The brain is an amazing and complex organ. And while many people are fascinated by the brain, they can't really tell you that much about the properties about how the brain works because we don't teach neuroscience in schools.
Mozak je neverovatan i složen organ. I dok mnoge fascinira mozak, ne mogu vam zaista mnogo reći o svojstvima funkcionisanja mozga jer ne predajemo neuronauke u školama.
And one of the reasons why is that the equipment is so complex and so expensive that it's really only done at major universities and large institutions. And so in order to be able to access the brain, you really need to dedicate your life and spend six and a half years as a graduate student just to become a neuroscientist to get access to these tools.
Jedan od razloga zbog čega je oprema tako složena i skupa jeste taj da se ona koristi samo na većim univerzitetima i u velikim ustanovama. Stoga, da biste mogli da pristupite mozgu, morate stvarno da posvetite život i provedete šest i po godina kao postdiplomac samo da biste postali neuronaučnik i dobili pristup ovim instrumentima.
And that's a shame because one out of five of us, that's 20 percent of the entire world, will have a neurological disorder. And there are zero cures for these diseases. And so it seems that what we should be doing is reaching back earlier in the eduction process and teaching students about neuroscience so that in the future, they may be thinking about possibly becoming a brain scientist.
To je šteta, jer će jedan od petoro nas, a to je 20 posto čitavog sveta, imati neurološki poremećaj. A ne postoje lekovi za ove bolesti. Tako da se čini da ono što treba raditi jeste ranije dosezati kroz obrazovni proces i učiti učenike o neuronaukama tako da u budućnosti mogu razmišljati o tome da možda postanu stručnjaci za mozak.
When I was a graduate student, my lab mate Tim Marzullo and myself, decided that what if we took this complex equipment that we have for studying the brain and made it simple enough and affordable enough that anyone that you know, an amateur or a high school student, could learn and actually participate in the discovery of neuroscience.
Kada sam bio postdiplomac, moj kolega iz laboratorije Tim Marculo i ja smo razmišljali: šta ako uzmemo ovu složenu opremu koju imamo za izučavanje mozga i učinimo je dovoljno jednostavnom i pristupačnom tako da bilo ko, amater ili srednjoškolac, može da uči i učestvuje u otkrivanju neuronauka.
And so we did just that. A few years ago, we started a company called Backyard Brains and we make DIY neuroscience equipment and I brought some here tonight, and I want to do some demonstrations. You guys want to see some?
I upravo smo to uradili. Pre nekoliko godina, osnovali smo firmu pod nazivom "Mozgovi iz dvorišta" i napravili smo neuronaučnu opremu iz kućne radinosti i doneo sam nešto od toga večeras da vam demonstriram. Želite da vidite?
So I need a volunteer. So right before -- what is your name? (Applause) Sam Kelly: Sam. Greg Gage: All right, Sam, I'm going to record from your brain. Have you had this before? SK: No. GG: I need you to stick out your arm for science, roll up your sleeve a bit, So what I'm going to do, I'm putting electrodes on your arm, and you're probably wondering, I just said I'm going to record from your brain, what am I doing with your arm?
Treba mi dobrovoljac. Kako se zovete? (Aplauz) Sem Keli: Sem. Greg Gejdž: U redu, Sem, obaviću neka očitavanja vašeg mozga. Da li ste nekada radili ovo? SK: Ne. GG: Hoću da ispružite ruku u ime nauke, zavrnite rukav malo. Staviću elektrode na vašu ruku, i verovatno se pitate, upravo sam rekao da ću da očitavam sa mozga, šta radim sa rukom?
Well, you have about 80 billion neurons inside your brain right now. They're sending electrical messages back and forth, and chemical messages. But some of your neurons right here in your motor cortex are going to send messages down when you move your arm like this. They're going to go down across your corpus callosum, down onto your spinal cord to your lower motor neuron out to your muscles here, and that electrical discharge is going to be picked up by these electrodes right here and we're going to be able to listen to exactly what your brain is going to be doing. So I'm going to turn this on for a second.
Pa, imate oko 80 milijardi neurona unutar svog mozga u ovom trenutku. Oni šalju elektro i hemijske poruke napred i nazad. Ali neki od vaših neurona ovde u motoričkom korteksu će poslati poruke nadole kada ovako pomerite ruku. Krenuće preko vašeg korpus kalosuma, preko kičmene moždine do nižih motoričkih neurona prema vašim mišićima ovde, a to električno pražnjenje će primiti ove elektrode ovde i moći ćemo da čujemo upravo ono što će vaš mozak raditi. Uključiću ovo na sekundu.
Have you ever heard what your brain sounds like? SK: No. GG: Let's try it out. So go ahead and squeeze your hand. (Rumbling) So what you're listening to, so this is your motor units happening right here. Let's take a look at it as well. So I'm going to stand over here, and I'm going to open up our app here. So now I want you to squeeze. (Rumbling)
Da li ste ikada čuli kako vaš mozak zvuči? SK: Ne. GG: Hajde da probamo. Stegnite svoju ruku. (Krčanje) Ono što čujete, to se pokreću vaše motoričke jedinice ovde. Hajde da pogledamo i ovo. Stajaću ovde i otvoriću našu aplikaciju. Sad hoću da stegnete. (Krčanje)
So right here, these are the motor units that are happening from her spinal cord out to her muscle right here, and as she's doing it, you're seeing the electrical activity that's happening here. You can even click here and try to see one of them. So keep doing it really hard. So now we've paused on one motor action potential that's happening right now inside of your brain.
