I was only four years old when I saw my mother load a washing machine for the very first time in her life. That was a great day for my mother. My mother and father had been saving money for years to be able to buy that machine, and the first day it was going to be used, even Grandma was invited to see the machine.
Nik 4 urte besterik ez nituen nire ama arropekin garbitzaile bat betetzen ikusi nuenean lehenengo aldiz. Nire amarentzako garrantzi handiko egun bat zen. Nire gurasoak urte askotan zehar egon ziren aurrezten garbitzaile hori erosteko. Eta estreinaldian, nire amona ere gonbidatu zuten
(Laughter)
garbitzailea ikustera.
And Grandma was even more excited. Throughout her life, she had been heating water with firewood, and she had hand-washed laundry for seven children. And now, she was going to watch electricity do that work.
Eta nire amona gero eta hunkiberagoa zen. Bere bizitza osoaren zehar beti ura berotu behar zuen egurrez, eta arropa garbitu eskuz zazpi seme-alabentzat. Eta orain zuzenean ikusiko zuen elektrizitateak horrelako lana egiten.
My mother carefully opened the door, and she loaded the laundry into the machine, like this. And then, when she closed the door, Grandma said, "No, no, no, no! Let me! Let me push the button!"
Nire amak atea arretaz zabaldu zuen, arropa sartu garbitzailean, horrela. Eta, orduan, atea itxi zuenean, Nire amonak esan zuen: "Ez, ez, ez, ez, ... ... utzi niri, utzi botoia sakatzen."
(Laughter)
Eta berak botoia sakatu zuen.
And Grandma pushed the button, and she said, "Oh, fantastic! I want to see this! Give me a chair! Give me a chair! I want to see it," and she sat down in front of the machine, and she watched the entire washing program.
eta zion: "Oh, zoragarria da ... ... Hau ikusi nahi dut. Emaidazu aulkia ... ... Emaidazu aulkia. Ikusi nahi dut." Eta garbitzailearen aurrean eseri zen, eta garbiketa-prozesu osoa ikusi zuen.
(Laughter)
Harrituta zegoen.
She was mesmerized. To my grandmother, the washing machine was a miracle.
Nire amonarentzat, garbitzailea miraria zen.
Today, in Sweden and other rich countries, people are using so many different machines. Look -- the homes are full of machines. I can't even name them all. And they also, when they want to travel, they use flying machines that can take them to remote destinations. And yet, in the world, there are so many people who still heat the water on fire, and they cook their food on fire. Sometimes they don't even have enough food. And they live below the poverty line. There are two billion fellow human beings who live on less than two dollars a day. And the richest people over there -- there's one billion people, and they live above what I call the "air line" --
Gaur egun, Suedian, eta beste herri aberatsetan, pertsonek erabiltzen dituzte oso makina desberdinak. Aizue, etxeak aparagailuz beteta daude. Horiek guztiak nola deitzen diren ere ez dakit. Eta gainera, bidaiatu nahi dutenean, makina hegalari batzuk erabiltzen dituzte urruneko helbideetara iristeko. Nahiz eta jende asko munduan egon, zeintzuek ura sutan berotu behar duten, eta euren sutan janaria prestatu behar duten. Batzuetan ez daukate janari nahikorik. Txirotasunaren atariaren behetik bizi dira. Badaude 2.000 milioi pertsonak zeintzuk egunero 2 dolarrekin baino gutxiagorekin bizi diren. Eta hemengo aberatsak orokorrean, 1.000 milioi pertsonak, zeruaren atariaren gainetik bizi dira, horrela diot,
(Laughter)
egunero 80 dolar baino gehiago gastatzen dutelako
because they spend more than 80 dollars a day on their consumption.
kontsumoan. Baina aipatutakoak 1.000, 2.000, 3.000 milioi dira,
But this is just one, two, three billion people, and obviously, there are seven billion people in the world, so there must be one, two, three, four billion people more who live in between the poverty and the air line. They have electricity, but the question is: How many have washing machines? I've done the scrutiny of market data, and I've found that, indeed, the washing machine has penetrated below the air line, and today, there's an additional one billion people out there who live above the "wash line."
