Do you know that we have 1.4 million cellular radio masts deployed worldwide? And these are base stations. And we also have more than five billion of these devices here. These are cellular mobile phones. And with these mobile phones, we transmit more than 600 terabytes of data every month. This is a 6 with 14 zeroes -- a very large number. And wireless communications has become a utility like electricity and water. We use it everyday. We use it in our everyday lives now -- in our private lives, in our business lives. And we even have to be asked sometimes, very kindly, to switch off the mobile phone at events like this for good reasons. And it's this importance why I decided to look into the issues that this technology has, because it's so fundamental to our lives.
A e dini qe ne kemi 1.4 milion antena radio dhe celuaresh te instaluara ne gjithe boten? Dhe keto jane stacione qendrore. Ne gjithashtu kemi me shume se 5 bilion te ketij lloji ketu . Keto jane telefonat celulare. Dhe me keto telefona celulare, ne trasmetojme me shume se 600 terabait te dhena cdo muaj . Kjo eshte 6 me 14 zero -- nje numer shume i madh. Dhe transmetimi me Vale eshte bere nje domosdoshmeri sikurse rrjeti elektrik dhe i ujit Ne e perdorim cdo dite ate ne jeten e perditshme -- ne jeten tone private, dhe ne ate te bisnesit . Dhe ne na kerkohet disa here, shume perzemersisht , ti fikim telefonat celular ne disa evente si ky per me mire. Dhe kjo eshte arsyeja kryesore pse vendosa te hedh drite mbi problemet qe kjo teknologji ka, sepse eshte kaq fondamentale per jetet tona.
And one of the issues is capacity. The way we transmit wireless data is by using electromagnetic waves -- in particular, radio waves. And radio waves are limited. They are scarce; they are expensive; and we only have a certain range of it. And it's this limitation that doesn't cope with the demand of wireless data transmissions and the number of bytes and data which are transmitted every month. And we are simply running out of spectrum. There's another problem. That is efficiency. These 1.4 million cellular radio masts, or base stations, consume a lot of energy. And mind you, most of the energy is not used to transmit the radio waves, it is used to cool the base stations. Then the efficiency of such a base station is only at about five percent. And that creates a big problem. Then there's another issue that you're all aware of. You have to switch off your mobile phone during flights. In hospitals, they are security issues. And security is another issue. These radio waves penetrate through walls. They can be intercepted, and somebody can make use of your network if he has bad intentions.
Dhe nje nga keto ceshtje eshte kapaciteti . Menyra se si ne transmetojme te dhenat me vale duke perdorur valet elektromagnetike--- ne vecanti, valet e radios. Valet e radios jane te kufizuara. Ato nuk mjaftojne; ato jane te shtrenjta; dhe ne kemi vetem nje hapsire te kufizuar per te . Dhe ky kufizim nuk perputhet me kerkesen e transmetimit te te dhenave me vale dhe numrin e baiteve dhe te dhenave qe transmetohen cdo muaj. Dhe keto vale jane jashte spektrumit . Ka edhe nje problem tjeter. Efektshmeria. Keto 1.4 milion antena celularesh, ose stacione qendrore, konsumojne shume energji. Dhe mendoni qe, shumica e energjise nuk perdoret per te transmetuar valet e radiove , por perdoret per te ftohur qendrat e transmetimit. Keshtu efikasiteti i nje qendre transmetimi eshte rreth 5%. Dhe kjo perben nje problem te madh. Ka edhe nje ceshtje tjeter qe ju e dini te gjithe. Ju duhet te fikni telefonat celulare gjate fluturimit me avion . Ne spitale, qe kane te bejne edhe me ceshtje sigurie. Dhe siguria eshte nje tjeter ceshtje. Keto vale radiosh depertojne permes mureve. Ato mund te interceptohen, dhe dikush mund te perdori rrjetin tend nqse ai ka qellim abuzimi .
So these are the main four issues. But on the other hand, we have 14 billion of these: light bulbs, light. And light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. So let's look at this in the context of the entire electromagnetic spectrum, where we have gamma rays. You don't want to get close to gamma rays, it could be dangerous. X-rays, useful when you go to hospitals. Then there's ultraviolet light. it's good for a nice suntan, but otherwise dangerous for the human body. Infrared -- due to eye safety regulations, can be only used with low power. And then we have the radio waves, they have the issues I've just mentioned. And in the middle there, we have this visible light spectrum. It's light, and light has been around for many millions of years. And in fact, it has created us, has created life, has created all the stuff of life. So it's inherently safe to use. And wouldn't it be great to use that for wireless communications?
