Our mission is to build a detailed, realistic computer model of the human brain. And we've done, in the past four years, a proof of concept on a small part of the rodent brain, and with this proof of concept we are now scaling the project up to reach the human brain.
Naša zadaća je izraditi detaljan, realističan računalni model ljudskog mozga. Postigli smo, u protekle četiri godine, dokaz koncepta na djeliću mozga glodavca, i s dokazanim konceptom sada dižemo projekt na višu razinu kako bismo dosegnuli do ljudskog mozga.
Why are we doing this? There are three important reasons. The first is, it's essential for us to understand the human brain if we do want to get along in society, and I think that it is a key step in evolution. The second reason is, we cannot keep doing animal experimentation forever, and we have to embody all our data and all our knowledge into a working model. It's like a Noah's Ark. It's like an archive. And the third reason is that there are two billion people on the planet that are affected by mental disorder, and the drugs that are used today are largely empirical. I think that we can come up with very concrete solutions on how to treat disorders.
Zašto to činimo? Tri su važna razloga. Prvo, ključno je da razumijemo ljudski mozak ako želimo uspjeti u društvu, i mislim kako je to ključni korak u evoluciji. Drugi je razlog taj, što ne možemo zauvijek eksperimentirati na životinjama, i moramo objediniti sve podatke i sve naše znanje u djelatni model. To je poput Noine korablje. Poput arhiva. I treći je razlog što na svijetu ima dvije milijarde ljudi koji su pogođeni mentalnim bolestima, a lijekovi koji se danas koriste su pretežito empirijski. Mislim kako možemo iznaći neka vrlo konkretna rješenja za tretman tih poremećaja.
Now, even at this stage, we can use the brain model to explore some fundamental questions about how the brain works. And here, at TED, for the first time, I'd like to share with you how we're addressing one theory -- there are many theories -- one theory of how the brain works. So, this theory is that the brain creates, builds, a version of the universe, and projects this version of the universe, like a bubble, all around us.
Čak i u ovoj fazi možemo upotrijebiti model mozga istražujući neka fundamentalna pitanja funkcioniranja mozga. Ovdje, na TED-u, po prvi puta, podijelio bih s vama način na koji pristupamo jednoj teoriji – ima mnogo teorija -- jednoj teoriji o funkcioniranju mozga. Ova teorija kaže da mozak stvara, gradi verziju svemira, i projicira tu verziju svemira, poput mjehura, svuda oko nas.
Now, this is of course a topic of philosophical debate for centuries. But, for the first time, we can actually address this, with brain simulation, and ask very systematic and rigorous questions, whether this theory could possibly be true. The reason why the moon is huge on the horizon is simply because our perceptual bubble does not stretch out 380,000 kilometers. It runs out of space. And so what we do is we compare the buildings within our perceptual bubble, and we make a decision. We make a decision it's that big, even though it's not that big.
Naravno, ovo je tema filozofske debate već stoljećima. No, po prvi puta možemo tom pitanju pristupiti simulacijom mozga, i postaviti sustavska i rigorozna pitanja, kako bismo utvrdili može li ta teorija biti točna. Mjesec je velik na obzoru iz razloga što se naš perceptivni mjehur ne proteže 380.000 kilometara. Nedostaje mu prostora. I zato mi uspoređujemo zgrade u okviru našeg perceptivnog mjehura, i donosimo odluku. Donosimo odluku da je on toliko velik, premda nije toliko velik.
And what that illustrates is that decisions are the key things that support our perceptual bubble. It keeps it alive. Without decisions you cannot see, you cannot think, you cannot feel. And you may think that anesthetics work by sending you into some deep sleep, or by blocking your receptors so that you don't feel pain, but in fact most anesthetics don't work that way. What they do is they introduce a noise into the brain so that the neurons cannot understand each other. They are confused, and you cannot make a decision. So, while you're trying to make up your mind what the doctor, the surgeon, is doing while he's hacking away at your body, he's long gone. He's at home having tea. (Laughter)
Ovo pokazuje kako su odluke ključne stvari koje podržavaju naš perceptivni mjehur. One ga održavaju na životu. Bez odluka ne možete vidjeti, ne možete razmišljati, ne možete osjećati. Mogli biste pomisliti da anestetici djeluju tako da vas pošalju u duboki san, ili da blokiraju receptore kako ne biste osjetili bol, no, zapravo, većina anestetika ne djeluje tako. Oni uvode šum u mozak tako da neuroni ne razumiju jedan drugoga. Zbunjeni su, i ne možete donijeti odluku. Pa, dok vi pokušavate odlučiti što liječnik, kirurg čini dok vas reže, on je odavno završio. Kod kuće je i pije čaj. (Smijeh)
So, when you walk up to a door and you open it, what you compulsively have to do to perceive is to make decisions, thousands of decisions about the size of the room, the walls, the height, the objects in this room. 99 percent of what you see is not what comes in through the eyes. It is what you infer about that room. So I can say, with some certainty, "I think, therefore I am." But I cannot say, "You think, therefore you are," because "you" are within my perceptual bubble.