eta jakina, munduan 7.000 milioi pertsonak daude, orduan 1.000, 2.000, 3.000, 4.000 milioi gehiago egongo dira, zeintzuk zeruaren eta txirotasunaren atarien artean bizi diren. Haiek elektrizitatea dute, baina galdera da, zenbat dute garbitzailea? Merkatuaren datuak aztertu ditut, eta aurkitu dut, benetan, garbitzailea zeruaren ataritik jaitsi egin dela, eta gaur egun badaude 1.000 milioi pertsona gehiagok zeintzuk garbiketaren atariren gainetik bizi diren.
(Laughter)
(Algarak)
And they consume for more than 40 dollars per day. So two billion have access to washing machines.
Eta haiek egunero 40 dolar baino gehiago kontsumitzen dituzte. Hots, 2.000 milioi pertsona horiek garbitzaileetara sarbidea daukate.
And the remaining five billion -- how do they wash? Or, to be more precise, how do most of the women in the world wash? Because it remains the hard work for women to wash. They wash like this: by hand. It's hard, time-consuming labor, which they have to do for hours every week. And sometimes they also have to bring water from far away to do the laundry at home, or they have to bring the laundry away to a stream far off. And they want the washing machine. They don't want to spend such a large part of their life doing this hard work with so relatively low productivity. And there's nothing different in their wish than it was for my grandma. Look here, two generations ago in Sweden -- picking water from the stream, heating with firewood and washing like that. They want the washing machine in exactly the same way.
Eta gainerako 5.000 milioi horiek. nola garbitzen dute arropa? Edo, zehatzagoa izateko, nola garbitzen dute arropa munduaren emakume gehienek? Oso lan gogorra delako emakumeentzat. Haiek horrela, eskuz, garbitzen dute. Oso lan gogorra eta neketsua da, eta astero ordu dexente igaro behar dituzte. Eta, batzuetan, ura urrutik ekarri behar dute etxean garbitzeko. Edo arropa urrun eraman behar dute, ur-korrenteraino. Haiek garbitzailea nahi dute. Ez dute euren bizitzen hainbeste denbora galdu nahi lan gogor hori egiten emankor gutxiko lana. Eta euren nahia ez da batere desberdina nire amonak zeukanetik. Begira ezazue hemen, orain dela bi belaunaldi Suedian ibaitik ura hartzen zuten, egurrez berotzen eta eskuz garbitzen. Aldi berean, haiek garbitzailea nahi dute.
But when I lecture to environmentally concerned students, they tell me, "No, everybody in the world cannot have cars and washing machines." How can we tell this woman that she isn't going to have a washing machine? And then I ask my students -- over the last two years, I've asked -- "How many of you don't use a car?" And some of them proudly raise their hand and say, "I don't use a car." And then I put the really tough question: "How many of you hand-wash your jeans and your bedsheets?" And no one raised their hand. Even the hardcore in the green movement use washing machines.
Baina ikasle ekologisteei proposatzen diedanean, esaten didate: "Ez, mundu osoak ezin du kotxerik ezta garbitzailerik izan" Nola esango ote diegu emakume horiei inoiz ez dutela garbitzailerik izango? Orduan nire ikasleei galdetzen diet ... Azkenengo 2 urtetan galdera bera egin diet: "Zenbat ez duzue kotxerik erabiltzen?" Eta batzuek harro eskuak altxatzen dituzte eta diote: "Nik ez dut kotxerik erabiltzen" Eta gero galdera zaila egiten diet: "Zenbat garbitzen duzue eskuz prakak eta izarak?" Ez du inork eskua altxatzen. Mugimendu ekologistaren amorratuenek ere garbitzaileak erabiltzen dituzte.
