A hundred years ago this month, a 36-year-old Albert Einstein stood up in front of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin to present a radical new theory of space, time and gravity: the general theory of relativity.
Seratus tahun lepas, bulan ini, 36 tahun Albert Einstein berdiri di depan Akademi Prussian Sains di Berlin untuk memyampaikan satu teori baru radikal tentang ruang, masa dan graviti: teori umum relativiti.
General relativity is unquestionably Einstein's masterpiece, a theory which reveals the workings of the universe at the grandest scales, capturing in one beautiful line of algebra everything from why apples fall from trees to the beginning of time and space.
Tanpa disangkal relativiti umum adalah karya agung Einstein. Satu teori yang mendedahkan cara alam semesta berfungsi dalam skala termegah dijelaskan dalam satu baris algebra yang cantik dari menagapa epal jatuh dari pokok ke permulaan masa and ruang.
1915 must have been an exciting year to be a physicist. Two new ideas were turning the subject on its head. One was Einstein's theory of relativity, the other was arguably even more revolutionary: quantum mechanics, a mind-meltingly strange yet stunningly successful new way of understanding the microworld, the world of atoms and particles.
1915 mestilah tahun yang menarik untuk menjadi seorang ahli fizik. Dua idea baru menjadi subjek hangat. Satu adalah teori relativiti Einstein, dan satu lagi boleh dikatakan lebih revolusioner: mekanik quantum, satu cara baru berkesan yang aneh tetapi menakjubkan untuk memahami dunia mikro, dunia atom dan zarah.
Over the last century, these two ideas have utterly transformed our understanding of the universe. It's thanks to relativity and quantum mechanics that we've learned what the universe is made from, how it began and how it continues to evolve. A hundred years on, we now find ourselves at another turning point in physics, but what's at stake now is rather different. The next few years may tell us whether we'll be able to continue to increase our understanding of nature, or whether maybe for the first time in the history of science, we could be facing questions that we cannot answer, not because we don't have the brains or technology, but because the laws of physics themselves forbid it.
Sejak sedekad yang lalu, kedua-dua idea ini mengubah sepenuhnya kefahaman kita tentang alam semesta. Atas jasa relativiti dan mekanik quantum kita belajar asal alam semesta, bagaimana ia bermula dan terus berevolusi. Seabad kemudian, kita dapati penemuan perubahan dalam fizik, tetapi lain yang dipertaruhkan sekarang. Tahun mendatang mungkin jelaskan samada kita boleh terus meningkatkan kefahaman kita tentang alam semulajadi, atau adakah buat kali pertama dalam sejarah sains, kita berhadapan dengan persoalan yang tak terungkai, bukan kerana kita tiada akal atau teknologi, akan tetapi kerana hukum-hukum fizik melarangya.
This is the essential problem: the universe is far, far too interesting. Relativity and quantum mechanics appear to suggest that the universe should be a boring place. It should be dark, lethal and lifeless. But when we look around us, we see we live in a universe full of interesting stuff, full of stars, planets, trees, squirrels. The question is, ultimately, why does all this interesting stuff exist? Why is there something rather than nothing? This contradiction is the most pressing problem in fundamental physics, and in the next few years, we may find out whether we'll ever be able to solve it.
Inilah masalah asasnya: alam semesta adalah jauh terlalu menarik Relativiti dan mekanik quantum mengesyorkan alam semesta sepatutnya tempat yang membosankan. Ia sepatutnya gelap, membunuh dan tiada hidupan. Namun bila lihat sekeliling, kita alam semesta yang penuh benda menarik penuh dengan bintang, planet, pokok dan tupai. Persoalan paling utama, kenapa semua benda menarik ini wujud? Mengapa ada sesuatu dari tiada apa-apa? Percanggahan ini adalah masalah paling jelas dalam asas fizik, dan dalam tahun-tahun mendatang, kita mungkin ketahui jika boleh diselesaikan.
At the heart of this problem are two numbers, two extremely dangerous numbers. These are properties of the universe that we can measure, and they're extremely dangerous because if they were different, even by a tiny bit, then the universe as we know it would not exist. The first of these numbers is associated with the discovery that was made a few kilometers from this hall, at CERN, home of this machine, the largest scientific device ever built by the human race, the Large Hadron Collider. The LHC whizzes subatomic particles around a 27-kilometer ring, getting them closer and closer to the speed of light before smashing them into each other inside gigantic particle detectors. On July 4, 2012, physicists at CERN announced to the world that they'd spotted a new fundamental particle being created at the violent collisions at the LHC: the Higgs boson.