Pra keto jane ceshtjet kryesore. Por nga ana tjeter, ne kemi 14 bilion nga keto: llambat qe bejne drite. Dhe drita eshte pjese e spektrit elektromagnetik . Prandaj ti hedhim nje sy ne kontekts te gjithe spectrit elektromagnetik, ku ne kemi rreze gama. Sigurisht qe nuk do ti afrohemi shume, sepse mund te jete e rrezikshme. Rezet-X jane te dobishme kur ju shkoni ne spitale. Pastaj ka edhe drite ultraviolet. qe jane mire per tu nxire. por nga ana tjeter te rrezikshme per njeriun. Infra te kuqe-- per shkak te rregulloreve për sigurinë e syve, ju mund ta perdorni ate ne fuqi te ulet. Dhe pastaj ne kemi valet e radios, qe kane te bejne me ato qe sapo permendem. Dhe diku ne mes, kemi kete spekter te dukshem te drites. Eshte drita, dhe drita ka ekzistuar per shume miliona vjet. Ne fact, ajo na ka krijuar , ka krijuar jeten , dhe ka krijuar te gjitha gjerat e gjalla. Pra është natyrshem e sigurt për t'u përdorur. Dhe do te ishte mire ta perdronim per transmetimin e te dhenave.
Not only that, I compared [it to] the entire spectrum. I compared the radio waves spectrum -- the size of it -- with the size of the visible light spectrum. And guess what? We have 10,000 times more of that spectrum, which is there for us to use. So not only do we have this huge amount of spectrum, let's compare that with a number I've just mentioned. We have 1.4 million expensively deployed, inefficient radio cellular base stations. And multiply that by 10,000, then you end up at 14 billion. 14 billion is the number of light bulbs installed already. So we have the infrastructure there. Look at the ceiling, you see all these light bulbs. Go to the main floor, you see these light bulbs.
Jo vetem aq, une e krahasova ate ne te tere spektrin. E krahasova me spektrun e valeve te radios--- masen e saj -- me masen e drites se dukshme. E merrni me mend? Ne kemi 10,000 here me shume spektrum , qe na pret ne ta perdorim ate. Keshtu qe jo vetem qe kemi kete numer te madh te spektrit, le ta krahasojme ate me numrin qe sapo permendem . Ne kemi 1.4 milion antena te vendosura, stacione radio cellulare qe s'duhen . Dhe shumezoji per 10,000, perfundimi del me shume se 14 bilion. 14 bilion eshte numri i llampave qe jane ekzituese. Pra keshtu qe ne e kemi te ndertuar infrastrukturen . Ne tavan, ju mund te shikoni gjithe ato llampa. Po te shkoni ne katin e pare, ju shikoni keto llampa.
Can we use them for communications? Yes. What do we need to do? The one thing we need to do is we have to replace these inefficient incandescent light bulbs, florescent lights, with this new technology of LED, LED light bulbs. An LED is a semiconductor. It's an electronic device. And it has a very nice acute property. Its intensity can be modulated at very high speeds, and it can be switched off at very high speeds. And this is a fundamental basic property that we exploit with our technology. So let's show how we do that. Let's go to the closest neighbor to the visible light spectrum -- go to remote controls. You all know remote controls have an infrared LED -- basically you switch on the LED, and if it's off, you switch it off. And it creates a simple, low-speed data stream in 10,000 bits per second, 20,000 bits per second. Not usable for a YouTube video.
A mund ti perdorim ato per te komunikuar? Po. Cfare na nevojitet ? E vetmja gje qe duhet te bejme eshte ti zevendesojme keto llampa inkadeshente, me llampa fluoreshente, me kete teknologji te Led-it, Llampa Led. Nje LED eshte nje semikonduktor. Eshte nje paisje elektronike. Dhe ka nje vecori shume te zgjuar. Intensiteti saj mund te rregullohet ne shpejtesi te medha, dhe mund te fiket shume shpejt. Dhe kjo eshte baza e asaj qe ne kemi eksploruar me teknologjine tone. Pra le te demostrojme si e bejme ate. Le te shkojme tek me e aferta me spektrin e dukshem te drites -- te telekomanda . Ju e dini qe telekomandat kane LED me infra te fuqe-- ti e ndez LED, dhe nqs eshte fikur, ti e fik ate. Ajo krijon nje shpejtesi te vogel te dhenash ne 10,000 bit per sekonde, 20,000 bits per sekonde. E pa mjaftueshme per nje video ne Youtube.