Ovo ovde su motoričke jedinice, koje idu od njene kičmene moždine ka njenim mišićima ovde, i dok to radi, vidite električnu aktivnost koja se odvija. Možete čak i da kliknete ovde da vidite neku od njih. Nastavite da to radite snažno. Sada smo pauzirali na jednom motoričkom akcionom potencijalu koji se upravo dešava unutar vašeg mozga.
Do you guys want to see some more? (Applause) That's interesting, but let's get it better. I need one more volunteer. What is your name, sir? Miguel Goncalves: Miguel. GG: Miguel, all right. You're going to stand right here. So when you're moving your arm like this, your brain is sending a signal down to your muscles right here. I want you to move your arm as well. So your brain is going to send a signal down to your muscles. And so it turns out that there is a nerve that's right here that runs up here that innervates these three fingers, and it's close enough to the skin that we might be able to stimulate that so that what we can do is copy your brain signals going out to your hand and inject it into your hand, so that your hand will move when your brain tells your hand to move. So in a sense, she will take away your free will and you will no longer have any control over this hand. You with me?
Želite da vidite još nešto? (Aplauz) Zanimljivo je, ali neka bude još bolje. Treba mi još jedan dobrovoljac. Kako se zovete, gospodine? Migel Gonzales: Migel. GG: Migel, u redu. Vi ćete stajati ovde. Kada pomerate ruku ovako, vaš mozak šalje signal ka mišićima ovde. Hoću da i vi pomerate ruku. Vaš mozak će poslati signal ka vašim mišićima. Ovde postoji nerv koji se nadovezuje ovde koji inerviše ova tri prsta i dovoljno je blizu kože da bismo mogli da ga stimulišemo tako da kopiramo moždane signale koji idu ka vašoj ruci i ubacimo ih u vašu ruku, tako da će se vaša ruka pomerati kada mozak kaže vašoj ruci da se pomera. Tako da će vam ona, na neki način, oduzeti slobodnu volju i više nećete imati kontrolu nad ovom rukom. Da li me pratite?
So I just need to hook you up. (Laughter) So I'm going to find your ulnar nerve, which is probably right around here. You don't know what you're signing up for when you come up. So now I'm going to move away and we're going to plug it in to our human-to-human interface over here.
Samo treba da vas spojim. (Smeh) Pronaći ću vaš ulnarni nerv, koji je verovatno ovde negde. Ne znate šta će vas snaći kad izađete. Sada ćemo ga priključiti ovde na naš interfejs čovek-čovek.
Okay, so Sam, I want you to squeeze your hand again. Do it again. Perfect. So now I'm going to hook you up over here so that you get the -- It's going to feel a little bit weird at first, this is going to feel like a -- (Laughter) You know, when you lose your free will, and someone else becomes your agent, it does feel a bit strange.
Okej Sem, hoću da ponovo stisnete svoju ruku. Uradite to ponovo. Savršeno. Sada ću da vas prikačim ovde tako da dobijete - Biće malo čudan osećaj u početku, osetićete kao - (Smeh) Znate, kada izgubite slobodnu volju, i neko drugi postane vaš pokretač, to bude pomalo čudno.
Now I want you to relax your hand. Sam, you're with me? So you're going to squeeze. I'm not going to turn it on yet, so go ahead and give it a squeeze.
Sada hoću da opustite ruku. Sem, je l' me pratite? Dakle, stisnućete šaku. Neću još da uključujem, zato hajde stisnite ruku.
So now, are you ready, Miguel? MG: Ready as I'll ever be. GG: I've turned it on, so go ahead and turn your hand. Do you feel that a little bit? MG: Nope. GG: Okay, do it again? MG: A little bit. GG: A little bit? (Laughter) So relax. So hit it again. (Laughter) Oh, perfect, perfect. So relax, do it again.
Jeste li spremni, Migel? MG: Spreman kao nikad pre. GG: Uključio sam, pa hajde okrenite svoju ruku. Da li osećate pomalo? MG: Ne. GG: Okej, uradite to ponovo? MG: Pomalo. GG: Pomalo? (Smeh) Opustite se. Hajde ponovo. (Smeh) Savršeno, savršeno. Opustite se, hajde ponovo.
All right, so right now, your brain is controlling your arm and it's also controlling his arm, so go ahead and just do it one more time. All right, so it's perfect. (Laughter)
U redu. Sada, vaš mozak kontroliše vašu ruku, a takođe kontroliše i njegovu, pa hajde uradite to još jednom. U redu, savršeno. (Smeh)
So now, what would happen if I took over my control of your hand? And so, just relax your hand. What happens? Ah, nothing. Why not? Because the brain has to do it. So you do it again. All right, that's perfect.
Šta bi se dogodilo kada bih ja preuzeo kontrolu nad vašom rukom? Samo opustite ruku. Šta se dešava? Ništa. Zašto ne? Zato što mozak to mora da uradi. Uradite to ponovo. U redu, savršeno.
Thank you guys for being such a good sport. This is what's happening all across the world -- electrophysiology! We're going to bring on the neuro-revolution.
Hvala vam na dobroj saradnji. Ovo je ono što se dešava širom sveta - elektrofiziologija! Donećemo neurorevoluciju.
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)