Kad priđete vratima i otvorite ih, ono što obavezno morate učiniti da biste opažali je donošenje odluka, na tisuće odluka o veličini prostorije, zidovima, visini, predmetima u sobi. 99 posto onoga što vidite nije ono što primite očima. Već ono što zaključite o toj sobi. Zato mogu reći, s određenom sigurnošću, "Mislim, dakle jesam." Ali ne mogu reći, "Ti misliš, dakle ti jesi," jer si "ti" dio mog perceptivnog mjehura.
Now, we can speculate and philosophize this, but we don't actually have to for the next hundred years. We can ask a very concrete question. "Can the brain build such a perception?" Is it capable of doing it? Does it have the substance to do it? And that's what I'm going to describe to you today.
Možemo špekulirati i filozofirati o tome, ali zapravo i ne moramo, u sljedećih stotinu godina. Možemo postaviti vrlo konkretno pitanje. "Može li mozak izgraditi takvu percepciju?" Je li on to u stanju učiniti? Ima li osnovu da to učini? I to je ono što ću vam danas opisati.
So, it took the universe 11 billion years to build the brain. It had to improve it a little bit. It had to add to the frontal part, so that you would have instincts, because they had to cope on land. But the real big step was the neocortex. It's a new brain. You needed it. The mammals needed it because they had to cope with parenthood, social interactions, complex cognitive functions.
Svemiru je trebalo 11 milijardi godina da izgradi mozak. Morao ga je malo poboljšati. Morao je dodati frontalni režanj kako biste imali nagone, jer su potrebni na kopnu. Ali stvarno veliki korak je bio neokorteks. To je novi mozak. Trebao vam je. Sisavci su ga trebali jer su se morali nositi s roditeljstvom, društvenim interakcijama, složenim kognitivnim funkcijama.
So, you can think of the neocortex actually as the ultimate solution today, of the universe as we know it. It's the pinnacle, it's the final product that the universe has produced. It was so successful in evolution that from mouse to man it expanded about a thousandfold in terms of the numbers of neurons, to produce this almost frightening organ, structure. And it has not stopped its evolutionary path. In fact, the neocortex in the human brain is evolving at an enormous speed.
Na neokorteks možete gledati kao na današnje definitivno rješenje svemira kakav nam je poznat. On je vrhunac, konačni proizvod kojega je svemir stvorio. Evolucijski je bio toliko uspješan da je od miša do čovjeka narastao tisuću puta, u smislu broja neurona, kako bi stvorio taj gotovo zastrašujući organ, strukturu. I nije završio svoj evolucijski put. Zapravo, neokorteks ljudskog mozga evolvira ogromnom brzinom.
If you zoom into the surface of the neocortex, you discover that it's made up of little modules, G5 processors, like in a computer. But there are about a million of them. They were so successful in evolution that what we did was to duplicate them over and over and add more and more of them to the brain until we ran out of space in the skull. And the brain started to fold in on itself, and that's why the neocortex is so highly convoluted. We're just packing in columns, so that we'd have more neocortical columns to perform more complex functions.
Ako uvećate površinu neokorteksa, otkrit ćete kako se sastoji od malenih modula, G5 procesora, kao u računalu. Ali ima ih oko milijun. Toliko su evolucijski uspješni da smo ih duplicirali još i još i dodavali sve više mozgu dok nam nije ponestalo mjesta u lubanji. I mozak se počeo preklapati na sebe, i zato je neokorteks toliko naboran. Mi gomilamo stupce, kako bismo imali više stupaca neokorteksa za izvođenje složenih funkcija.