(Laughter)
(Algarak)
So how come [this is] something that everyone uses and they think others will not stop it? What is special with this? I had to do an analysis about the energy use in the world. Here we are. Look here. You see the seven billion people up there? The air people, the wash people, the bulb people and the fire people. One unit like this is an energy unit of fossil fuel -- oil, coal or gas. That's what most of the electricity and the energy in the world is. And it's 12 units used in the entire world, and the richest one billion, they use six of them. Half of the energy is used by one seventh of the world population. And these ones, who have washing machines but not a house full of other machines, they use two. This group uses three, one each. And they also have electricity. And over there, they don't even use one each. That makes 12 of them.
Beraz, zergatik denok erabiltzen ditugu garbitzaileak eta jarraituko dugu egiten? Ba al dago zerbait berezirik? Munduan kontsumitzen den energiari buruz analisia egin behar dut. Bagoaz. Hemen 7.000 milioi pertsonak ikusten dira: airearen pertsonak, garbiketarenak, bonbilarenak, suarenak. Hauetako unitate bakoitza fosil-erregairen zati bat da: petrolioa, ikatza edo gasa. Hau da munduko energia eta elektrizitatea. Mundu osoan 12 zati horiek erabiltzen dira, eta mila milioi aberatsenek horietako 6 erabiltzen dituzte. Energiaren erdia mundu polulazioaren zazpirenak erabiltzen du. Eta hauek, garbitzaileak eskuratzen dituztenek, baina ez aparagailuz beteriko etxea, bi erabiltzen dituzte. Talde honek hiru erabiltzen ditu, bakoitzak bana. Eta haiek ere elektrizitatea daukate. Eta hemendik bakoitzak bana ere ez du erabiltzen. Hau guztiak dira 12 zatiak
But the main concern for the environmentally interested students -- and they are right -- is about the future. What are the trends? If we just prolong the trends, without any real advanced analysis, to 2050, there are two things that can increase the energy use: first, population growth; second, economic growth. Population growth will mainly occur among the poorest people here, because they have high child mortality and they have many children per woman. And that will get you two extra, but that won't change the energy use very much.
Baina ikasle ekologisten kezka nagusiena, eta arrazoia dute, geroa da. Zeintzuk dira joerak? Joerak luzatzen baditugu, analisi aurreraturik egin gabe 2050. urte arte, badaude energiaren erabilera handitu dezaketen bi gauzak. Lehenengo eta behin, populazioaren hazkundea. Bigarrena, hazkunde ekonomikoa. Hazkunde demografikoa hemengo txiroen artean gertatuko da, umeen heriotza-tasa altua daukatelako eta emakume bakoitzeko seme-alaba asko dauzkatelako. Eta horrela bi gehiago izango dugu. baina horrek ez du hein handi batean energiaren erabilera.
What will happen is economic growth. The best of here in the emerging economies -- I call them "the New East" -- they will jump the air line. "Wopp!" they will say. And they will start to use as much as the Old West are doing already.
Baina hazkunde ekonomikoak sortuko du (energiaren erabilera handitzeak). Handiena hemen, garatu bidean dauden ekonomietan. Nik Ekialde Berria deitzen diet. Zeruaren atarira salto egingo dute. "Wop!", diote. Eta Mendebalde Zaharrak izandako hainbeste energia erabiliko dute.
(Laughter)
Eta pertsona horiek garbitzaileak nahi dituzte.
And these people, they want the washing machine. I told you. They'll go there. And they will double their energy use. And we hope that the poor people will get into the electric light. And they'll get a two-child family without a stop in population growth. But the total energy consumption will increase to 22 units. And these 22 units -- still, the richest people use most of them. So what needs to be done? Because the risk, the high probability of climate change is real. It's real. Of course, they must be more energy efficient. They must change their behavior in some way. They must also start to produce green energy, much more green energy. But until they have the same energy consumption per person, they shouldn't give advice to others -- what to do and what not to do.
