, the very medium which gave us the telecommunications revolution that we're all part of today: the telephone.
Tako ću vam danas ispričati kratku priču o povijesti svemira kroz zvuk. Isprekidana je s tri brze anegdote koje pokazuju kako su nam slučajni susreti sa čudnim zvukovima dali neke od najvrednijih informacija koje imamo o svemiru. Ova priča ne počinje s ogromnim teleskopima ili futurističkim svemirskim brodovima, već s mnogo skromnijim medijem -- i u stvari, medijem koji nam je osigurao telekomunikacijsku revoluciju koju imamo danas: telefonom.
It's 1876, it's in Boston, and this is Alexander Graham Bell who was working with Thomas Watson on the invention of the telephone. A key part of their technical set up was a half-mile long length of wire, which was thrown across the rooftops of several houses in Boston. The line carried the telephone signals that would later make Bell a household name. But like any long length of charged wire, it also inadvertently became an antenna. Thomas Watson spent hours listening to the strange crackles and hisses and chirps and whistles that his accidental antenna detected. Now you have to remember, this is 10 years before Heinrich Hertz proved the existence of radio waves -- 15 years before Nikola Tesla's four-tuned circuit -- nearly 20 years before Marconi's first broadcast. So Thomas Watson wasn't listening to us. We didn't have the technology to transmit.
1876. godina je, događa se u Bostonu i ovo je Alexander Graham Bell koji je radio s Thomasom Watsonom na izumu telefona. Ključan dio njihove tehničke postavke bila je 800 metara dugačka žica, koja je bila bačena preko krovova nekoliko kuća u Bostonu. Vod je prenosio telefonske signale koji će kasnije Bellu osigurati prepoznatljivo ime u svakom kućanstvu. Ali kao i svaka druga dugačka nabijena žica, ona je također nehotice postala antena. Thomas Watson je potrošio sate slušajući čudna pucketanja i siktanja i cvrkutanja i zviždanja koje je njegova slučajna antena pokupila. Morate imati na umu, kako se to događa 10 godina prije nego je Heinrich Hertz dokazao postojanje radio valova -- 15 godina prije četvero-titrajnog kruga NIkole Tesle -- gotovo 20 godina prije prvog Marconijevog prijenosa. Dakle Thomas Watson nas nije slušao. Nismo imali tehnologiju za prijenos.
So what were these strange noises? Watson was in fact listening to very low-frequency radio emissions caused by nature. Some of the crackles and pops were lightning, but the eerie whistles and curiously melodious chirps had a rather more exotic origin. Using the very first telephone, Watson was in fact dialed into the heavens. As he correctly guessed, some of these sounds were caused by activity on the surface of the Sun. It was a solar wind interacting with our ionosphere that he was listening to -- a phenomena which we can see at the extreme northern and southern latitudes of our planet as the aurora. So whilst inventing the technology that would usher in the telecommunications revolution, Watson had discovered that the star at the center of our solar system emitted powerful radio waves. He had accidentally been the first person to tune in to them.
Dakle što su bili ti čudni zvukovi? Watson je u stvari slušao jako niske radio frekvencije koje je stvarala priroda. Neka od pucktanja i pucanja su bile munje, ali jezivo zviždanje i znatiželjno melodični cvrkuti su imali egzotičniji korijen. Koristeći prvi telefon, Watson je u stvari birao broj neba. Kao što je točno pogodio, neki od tih zvukova su uzrokovani od aktivnosti koje su se događale na površini Sunca. To je bio solarni vjetar koji je bio u interkaciji s našom ionosferom i to je on slušao -- fenomen koji možemo vidjeti na krajnjoj sjevernoj i južnoj širini našeg Planeta kao auroru. Tako je izumljujući tehnologiju koja će izazvati telekomunikacijsku revoluciju, Watson otkrio kako zvijezda u sredini našeg solarnog sustava emitira snažne radio valove. On je slučajno bio prva osoba koja je na njih naišla.
Fast-forward 50 years, and Bell and Watson's technology has completely transformed global communications. But going from slinging some wire across rooftops in Boston to laying thousands and thousands of miles of cable on the Atlantic Ocean seabed is no easy matter. And so before long, Bell were looking to new technologies to optimize their revolution. Radio could carry sound without wires. But the medium is lossy -- it's subject to a lot of noise and interference. So Bell employed an engineer to study those noises, to try and find out where they came from, with a view towards building the perfect hardware codec, which would get rid of them so they could think about using radio for the purposes of telephony.
Prebacimo se 50 godina unaprijed i Bellova i Watsonova tehnologija je u potpunosti transformirala globalne komunikacije. Ali krenuti od prebacivanja neke žice preko krovova u Bostonu do postavljanja tisuća i tisuća milja kablova na morsko dno Atlantskog oceana nije jednostavna stvar. I tako je davno prije, Bell tražio nove tehnologije koje bi optimizirale njihovu revoluciju. Radio je mogao prenositi zvuk bez žica. Ali medij uzrokuje nestajanje -- on je predmet puno buke i ometanja. Tako je Bell zaposlio inžinjera koji je proučavao tu buku, i pokušao otkriti od kuda ona dolazi, s pogledom prema zgradi savršenom kodek uređaju koji će ih se riješiti, kako bi oni mogli misliti o upotrebi radija za svrhe telefonije.