So you can think of the neocortex actually as a massive grand piano, a million-key grand piano. Each of these neocortical columns would produce a note. You stimulate it; it produces a symphony. But it's not just a symphony of perception. It's a symphony of your universe, your reality. Now, of course it takes years to learn how to master a grand piano with a million keys. That's why you have to send your kids to good schools, hopefully eventually to Oxford. But it's not only education. It's also genetics. You may be born lucky, where you know how to master your neocortical column, and you can play a fantastic symphony.
Možete na neokorteks gledati i kao na ogromni veliki glasovir, glasovir s milijun dirki. Svaki od tih stupaca neokorteksa proizvodi jedan ton. Vi ga stimulirate; on stvara simfoniju. Ali nije to samo simfonija opažanja. To je simfonija vašeg svemira, vaše stvarnosti. Naravno, trebaju godine da biste naučili upravljati glasovirom s milijun dirki. Zato morate slati djecu u dobre škole, na kraju, nadajmo se i u Oxford. Ali nije riječ samo o obrazovanju. Tu je i genetika. Možete imati sreće pri rođenju, pa znate kako upravljati vašim neokorteksom, i znate svirati fantastičnu simfoniju.
In fact, there is a new theory of autism called the "intense world" theory, which suggests that the neocortical columns are super-columns. They are highly reactive, and they are super-plastic, and so the autists are probably capable of building and learning a symphony which is unthinkable for us. But you can also understand that if you have a disease within one of these columns, the note is going to be off. The perception, the symphony that you create is going to be corrupted, and you will have symptoms of disease.
U stvari, postoji nova teorija autizma zvana teorija intenzivnog svijeta, koja predlaže da su stupci neokorteksta super-stupci. Oni su visoko reaktivni, super-plastični, i autisti su vjerojatno u stanju stvarati i učiti simfoniju koja je nama nezamisliva. Ali također možete shvatiti da ako imate poremećaj u jednom od tih stupaca, ton će biti pogrešan. Opažanje, simfonija koju stvarate će biti oštećena, i imat ćete simptome bolesti.
So, the Holy Grail for neuroscience is really to understand the design of the neocoritical column -- and it's not just for neuroscience; it's perhaps to understand perception, to understand reality, and perhaps to even also understand physical reality. So, what we did was, for the past 15 years, was to dissect out the neocortex, systematically. It's a bit like going and cataloging a piece of the rainforest. How many trees does it have? What shapes are the trees? How many of each type of tree do you have? Where are they positioned?
Dakle, sveti Gral za neuroznanost je razumijevanje dizajna stupca neokorteksa -- i ne samo za neuroznanost; bitno je za razumijevanje percepcije, razumijevanje stvarnosti, i možda čak i za razumijevanje fizičke stvarnosti. U proteklih 15 godina mi smo sustavno secirali neokortekst. To vam je kao izrada kataloga dijela tropske prašume. Koliko stabala ima? Kojeg oblika su stabla? Koliko broj stabala svake vrste ima? Gdje se nalaze?
But it's a bit more than cataloging because you actually have to describe and discover all the rules of communication, the rules of connectivity, because the neurons don't just like to connect with any neuron. They choose very carefully who they connect with. It's also more than cataloging because you actually have to build three-dimensional digital models of them. And we did that for tens of thousands of neurons, built digital models of all the different types of neurons we came across. And once you have that, you can actually begin to build the neocortical column.
No, i više je od kataloga jer morate opisati i otkriti pravila komunikacije, pravila povezivanja, jer se neuroni ne vole naprosto povezati s bilo kojim neuronima. Vrlo pažljivo biraju s kim se povezuju. Više je to od izrade kataloga i zato što morate izraditi trodimenzionalne digitalne modele. Mi smo to učinili za desetke tisuća neurona, izradili smo digitalne modele za sve vrste neurona s kojima smo se susreli. A kad jednom to imate, onda možete početi graditi stupac neokorteksa.
And here we're coiling them up. But as you do this, what you see is that the branches intersect actually in millions of locations, and at each of these intersections they can form a synapse. And a synapse is a chemical location where they communicate with each other. And these synapses together form the network or the circuit of the brain. Now, the circuit, you could also think of as the fabric of the brain. And when you think of the fabric of the brain, the structure, how is it built? What is the pattern of the carpet? You realize that this poses a fundamental challenge to any theory of the brain, and especially to a theory that says that there is some reality that emerges out of this carpet, out of this particular carpet with a particular pattern.