Di pusat masalah ini, ada dua nombor dua nombor yang paling bahaya. Inilah sifat-sifat alam semesta yang boleh diukur, dan sifat ini amat bahaya kerana jika berbeza, walaupun sedikit, alam semesta yang kita kenal tidak akan wujud. Satu daripada nombor ini dikaitkan dengan penemuan yang dibuat beberapa kilometer dari dewan ini, di CERN, letaknya mesin ini, peranti saintifik terbesar dicipta umat manusia, Pelanggar Hadron Besar. LHC berdesing zarah subatom kira-kira satu 27km bulatan, menjadikan ia semakin menghampiri kelajuan cahaya sebelum berlanggar satu sama lain dalam pengesan partikel gergasi. Pada4 Julai 2012, ahli-ahli fizik di CERN mengumumkan kepada dunia mereka menemui satu partikel asas yang baru dicipta dalam perlanggaran hebat di LHC: Higgs Boson.
Now, if you followed the news at the time, you'll have seen a lot of physicists getting very excited indeed, and you'd be forgiven for thinking we get that way every time we discover a new particle. Well, that is kind of true, but the Higgs boson is particularly special. We all got so excited because finding the Higgs proves the existence of a cosmic energy field. Now, you may have trouble imagining an energy field, but we've all experienced one. If you've ever held a magnet close to a piece of metal and felt a force pulling across that gap, then you've felt the effect of a field. And the Higgs field is a little bit like a magnetic field, except it has a constant value everywhere. It's all around us right now. We can't see it or touch it, but if it wasn't there, we would not exist. The Higgs field gives mass to the fundamental particles that we're made from. If it wasn't there, those particles would have no mass, and no atoms could form and there would be no us.
Jika anda mengikuti berita ketika itu, anda akan lihat ramai ahli-ahli fizik yang sangat teruja, dana anda dimaafkan jika fikir kita jadi begitu apabila menemui partikel baru. Sebenarnya, memang betul, akan tetapi Higgs Boson sedikit istimewa. Kami semua begitu teruja kerana penemuan Higgs membuktikan kewujudan medan tenaga kosmik. Anda mungkin sukar bayangkan satu medan tenaga, tetapi kita semua pernah alaminya. Jika anda pernah memegang magnet dekat dengan logam dan rasakan tarikan antara ruang itu, itulah kesan medan. Medan Higgs sedikit menyerupai medan magnet, kecuali ia mempunyai nilai malar di mana-mana. Ia mengelilingi kita sekarang. Kita tak nampak ataupun sentuh, tetapi jika ia tiada, kita juga tidak akan wujud. Medan Higgs memberi jisim kepada partikel asas tubuh badan kita. Jika ia tiada, partikel-partikel ini tiada jisim, dan tiada atom boleh membentuk dan tiadalah kita semua.
But there is something deeply mysterious about the Higgs field. Relativity and quantum mechanics tell us that it has two natural settings, a bit like a light switch. It should either be off, so that it has a zero value everywhere in space, or it should be on so it has an absolutely enormous value. In both of these scenarios, atoms could not exist, and therefore all the other interesting stuff that we see around us in the universe would not exist. In reality, the Higgs field is just slightly on, not zero but 10,000 trillion times weaker than its fully on value, a bit like a light switch that's got stuck just before the off position. And this value is crucial. If it were a tiny bit different, then there would be no physical structure in the universe.
Tetapi ada sesuatu yang penuh misteri tentang medan Higgs. Relativiti dan mekanik quantum menyatakan ia mempunyai dua tetapan semulajadi, hampir menyerupai suis lampu, Sama ada ia ditutup, supaya ada nilai sifar di mana-mana dalam ruang, atau dibuka supaya mempunyai nilai yang sangat besar. Dalam kedua-dua senario ini, atom-atom tidak boleh wujud, makan semua benda-benda menarik yang lain yang dilihat di sekeliling kita dalam dunia tidak wujud. Realitinya, medan Higgs hanya sedikit terbuka, bukan sifar tapi 10,000 trilion kali lebih lemah dari nilai sebenar, menyerupai suis lampu yang tersekatsebelum posisi tutup. Nilai ini penting. Jika sedikit sahaja perbezaannya, tidak akan wujud struktur fizikal di alam semesta.