What we have done is we have developed a technology with which we can furthermore replace the remote control of our light bulb. We transmit with our technology, not only a single data stream, we transmit thousands of data streams in parallel, at even higher speeds. And the technology we have developed -- it's called SIM OFDM. And it's spacial modulation -- these are the only technical terms, I'm not going into details -- but this is how we enabled that light source to transmit data.
Ajo qe ne kemi bere eshte qe kemi zhvilluar nje teknologji me te cilien ne mund te zevendesojme driten e vogel tek telekomanda. Ne transmetojme me teknologjine tone, jo vetem nje transmetim te vetem , por njemije transmetime te dhenash ne paralel, me shpejtesi me te medha. Dhe teknologjia qe ne kemi zhvilluar-- quhet SIM OFDM. Dhe modulacioni hapsinor-- keto jane terma teknike, dhe nuk po futem ne brendesi -- por kjo se si ne e gjeneruam kete burim drite qe transmeton te dhena.
You will say, "Okay, this is nice -- a slide created in 10 minutes." But not only that. What we've done is we have also developed a demonstrator. And I'm showing for the first time in public this visible light demonstrator. And what we have here is no ordinary desk lamp. We fit in an LED light bulb, worth three U.S. dollars, put in our signal processing technology. And then what we have here is a little hole. And the light goes through that hole. There's a receiver. The receiver will convert these little, subtle changes in the amplitude that we create there into an electrical signal. And that signal is then converted back to a high-speed data stream. In the future we hope that we can integrate this little hole into these smart phones. And not only integrate a photo detector here, but maybe use the camera inside.
Ju do te thoni , "OK, kjo ishte e bukur-- nje skeme e krijuar per 10 minuta" Por jo vetem kaq. Ajo c'ka ne kemi bere eshte ne ne gjithashtu kemi krijuar nje demostrues. Dhe une po e shfaq per here te pare ne publik. demostruesin e drites se dukshme. Dhe cfare kemi ketu eshte nje abazhur i zakonshem pune . Ne futem nje llampe me LED ne te, qe vlen 3 dollare, duke futur sinjalin e teknologjise tone. Dhe ajo cfare kemi ketu eshte nje vrime e vogel. Dhe drita futet permes kesaj vrime. Aty eshte marresi . Marresi do te konvertoje kete ngarkese te vogel delikate ne nje aplitude qe ne krijojme aty ne nje sinjali elektrik. Dhe ai sinjal elektrik konvertohet ne te kundert ne nje vale te dhenash shume te shpejte. Ne te ardhmen ne shpresojme qe ne mund te integrojme kete vrime te vogel ne keto telefona . Jo vetem qe do integrojne nje detektor fotografish aty , por mbase duke perdorur dhe kameran e brendshme.
So what happens when I switch on that light? As you would expect, it's a light, a desk lamp. Put your book beneath it and you can read. It's illuminating the space. But at the same time, you see this video coming up here. And that's a video, a high-definition video that is transmitted through that light beam. You're critical. You think, "Ha, ha, ha. This is a smart academic doing a little bit of tricks here." But let me do this.
Keshtu qe cfare ndodh kur une ndez driten ? Sic do te prisnit, eshte nje drite, nje drite tavoline. Vendos librin nen te dhe lexon. Ajo ndricon vendin . Por ne te njejten kohe, ti shikon kete video qe eshte duke u transmetuar . Dhe kjo eshte nje video , HD video qe transmetohet permes kesaj rreze drite. kritike. Ju mendoni , Ha, ha , ha. Qe eshte nje shpikje e vogel e bere me disa trukime ketu ." Por me lejoni ta bej.