Ovdje ih namatamo. Ali možete vidjeti da se grane presijecaju na milijun mjesta, i na svakom od tih spojeva mogu stvoriti sinapsu. Sinapsa je kemijska lokacija na kojoj komuniciraju jedan s drugim. Te sinapse zajedno čine mrežu ili mozgovni sklop. Taj sklop možete promatrati i kao građu mozga. A što se tiče građe mozga, strukture, kako je izgrađena? Koji je uzorak na tepihu? Shvatite da to upućuje fundamentalni izazov za svaku teoriju mozga, a posebno za teoriju koja tvrdi kako postoji neka realnost koja nastaje iz tog tepiha, iz tog konkretnog tepiha s tim konkretnim uzorkom.
The reason is because the most important design secret of the brain is diversity. Every neuron is different. It's the same in the forest. Every pine tree is different. You may have many different types of trees, but every pine tree is different. And in the brain it's the same. So there is no neuron in my brain that is the same as another, and there is no neuron in my brain that is the same as in yours. And your neurons are not going to be oriented and positioned in exactly the same way. And you may have more or less neurons. So it's very unlikely that you got the same fabric, the same circuitry.
To je tako zato što je najvažnija tajna dizajna mozga njegova raznolikost. Svaki neuron je različit. Isto je u šumi. Svaki bor je različit. Imate mnogo različitih vrsta drveća, ali svako stablo bora je različito. Isto je u mozgu. Tako da nema neurona u mom mozgu koji je isti kao neki drugi, i nema neurona u mom mozgu koji je isti kao neki u vašem mozgu. I vaši neuroni neće biti okrenuti i smješteni na potpuno jednak način. A vi možda imate više ili manje neurona. Zato je mala vjerojatnost da imate istu građu, isti sklop.
So, how could we possibly create a reality that we can even understand each other? Well, we don't have to speculate. We can look at all 10 million synapses now. We can look at the fabric. And we can change neurons. We can use different neurons with different variations. We can position them in different places, orient them in different places. We can use less or more of them. And when we do that what we discovered is that the circuitry does change. But the pattern of how the circuitry is designed does not. So, the fabric of the brain, even though your brain may be smaller, bigger, it may have different types of neurons, different morphologies of neurons, we actually do share the same fabric. And we think this is species-specific, which means that that could explain why we can't communicate across species.
Pa kako onda uopće možemo stvoriti realnost u kojoj uopće razumijemo jedni druge? No, ne moramo špekulirati. Sada možemo pogledati svih 10 milijuna sinapsi. Možemo zaviriti u građu. I možemo promijeniti neurone. Možemo koristiti različite neurone u različitim varijacijama. Možemo ih postaviti na različita mjesta, različito ih okrenuti. Možemo ih koristiti više ili manje. I kad smo to učinili, otkrili smo kako se sklop mijenja. Ali uzorak prema kojem je sklop oblikovan se ne mijenja. Znači, građa mozga, premda vaš mozak može biti manji, veći, imati različite vrste neurona, različite morfologije neurona, zapravo nam je zajednička ista građa. Mislimo da je to određeno vrstom, što znači da bi to objasnilo zašto ne možemo komunicirati s drugim vrstama.
So, let's switch it on. But to do it, what you have to do is you have to make this come alive. We make it come alive with equations, a lot of mathematics. And, in fact, the equations that make neurons into electrical generators were discovered by two Cambridge Nobel Laureates. So, we have the mathematics to make neurons come alive. We also have the mathematics to describe how neurons collect information, and how they create a little lightning bolt to communicate with each other. And when they get to the synapse, what they do is they effectively, literally, shock the synapse. It's like electrical shock that releases the chemicals from these synapses.
Uključimo ga. Ali da biste to postigli morate ga oživjeti. Oživjet ćemo ga s jednadžbama, s puno matematike. Jednadžbe koje pretvaraju neurone u elektrogeneratore otkrila su dva dobitnika Nobelove nagrade iz Cambridgea. Znači, imamo matematiku koja može oživjeti neurone. Imamo i matematiku koja može opisati kako neuroni prikupljaju informacije i kako stvaraju malu munju da bi komunicirali jedan s drugim. A kad dođu u sinapsu oni učinkovito, doslovno, stvore šok u sinapsi. To je kao električni šok koji dovodi do otpuštanja kemikalija u sinapsi.