So this is the first of our dangerous numbers, the strength of the Higgs field. Theorists have spent decades trying to understand why it has this very peculiarly fine-tuned number, and they've come up with a number of possible explanations. They have sexy-sounding names like "supersymmetry" or "large extra dimensions." I'm not going to go into the details of these ideas now, but the key point is this: if any of them explained this weirdly fine-tuned value of the Higgs field, then we should see new particles being created at the LHC along with the Higgs boson. So far, though, we've not seen any sign of them.
Jadi inilah nombor-nombor pertama bahaya kita, kekuatan medan Higgs. Ahli-ahli teori meluangkan berdekad-dekad mencuba memahami kenapa ia mempunyai nombor yang khusus diperhalusi ini, dan mereka mengeluarkan beberapa penjelasan mungkin. Mereka mempunyai nama yang seksi seperti "simetri super" atau "dimensi-dimensi lebih besar". Saya tak akan perincikan butiran idea-idea ini sekarang, tapi inilah kunci utama: jika antara mereka menjelaskan nilai medan Higgs dengan sangat terperinci, kita seharusnya nampak partikel-pertikel baru dicipta di LHC seiring dengan Higgs Boson. Hingga kini, kita tidak pernah jumpa apa-apa tanda tentangnya.
But there's actually an even worse example of this kind of fine-tuning of a dangerous number, and this time it comes from the other end of the scale, from studying the universe at vast distances. One of the most important consequences of Einstein's general theory of relativity was the discovery that the universe began as a rapid expansion of space and time 13.8 billion years ago, the Big Bang. Now, according to early versions of the Big Bang theory, the universe has been expanding ever since with gravity gradually putting the brakes on that expansion. But in 1998, astronomers made the stunning discovery that the expansion of the universe is actually speeding up. The universe is getting bigger and bigger faster and faster driven by a mysterious repulsive force called dark energy.
Tapi, ada contoh yang lebih teruk tentang penalaan halus nombor bahaya sebegini, dan kali ini ia datang dari skala hujung yang lain, iaitu dari mengkaji alam semesta dari jarak yang jauh. Salah satu kesan yang penting tentang teori umum relativiti Einstein adalah penemuan alam semesta bermula dengan perkembangan pesat ruang dan masa 13.8 bilion tahun lalu, iaitu " the Big Bang". Dari versi-versi awal tentang teori Big Bang, alam semesta semakin berkembang sejak itu dengan graviti memberhentikan perkembangan secara beransur. Tapi pada 1998, ahli-ahli astronomi membuat penemuan menakjubkan bahawa perkembangan alam semesta sebenarnya dipercepatkan. Alam semesta sedang menjadi lebih besar dengan lebih cepat didorong daya tolakan bermisteri dikenali sebagai tenaga gelap.
Now, whenever you hear the word "dark" in physics, you should get very suspicious because it probably means we don't know what we're talking about.
Bila anda mendengar perkataan "gelap" dalam fizik, anda patut jadi sangat curiga kerana ia mungkin bererti kita tak tahu perkara yang kita katakan.
(Laughter)
(Ketawa)
We don't know what dark energy is, but the best idea is that it's the energy of empty space itself, the energy of the vacuum. Now, if you use good old quantum mechanics to work out how strong dark energy should be, you get an absolutely astonishing result. You find that dark energy should be 10 to the power of 120 times stronger than the value we observe from astronomy. That's one with 120 zeroes after it. This is a number so mind-bogglingly huge that it's impossible to get your head around. We often use the word "astronomical" when we're talking about big numbers. Well, even that one won't do here. This number is bigger than any number in astronomy. It's a thousand trillion trillion trillion times bigger than the number of atoms in the entire universe.
Kita tidak tahu apakah tenaga gelap, tapi idea terbaik adalah, inilah tenaga ruang kosong sendiri, tenaga vakum. Jika anda menggunakan kuantum mekanik untuk mengetahui kekuatan sebenar tenaga gelap, anda akan mendapat keputusan yang mengejutkan. Anda akan mendapati tenaga gelap sepatutnya 120 kuasa 10 kali lebih kuat dari nilai yang dijangka oleh astronomi. Iaitu 1diikuti 120 sifar. Nombor ini sangat besar dan sukar dibayangkan dan mustahil untuk difahami. Kita kerap guna perkataan "astronomical" untuk gambarkan nombor besar. Kata itu pun tak berguna di sini. Nombor ini lebih besar dari sebarang nombor dalam astronomi. ia adalah seribu trilion tilion trilion kali lebih besar dari nombor atom-atom dalam seluruh alam semesta.