(Applause)
( Duartrokitije )
Once again. Still don't believe? It is this light that transmits this high-definition video in a split stream. And if you look at the light, it is illuminating as you would expect. You don't notice with your human eye. You don't notice the subtle changes in the amplitude that we impress onto this light bulb. It's serving the purpose of illumination, but at the same time, we are able to transmit this data. And you see, even light from the ceiling comes down here to the receiver. It can ignore that constant light, because all the receiver's interested in are subtle changes. You also have a critical question now, and you say, "Okay, do I have to have the light on all the time to have this working?" And the answer is yes. But, you can dim down the light to a level that it appears to be off. And you are still able to transmit data -- that's possible.
Edhe nje here. Prape nuk e besoni ? Eshte kjo drite qe transmeton kete video HD ne nje qark te ndare. Dhe nqs shikoni tek drita, eshte duke ndricuar sic ju e prisnit. Ju nuk e vute re me syrin tuaj . Nuk mund ta dalloni ate ndryshim te hollesishem ne amplitude qe na impresionon mbi kete llampe. Ajo ka si qellim ndricimin , por ne te njejten kohe, ne bejme te mundur edhe transmetimin e te dhenave.. Dhe sic mund ta shikoni , edhe drita nga tavani vjen ketu tek marresi. Mund ta anashkaloje driten konstante, sepse te gjithe marresit jane aktive ne keto ndryshime te hollesishme. You mund te beni edhe pyetje kritike tani edhe me vone. Ju thoni , "Ok, me duhet te te kem patjeter drite gjithe kohen qe kjo te punoje?" Pergjigja eshte po . Por, ti mund ta ulesh ndricimin ne nje nivel qe te duket si e shuar. Dhe ju akoma jeni ne gjendje te transmetoni te dhena-- eshte e mundur.
So I've mentioned to you the four challenges. Capacity: We have 10,000 times more spectrum, 10,000 times more LEDs installed already in the infrastructure there. You would agree with me, hopefully, there's no issue of capacity anymore. Efficiency: This is data through illumination -- it's first of all an illumination device. And if you do the energy budget, the data transmission comes for free -- highly energy efficient. I don't mention the high energy efficiency of these LED light bulbs. If the whole world would deploy them, you would save hundreds of power plants. That's aside.
Pra, une ju permenda juve te kater sfidat. Kapacitetin: Ne kemi 10,000 here me shume spekter, 10,000 here me shume LED-e te instaluara nje nje siperfaqe. Do te ishit dakort me mua, duke shpresuar, qe nuk eshte me ceshtje te kapaciteti. Efektshmeria: Keto jane te dhena permes ndricimit-- eshte e para mbi te gjitha nje paisje ndricimi . Dhe nqs se llogarit sasine e energjise transmetimi te dhenave eshte i lire -- efektshmeri me energji te larte. Une nuk permend efektshmerine e energjise se larte te ketyre LED llampave . Nqs e gjithe bota do ti vendoste ato, ne mund te shpetojme shume impjante elektrike. Ta leme menjane kete.
And then I've mentioned the availability. You will agree with me that we have lights in the hospital. You need to see what to do. You have lights in an aircraft. So it's everywhere in a day there is light. Look around. Everywhere. Look at your smart phone. It has a flashlight, an LED flashlight. These are potential sources for high-speed data transmission.
Dhe pastaj une permenda disponueshmerine. Do te ishit dakort me mua qe ne kemi drita ne spitale. Duket te shikojme cfare mund te bejme. Ju keni drita ne nje avion. Keshtu gjithandej ku ka ndricim. Shikoni verdalle. Ne cdo vend . Shikoni telefonin tuaj . Ka nje drite flashi , nje LED ndricues. Keto jane burime te fuqishme per transmetimin e te dhenave.
And then there's security. You would agree with me that light doesn't penetrate through walls. So no one, if I have a light here, if I have secure data, no one on the other side of this room through that wall would be able to read that data. And there's only data where there is light. So if I don't want that receiver to receive the data, then what I could do, turn it away. So the data goes in that direction, not there anymore. Now we can in fact see where the data is going to.
Dhe pastaj vjen siguria. Do te ishit dakord me mua qe drita nuk kalon permes mureve. Keshtu qe asnjeri, nqse une do te kisha drite ketu, nqse une kam te dhena sigurie asnjeri nga ana tjeter e murit s'do te ishte ne gjendje ti marri ato te dhena. Dhe vetem aty ku ka drite ka te dhena. Keshtu nqs une nuk dua qe marresi te marre te dhenat, cfare mund te bej, ta fik ate. Keshtu qe te dhenat shkojne ne ate drejtim , dhe jo me aty. Tani ne mund te shikojme se ku jane duke shkuar te dhenat.