And we've got the mathematics to describe this process. So we can describe the communication between the neurons. There literally are only a handful of equations that you need to simulate the activity of the neocortex. But what you do need is a very big computer. And in fact you need one laptop to do all the calculations just for one neuron. So you need 10,000 laptops. So where do you go? You go to IBM, and you get a supercomputer, because they know how to take 10,000 laptops and put it into the size of a refrigerator. So now we have this Blue Gene supercomputer. We can load up all the neurons, each one on to its processor, and fire it up, and see what happens. Take the magic carpet for a ride.
Poznata nam je matematika koja opisuje taj proces. Pa možemo opisati komunikaciju između neurona. Doslovno postoji samo pregršt jednadžbi potrebnih za simuliranje aktivnosti neokorteksa. Ali treba vam vrlo veliko računalo. Zapravo, treba vam jedan laptop za sve izračune samo za jedan neuron. Znači, trebate 10.000 prijenosnih računala. Pa gdje se obratiti? Odete u IBM, i dobijete superračunalo, jer oni znaju kako spojiti 10.000 laptopa na veličinu jednog hladnjaka. Pa imamo ovo superračunalo Blue Gene. Možemo učitati sve neurone, svaki na vlastiti procesor, pokrenuti računalo, i vidjeti što se zbiva. Povest ćemo se letećim tepihom.
Here we activate it. And this gives the first glimpse of what is happening in your brain when there is a stimulation. It's the first view. Now, when you look at that the first time, you think, "My god. How is reality coming out of that?" But, in fact, you can start, even though we haven't trained this neocortical column to create a specific reality. But we can ask, "Where is the rose?" We can ask, "Where is it inside, if we stimulate it with a picture?" Where is it inside the neocortex? Ultimately it's got to be there if we stimulated it with it.
Ovdje ga aktiviramo. Ovo nam daje prvi uvid u ono što se događa u mozgu kad dođe do stimulacije. Ovo je prvi pogled. Kad to gledate prvi puta, mislite, "Zaboga. Kako stvarnost nastaje iz toga?" No, možete početi, premda nismo istrenirali ovaj stupac neokorteksa da stvara neku određenu realnost. Ali možemo se upitati, "Gdje je ruža?" Možemo pitati, "Gdje je u ovome, ako ga stimuliramo sa slikom?" Gdje je unutar neokorteksa? Mora biti ondje ako smo ga stimulirali time.
So, the way that we can look at that is to ignore the neurons, ignore the synapses, and look just at the raw electrical activity. Because that is what it's creating. It's creating electrical patterns. So when we did this, we indeed, for the first time, saw these ghost-like structures: electrical objects appearing within the neocortical column. And it's these electrical objects that are holding all the information about whatever stimulated it. And then when we zoomed into this, it's like a veritable universe.
Tome možemo pristupiti tako da ignoriramo neurone, ignoriramo sinapse, i gledamo samo osnovnu električnu aktivnost. Jer je to ono što nastaje. Nastaju električni uzorci. Kad smo to učinili, doista smo, po prvi puta, ugledali ove sablasne strukture: električni objekti se pojavljuju u stupcu neokorteksa. I ti električni objekti sadržavaju sve informacije o onome što ih je stimuliralo. A kad ovo uvećamo, to je kao pravi svemir.
So the next step is just to take these brain coordinates and to project them into perceptual space. And if you do that, you will be able to step inside the reality that is created by this machine, by this piece of the brain. So, in summary, I think that the universe may have -- it's possible -- evolved a brain to see itself, which may be a first step in becoming aware of itself. There is a lot more to do to test these theories, and to test any other theories. But I hope that you are at least partly convinced that it is not impossible to build a brain. We can do it within 10 years, and if we do succeed, we will send to TED, in 10 years, a hologram to talk to you. Thank you. (Applause)
Sljedeći korak je uzeti te mozgovne koordinate i projicirati ih u prostor percepcije. A ako to učinite, moći ćete stupiti u unutrašnjost stvarnosti koja je stvorena u ovom uređaju, u ovom dijelu mozga. Ukratko, mislim kako je svemir -- moguće je -- razvio mozak da bi sebe vidio, što bi mogao biti prvi korak u stjecanju svijesti o sebi. Još ima puno posla na testiranju ovih teorija, i na testiranju svih drugih teorija. Ali nadam se da ste barem djelomice uvjereni da nije nemoguće izgraditi mozak. Možemo to postići u narednih 10 godina, i ako uspijemo, poslat ćemo TED-u, za 10 godina, hologram da vam održi govor. Hvala vam. (Pljesak)