So that's a pretty bad prediction. In fact, it's been called the worst prediction in physics, and this is more than just a theoretical curiosity. If dark energy were anywhere near this strong, then the universe would have been torn apart, stars and galaxies could not form, and we would not be here. So this is the second of those dangerous numbers, the strength of dark energy, and explaining it requires an even more fantastic level of fine-tuning than we saw for the Higgs field. But unlike the Higgs field, this number has no known explanation.
Jadi itu adalah ramalan yang teruk. Ia dikenali ramalan yang paling teruk dalam fizik, dan ini adalah lebih dari perasaan curiga dari segi teori. Jika tenaga gelap di mana-mana dekat sekuat ini, jadi alam semesta akan terbelah dua, bintang dan galaksi tak mungkin terbentuk, dan kita tidak wujud. Inilah perkara kedua tentang nombor berbahaya ini, kekuatan tenaga gelap, dan untuk jelaskannya memerlukan lebih penalaan halus dari yang kita lihat untuk medan Higgs. Tapi berbeza dengan medan Higgs, nombor ini tiada penjelasan.
The hope was that a complete combination of Einstein's general theory of relativity, which is the theory of the universe at grand scales, with quantum mechanics, the theory of the universe at small scales, might provide a solution. Einstein himself spent most of his later years on a futile search for a unified theory of physics, and physicists have kept at it ever since.
Harapannya adalah kombinasi sempurna bagi teori umum Einstein tentang relativiti, iaitu teori alam semesta pada skala yang amat besar, dengan kuantum mekanik, teori alam semesta pada skala kecil, mungkin memberikan penyelesaian. Einstein sendiri menghabiskan sisa hidupnya dalam pencarian sia-sia untuk satu teori fizik bersepadu dan ahli-ahli fizik lain menyambung usaha tersebut sejak itu.
One of the most promising candidates for a unified theory is string theory, and the essential idea is, if you could zoom in on the fundamental particles that make up our world, you'd see actually that they're not particles at all, but tiny vibrating strings of energy, with each frequency of vibration corresponding to a different particle, a bit like musical notes on a guitar string.
Antara teori yang berpotensi bagi teori bersepadu ialah teori tali, dan idea utamanya adalah, jika anda boleh fokus pada partikel asas yang membentuk dunia kita, anda akan dapati ianya bukan partikel, tetapi jajaran tenaga kecil yang bergetar, dengan setiap frekuensi getaran berpadan dengan setiap partikel lain, hampir menyerupai nota-nota muzik pada tali gitar.
So it's a rather elegant, almost poetic way of looking at the world, but it has one catastrophic problem. It turns out that string theory isn't one theory at all, but a whole collection of theories. It's been estimated, in fact, that there are 10 to the 500 different versions of string theory. Each one would describe a different universe with different laws of physics. Now, critics say this makes string theory unscientific. You can't disprove the theory. But others actually turned this on its head and said, well, maybe this apparent failure is string theory's greatest triumph. What if all of these 10 to the 500 different possible universes actually exist out there somewhere in some grand multiverse? Suddenly we can understand the weirdly fine-tuned values of these two dangerous numbers. In most of the multiverse, dark energy is so strong that the universe gets torn apart, or the Higgs field is so weak that no atoms can form. We live in one of the places in the multiverse where the two numbers are just right. We live in a Goldilocks universe.
Ia seakan melihat dunia dengan cara yang elegan dan berpuisi tapi ia mempunyai satu masalah yang sangat besar. Teori tali bukan satu teori langsung, tapi satu koleksi teori yang menyeluruh. Malah, dianggarkan, terdapat 10 hingga 500 versi teori tali yang berbeza. Setiap satu menggambarkan alam semesta berlainan dengan hukum fizik yang berlainan. Pengkritik berpendapat, ini membuat teori tali tidak saintifik. Anda tidak boleh menyangkal teori ini. Tapi yang lain sebenarnya tidak bersependapat dan berkata, mungkin kegagalan ketara ini ini adalah kejayaan paling besar teori tali. Apa kata kalau kesemua 10 hingga 500 kemungkinan alam semesta berlainan sebenarnya wujud di luar sana dalam beberapa alam semesta lain? Tiba-tiba kita boleh faham nilai-nilai terperinci dua nombor yang berbahaya ini. Dalam kebanyakan alam lain, tenaga gelap begitu kuat alam semesta berbelah dua, atau medan Higgs begitu lemah tiada atom boleh terbentuk. Kita hidup di satu tempat dalam alam semesta berlainan di mana dua nombor hampir tepat. Kita tinggal dalam alam semesta Goldilocks.