Most of the noises that the engineer, Karl Jansky, investigated were fairly prosaic in origin. They turned out to be lightning or sources of electrical power. But there was one persistent noise that Jansky couldn't identify, and it seemed to appear in his radio headset four minutes earlier each day. Now any astronomer will tell you, this is the telltale sign of something that doesn't originate from Earth. Jansky had made a historic discovery, that celestial objects could emit radio waves as well as light waves. Fifty years on from Watson's accidental encounter with the Sun, Jansky's careful listening ushered in a new age of space exploration: the radio astronomy age. Over the next few years, astronomers connected up their antennas to loudspeakers and learned about our radio sky, about Jupiter and the Sun, by listening.
Većina buke koju je inžinjer, Karl Jansky, istraživao je bila prilično svakidašnja. Ispalo je kako su to bile munje ili izvori električne struje. Ali postojala je jedna stalna buka koju Jansky nije mogao identificirati, i činilo se kako se pojavljuje u njegovim radio slušalicama četiri minute ranije svaki dan. Svaki astronom će vam reći kako je to potkazivački znak nečega što ne dolazi sa Zemlje. Jansky je otkrio epohalnu stvar, nebeska tijela mogu emitirati radio valove jednako kao i svjetlosne valove. 50 godina od Watsonovog slučajnog otkrića Sunca, Janskyevo pažljivo slušanje uvelo nas je u novo doba u istraživanju svemira: doba radio astronomije. U sljedećih nekoliko godina, astronomi su povezali svoje antene sa zvučnicima i učili o našem radio nebu, o Jupiteru i Suncu, slušajući.
Let's jump ahead again. It's 1964, and we're back at Bell Labs. And once again, two scientists have got a problem with noise. Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson were using the horn antenna at Bell's Holmdel laboratory to study the Milky Way with extraordinary precision. They were really listening to the galaxy in high fidelity. There was a glitch in their soundtrack. A mysterious persistent noise was disrupting their research. It was in the microwave range, and it appeared to be coming from all directions simultaneously. Now this didn't make any sense, and like any reasonable engineer or scientist, they assumed that the problem must be the technology itself, it must be the dish. There were pigeons roosting in the dish. And so perhaps once they cleaned up the pigeon droppings, get the disk kind of operational again, normal operations would resume.
Skočimo ponovno unaprijed. 1964. je i nazad smo u Bellovim laboratorijima. I opet, dva znanstvenika imaju problem s bukom. Arno Penzias i Robert Wilson su koristili rog antenu u Bellovom Holmdel laboratoriju kako bi pručavali Mliječni put s izvanrednom preciznošću. Stvarno su slušali galaksiju u visokoj-točnosti. Postojao je problem na njihovom zvučnom zapisu. Misteriozna, uporna buka ih je smetala u istraživanju. Bila je na mikrovalnom rasponu i činilo se kako dolazi iz svih smjerova istovremeno. To nije imalo smisla. I kao svaki razumni inžinjer ili znanstvenik, oni su pretpostavili kako je problem u samoj tehnologiji, mora da se radi o tanjuru. Postojali su ostaci golubova u tanjuru. I možda će jednom kada očiste izmet golubova, učiniti disk ponovno operativnim, normalna operabilnost će se vratiti.
But the noise didn't disappear. The mysterious noise that Penzias and Wilson were listening to turned out to be the oldest and most significant sound that anyone had ever heard. It was cosmic radiation left over from the very birth of the universe. This was the first experimental evidence that the Big Bang existed and the universe was born at a precise moment some 14.7 billion years ago. So our story ends at the beginning -- the beginning of all things, the Big Bang. This is the noise that Penzias and Wilson heard -- the oldest sound that you're ever going to hear, the cosmic microwave background radiation left over from the Big Bang.
Ali buka nije nestala. Misteriozna buka koju su Penzias i Wilson čuli ispalo je kako je to najstariji i najznačajniji zvuk koji je itko ikada mogao čuti. Bila je to kozmička radijacija koja je ostala od samog rođenja svemira. Bio je to prvi ekperimentalni dokaz kako je Veliki prasak postojao i kako je svemir rođen točno u trenutku prije nekih 14,7 milijardi godina. Tako naša priča završava na početku -- početku svih stvari, Velikom prasku. Ovo je zvuk koji su Penzias i Wilson čuli -- najstariji zvuk koji ćete ikada čuti, svemirske mikrozrake pozadinskog zračenja ostale nakon Velikog praska.
(Fuzz)
(Nejasno)
Thanks.
Hvala
(Applause)
(Pljesak)