So for me, the applications of it, to me, are beyond imagination at the moment. We have had a century of very nice, smart application developers. And you only have to notice, where we have light, there is a potential way to transmit data. But I can give you a few examples. Well you may see the impact already now. This is a remote operated vehicle beneath the ocean. And they use light to illuminate space down there. And this light can be used to transmit wireless data that these things [use] to communicate with each other.
Keshtu qe per mua, programet per kete , per mua jane pertej imagjinates per momentin. Ne kemi pasur nje shekull dhe krijues programesh inteligjent e te mrekullueshem . Dhe ju mund ta kini vene re, qe ku kemi ndricim , ka mundesi per te transmetuar te dhena. Por une mund t'ju jap disa shembuj. Vertet ju mund ta shikoni reagimin tashme. Kjo eshte nje mjet i telekomandueshem nen oqeane. Dhe ata perdorin driten per te ndricuar hapsiren perreth . Dhe kjo drite mund te perdoret per te transmetuar te dhena qe keto gjera te perdoren per te komunikuar me njera-tjetren.
Intrinsically safe environments like this petrochemical plant -- you can't use RF, it may generate antenna sparks, but you can use light -- you see plenty of light there. In hospitals, for new medical instruments; in streets for traffic control. Cars have LED-based headlights, LED-based back lights, and cars can communicate with each other and prevent accidents in the way that they exchange information. Traffic lights can communicate to the car and so on. And then you have these millions of street lamps deployed around the world. And every street lamp could be a free access point. We call it, in fact, a Li-Fi, light-fidelity. And then we have these aircraft cabins. There are hundreds of lights in an aircraft cabin, and each of these lights could be a potential transmitter of wireless data. So you could enjoy your most favorite TED video on your long flight back home. Online life. So that is a vision, I think, that is possible.
Brendesisht ne ambjente te sigurta si ky impjant naftembajtes -- ku nuk mund te perdoresh RF, mund te krijoje shkarkese eletrike ne antene , por mund te perdori driten-- sic e shikoni aty ka shume ndricim . Ne spitale, per disa intrumente mjeksore; ne rruget per rregullimin e trafikut. Ndricuesit baze te makinave, jane te paisura me LED mbapa, dhe makinat mund te shkembejne te dhena me njera-tjetren per te parandaluar aksidentet ne nje menyre qe ato mund te shkembejne informacion. Semaforet mund te komunikojne tek makina dhe keshtu me radhe . Ne kemi miliona llampa neper rruge te vendosura ne tere boten. Dhe cdo llampe rruge do te ishte nje burim i lire transmetimi. Ne e quajme ate nje Li-Fi, drite- besueshmerie. Dhe pastaj kemi kabinat e avionit. Ka me qindra drita nje nje kabine avioni, dhe cdonjera nga keto drita mund te jete nje transmetues i fuqishem i te dhenave . Keshtu qe ju mund te kenaqeni duke pare videot tuaja te preferuara te TED-it gjatë fluturimit te kthimit ne shtepi. Jeta online. Mendoni qe ky vizion mund te jete i mundur.
So, all we would need to do is to fit a small microchip to every potential illumination device. And this would then combine two basic functionalities: illumination and wireless data transmission. And it's this symbiosis that I personally believe could solve the four essential problems that face us in wireless communication these days. And in the future, you would not only have 14 billion light bulbs, you may have 14 billion Li-Fis deployed worldwide -- for a cleaner, a greener, and even a brighter future.
Pra, e gjithe ajo qe na nevojitet eshte te fusesh nje mikrocip te vogel ne cdo burim energjie . dhe kjo do te kombinonte me pas dy funksione baze: Ndricimin dhe Transmetimin telegrafik te te dhenave. Dhe eshte kjo simbioze qe une personalisht besoj qe mund te zgjidhe kater problemet tona kryesore qe perballen me ne ne transmetimin e radiovaleve ne ditet e sotme. Dhe ne te ardhem , ju nuk do te keni vetem 14 bilion llampa ndricimi, ju mund te keni 14 bilion Li-Fis te vendosura ne te tere boten-- per nje te ardhme te paster, te gjelber, madje nje te ardhme te ndritshme
Thank you.
Falemderit
(Applause)
( Duartrokitje )