Now, this idea is extremely controversial, and it's easy to see why. If we follow this line of thinking, then we will never be able to answer the question, "Why is there something rather than nothing?" In most of the multiverse, there is nothing, and we live in one of the few places where the laws of physics allow there to be something. Even worse, we can't test the idea of the multiverse. We can't access these other universes, so there's no way of knowing whether they're there or not.
Idea ini sangat kontroversi, dan memahami sebabnya. Kalau kita ikut garis pemikiran ini, kita tidak akan berjaya menjawab soalan, "Kenapa sesuatu wujud berbanding kosong?" Kebanyakan alam semesta kosong, dan kita hidup dalam satu dari beberapa tempat di mana hukum fizik membenarkan sesuatu wujud. Lebih teruk, kita tak boleh uji kepelbagaian alam semesta. Kita tidak boleh akses alam semesta lain, jadi tiada cara mengetahui sama ada mereka wujud atau tidak.
So we're in an extremely frustrating position. That doesn't mean the multiverse doesn't exist. There are other planets, other stars, other galaxies, so why not other universes? The problem is, it's unlikely we'll ever know for sure. Now, the idea of the multiverse has been around for a while, but in the last few years, we've started to get the first solid hints that this line of reasoning may get born out. Despite high hopes for the first run of the LHC, what we were looking for there -- we were looking for new theories of physics: supersymmetry or large extra dimensions that could explain this weirdly fine-tuned value of the Higgs field. But despite high hopes, the LHC revealed a barren subatomic wilderness populated only by a lonely Higgs boson. My experiment published paper after paper where we glumly had to conclude that we saw no signs of new physics.
Jadi kita dalam posisi yang menghampakan. Ini tidak bererti kepelbagaian alam semesta tidak wujud. Ada banyak planet, bintang, dan galaksi lain jadi mengapa tidak alam semesta lain? Masalahnya, sukar untuk kita pastikan. Idea tentang kepelbagaian alam semesta telah lama wujud, namun sejak beberapa tahun lepas, kita mula mendapat petanda kukuh bahawa cara pemikiran ini mungkin dapat diluahkan. Walaupun harapan tinggi untuk pertama kali LHC dijalankan, perkara yang kita cari -- kita mencari teori-teori baru fizik: dimensi super simetri atau lebih besar yang mungkin boleh menjelaskan nilai terperinci medan Higgs. Tapi walaupun harapan tinggi, LHC mendedahkan satu subatom gersang dipopulasi oleh boson Higgs tunggal. Eksperimen saya diterbitkan naskhah demi naskhah yang kami dengan kecewa simpulkan tiada tanda penemuan fizik yang baru.
The stakes now could not be higher. This summer, the LHC began its second phase of operation with an energy almost double what we achieved in the first run. What particle physicists are all desperately hoping for are signs of new particles, micro black holes, or maybe something totally unexpected emerging from the violent collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. If so, then we can continue this long journey that began 100 years ago with Albert Einstein towards an ever deeper understanding of the laws of nature.
Kini pertaruhan sudah menjadi amat tinggi. Musim panas ini, LHC telah memulakan fasa kedua operasi dengan tenaga hampir dua kali ganda dari ujian pertama. Partikel yang sangat dicari ahli-ahli fizik adalah petanda baru partikel, lubang-lubang hitam mikro, atau sesuatu di luar jangkaan muncul dari akibat perlanggaran hebat di Large Hadron Collider. Dengan itu, kita boleh sambung perjalanan jauh ini yang bermula satu abad lepas dengan Albert Einstein terhadap pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang hukum alam semulajadi.
But if, in two or three years' time, when the LHC switches off again for a second long shutdown, we've found nothing but the Higgs boson, then we may be entering a new era in physics: an era where there are weird features of the universe that we cannot explain; an era where we have hints that we live in a multiverse that lies frustratingly forever beyond our reach; an era where we will never be able to answer the question, "Why is there something rather than nothing?"
Namun jika dalam masa dua atau tiga tahun, bila suis LHC padam lagi selama sesaat, tiada yang dijumpai selain Higgs Boson, mungkin kita memasuki era baru dalam fizik: satu era ciri-ciri ganjil alam semesta yang tidak boleh dijelaskan; satu era kita ada petanda kita hidup dalam kepelbagaian alam semesta yang sayangnya terletak selama-lamanya di luar jangkauan kita; satu era dimana kita tidak akan mendapat jawapan untuk soalannya, "Kenapa ada sesuatu berbanding kosong?"