Benetan esaten dizuet: Haiek hara joango dira. Eta erabilitako energia-kantitatea bikoiztuko da. Espero dugu txiroenak era argi elektrikoa hasiko direla erabiltzen, eta bi seme-alabetako familiak izatea hazkunde demografikoa gelditu gabe. Baina energiaren kontsumo orokorra 22 unitateetan handituko da. Eta 22 unitate horietatik aberatsenek oraindik gehiengoa erabiliko dute. Beraz, zer egin behar da? zeren arriskua, aldaketa klimatikoaren aukera handia benetazkoa den. Benetazkoa. Jakina, energia aldetik eraginkorragoak izan behar izango dira. Euren portaera, nola edo hala, aldatu behar dute. Energia berdea ere hasi behar izango dira ekoizten, askoz energia berdea ere. Baina pertsona bakoitzeko energia-kontsumo berbera eskuratu arte, besteei ez liekete ezer esan behar izango zer egin eta ez.
(Laughter)
(Txaloak)
(Applause)
Hemen leku guztietan energia berde eskura dezakegu.
Here, we can get more green energy all over.
Benetan espero dugu.
This is what we hope might happen. It's a real challenge in the future. But I can assure you that this woman in the favela in Rio, she wants a washing machine. She's very happy about her minister of energy that provided electricity to everyone -- so happy that she even voted for her. And she became Dilma Rousseff, the president-elect of one of the biggest democracies in the world, moving from minister of energy to president. If you have democracy, people will vote for washing machines. They love them!
Gerorako benetazko erronka da. Baina ziurta diezazueket Rio-ko favela baten emakumea garbitzailea nahi duela. Bera oso pozik dago bere Energia ministrarekin zeinek guztioi energia ematen zien. pozik dago berari botoa emateagatik. Bera da Dilma Rousseff, izendatu berriko presidentea munduko demokrazia handinetariko batekoa. Energia ministroa izatetik presidente izatera. Demokrazia badago, pertsonek garbitzaileen alde botoa emango dute. Benetan maite dituzte.
(Laughter)
And what's the magic with them? My mother explained the magic with this machine the very, very first day. She said, "Now, Hans. We have loaded the laundry. The machine will make the work. And now we can go to the library." Because this is the magic: you load the laundry, and what do you get out of the machine? You get books out of the machines, children's books. And mother got time to read for me. She loved this. I got the "ABC's" -- this is why I started my career as a professor, when my mother had time to read for me. And she also got books for herself. She managed to study English and learn that as a foreign language. And she read so many novels, so many different novels here. And we really, we really loved this machine.
Eta zein da garbitzaileen magia? Nire amak magia hori azaldu zidan lehenengo egunean. Esan zidan: "Aizu, Hans, sar dezagun arropa, eta garbitzaileak lana egingo du. Eta gu liburutegira joan gaitezke". Hau da magia hau: batek arropa sartu, eta, zer ateratzen da garbitzailetik? Garbitzailetik liburuak ateratzen dira, umeentzako liburuak. Eta nire ama niri ipuinak irakurtzeko gai zen. Benetan maite zuen. "ABC" nuen. Horrela hasi nintzen nire irakasle-karrera, nire ama ipuinak niri irakurtzeko gai zenean, Eta berarentzako liburuak ere lortu zituen. Ingelera ikasteko moldatu egin zuen eta atzerriko hizkuntz bat ikasi zuen. Eta eleberri asko irakurri zituen, guztiz eleberri desberdinak. Guk benetan maite genuen makina hori.
(Laughter)
Eta nire amak eta biok esan genuena zen:
And what we said, my mother and me, "Thank you, industrialization. Thank you, steel mill. Thank you, power station. And thank you, chemical processing industry that gave us time to read books."
"Mila esker, industrializazioa. Mila esker, altzairu-fabrikak. Mila esker, energia-estazioak. Eta mila esker, industria kimikoa liburuak irakurtzeko denbora emateagatik".
Thank you very much.
Mila esker
(Laughter)
(Txaloak)
(Applause)