Thank you.
Terima kasih.
(Applause)
(Tepukan)
Bruno Giussani: Harry, even if you just said the science may not have some answers, I would like to ask you a couple of questions, and the first is: building something like the LHC is a generational project. I just mentioned, introducing you, that we live in a short-term world. How do you think so long term, projecting yourself out a generation when building something like this?
Bruno Giussani: Harry, walaupun anda baru sahaja cakap sains mungkin tidak ada jawapan, Saya ingin bertanya beberapa soalan, pertamanya begini: membina sesuatu seperti LHC adalah projek beberapa generasi. Saya baru saja, perkenalkan awak, yang kita hidup dalam dunia singkat. Bagaimana anda fikir dalam jangka masa panjang, fikir lebih dari generasi anda apabila membina sesuatu seperti ini?
Harry Cliff: I was very lucky that I joined the experiment I work on at the LHC in 2008, just as we were switching on, and there are people in my research group who have been working on it for three decades, their entire careers on one machine. So I think the first conversations about the LHC were in 1976, and you start planning the machine without the technology that you know you're going to need to be able to build it. So the computing power did not exist in the early '90s when design work began in earnest. One of the big detectors which record these collisions, they didn't think there was technology that could withstand the radiation that would be created in the LHC, so there was basically a lump of lead in the middle of this object with some detectors around the outside, but subsequently we have developed technology. So you have to rely on people's ingenuity, that they will solve the problems, but it may be a decade or more down the line.
Harry Cliff: Saya amat bertuah kerana sertai eksperimen yang dikaji di LHC pada tahun 2008, sebaik kami memasang suis, ada rakan kumpulan penyelidikan telah bekerja selama tiga dekad seluruh kerjaya mereka pada sebuah mesin. Jadi saya rasa perbualan pertama tentang LHC pada 1976, dan anda mula merancang pembinaan mesin tanpa teknologi yang anda tahu anda perlu untuk membinanya. Jadi kuasa pengkomputeran tidak wujud dalam awal 90-an ketika kerja rekaan rancak bermula Salah satu pengesan besar yang merekod perlanggaran ini, mereka tidak terfikir ada teknologi yang boleh bertahan radiasi yang akan dicipta dalam LHC, jadi terdapat seketul plumbum di tengah-tengah objek ini dengan pengesan di sekelilingya, tapi kemudian kami cipta teknologi. Anda perlu harap pada kepintaran orang, untuk selesaikan masalah, tetapi ia mungkin ambil masa satu dekad atau lebih lagi.
BG: China just announced two or three weeks ago that they intend to build a supercollider twice the size of the LHC. I was wondering how you and your colleagues welcome the news.
BG: China baru mengumumkan 2 atau 3 minggu lalu mereka berhasrat membina sebuah mesin perlanggaran 2 kali ganda saiz LHC Saya tertanya penerima anda dan rakan sekerja tentang berita ini.
HC: Size isn't everything, Bruno. BG: I'm sure. I'm sure.
HC: Saiz bukan penyelesaiannya, Bruno. BG: Saya pasti. Saya pasti.
(Laughter)
(Ketawa)
It sounds funny for a particle physicist to say that. But I mean, seriously, it's great news. So building a machine like the LHC requires countries from all over the world to pool their resources. No one nation can afford to build a machine this large, apart from maybe China, because they can mobilize huge amounts of resources, manpower and money to build machines like this. So it's only a good thing. What they're really planning to do is to build a machine that will study the Higgs boson in detail and could give us some clues as to whether these new ideas, like supersymmetry, are really out there, so it's great news for physics, I think.
Bunyinya kelakar bagi pakar fizik partikel mengatakannya. Tapi saya bermaksud, ini berita bagus. Untuk membina satu mesin seperti LHC memerlukan negara-negara seluruh dunia bergabung sumbernya. Tiada negara boleh mampu membina sebuah mesin sebesar ini, selain China, kerana mereka boleh gerakkan sumber yang banyak, tenaga manusia and duit untuk bina mesin sebegini. Jadi, ini adalah bagus. Mereka sedang merancang membina sebuah mesin yang akan kaji boson Higgs dengan terperinci dan beri beberapa petunjuk sama ada idea-idea baru seperti mahasimetri wujud jadi ia berita baik untuk fizik bagi saya.
BG: Harry, thank you. HC: Thank you very much.
BG: Harry, terima kasih. HC: Terima kasih banyak.
(Applause)
(Tepukan)