The brain is an amazing and complex organ. And while many people are fascinated by the brain, they can't really tell you that much about the properties about how the brain works because we don't teach neuroscience in schools.
Otak merupakan sebuah organ rumit yang mengagumkan. Meski ia memesona banyak orang, tak banyak yang dapat mereka katakan tentang cara kerjanya karena ilmu saraf tidak diajarkan di sekolah.
And one of the reasons why is that the equipment is so complex and so expensive that it's really only done at major universities and large institutions. And so in order to be able to access the brain, you really need to dedicate your life and spend six and a half years as a graduate student just to become a neuroscientist to get access to these tools.
Salah satu sebabnya adalah karena peralatannya terlalu kompleks dan mahal sehingga ilmu ini hanya dipelajari di universitas atau institusi besar. Karena itu, untuk dapat meneliti otak manusia, Anda betul-betul harus berdedikasi dan melalui enam setengah tahun studi pasca sarjana demi menjadi seorang ahli saraf agar bisa memakai peralatan ini.
And that's a shame because one out of five of us, that's 20 percent of the entire world, will have a neurological disorder. And there are zero cures for these diseases. And so it seems that what we should be doing is reaching back earlier in the eduction process and teaching students about neuroscience so that in the future, they may be thinking about possibly becoming a brain scientist.
Betapa sayangnya karena satu dari lima orang, berarti 20 persen dari populasi dunia, akan memiliki masalah saraf. Dan tidak ada penawar bagi penyakit saraf. Jadi yang seharusnya kita lakukan adalah mengajarkan neurologi lebih awal dalam tahap pendidikan agar di masa mendatang para siswa bisa tertarik untuk menjadi seorang ahli otak.
When I was a graduate student, my lab mate Tim Marzullo and myself, decided that what if we took this complex equipment that we have for studying the brain and made it simple enough and affordable enough that anyone that you know, an amateur or a high school student, could learn and actually participate in the discovery of neuroscience.
Ketika sedang sekolah pasca sarjana, saya dan rekan lab saya, Tim Marzullo, berpikir bagaimana jika peralatan kompleks yang kami miliki untuk mempelajari otak disederhanakan dan harganya dibuat terjangkau sehingga semua orang, baik seorang amatir maupun pelajar SMU, bisa mempelajari dan berpartisipasi dalam bidang penelitian ilmu saraf.
And so we did just that. A few years ago, we started a company called Backyard Brains and we make DIY neuroscience equipment and I brought some here tonight, and I want to do some demonstrations. You guys want to see some?
Itu yang kami lakukan. Beberapa tahun lalu, kami mendirikan perusahaan <i>Backyard Brains</i> yang menyediakan peralatan neurologi rakit sendiri dan sebagian ada di sini, untuk saya demonstrasikan. Kalian mau melihat?
So I need a volunteer. So right before -- what is your name? (Applause) Sam Kelly: Sam. Greg Gage: All right, Sam, I'm going to record from your brain. Have you had this before? SK: No. GG: I need you to stick out your arm for science, roll up your sleeve a bit, So what I'm going to do, I'm putting electrodes on your arm, and you're probably wondering, I just said I'm going to record from your brain, what am I doing with your arm?
Saya perlu seorang relawan. Sebelumnya - siapa namamu? (Tepuk tangan) Sam Kelly: Sam. Greg Gage: Baiklah Sam, saya akan merekam otakmu. Kamu pernah melakukan ini sebelumnya? SK : Tidak. GG : Julurkan tanganmu demi ilmu pengetahuan, gulung lengan bajumu sedikit. Saya akan memasang elektrode di lenganmu, dan mungkin kau berpikir, kalau saya akan merekam otakmu, mengapa saya memasang di lengan?
Well, you have about 80 billion neurons inside your brain right now. They're sending electrical messages back and forth, and chemical messages. But some of your neurons right here in your motor cortex are going to send messages down when you move your arm like this. They're going to go down across your corpus callosum, down onto your spinal cord to your lower motor neuron out to your muscles here, and that electrical discharge is going to be picked up by these electrodes right here and we're going to be able to listen to exactly what your brain is going to be doing. So I'm going to turn this on for a second.
Kamu memiliki 80 milyar sel saraf di dalam otak. Mereka bolak-balik mengirimkan pesan elektro dan kimia. Tapi sebagian neuron di korteks motorik akan mengirimkan pesan saat kamu menggerakkan lengan seperti ini. Mereka akan turun melewati korpus kalosum, melalui saraf tulang belakang menuju neuron motorik bawah sampai ke otot-otot di sini, dan sinyal elektro itu akan ditangkap oleh elektrode di sini dan kita akan bisa mendengar secara pasti apa yang akan dilakukan oleh otakmu. Jadi saya akan menyalakan ini.
Have you ever heard what your brain sounds like? SK: No. GG: Let's try it out. So go ahead and squeeze your hand. (Rumbling) So what you're listening to, so this is your motor units happening right here. Let's take a look at it as well. So I'm going to stand over here, and I'm going to open up our app here. So now I want you to squeeze. (Rumbling)
Pernahkah kamu mendengar bunyi otakmu? SK: Tidak. GG: Ayo kita coba. Coba remas tanganmu. (Suara menggumam) Yang sedang kamu dengar, adalah unit motorikmu yang sedang bekerja. Mari sekalian kita lihat. Saya akan berdiri di sini, dan menjalankan sebuah aplikasi. Sekarang coba remas. (Suara gumaman)
So right here, these are the motor units that are happening from her spinal cord out to her muscle right here, and as she's doing it, you're seeing the electrical activity that's happening here. You can even click here and try to see one of them. So keep doing it really hard. So now we've paused on one motor action potential that's happening right now inside of your brain.
Di sini, ini adalah unit motorik yang sedang bekerja dari saraf tulang belakangnya sampai ke otot di sini, dan ketika dia meremas, Anda menyaksikan aktivitas elektrik yang sedang terjadi di sini. Anda bahkan dapat menekan ini dan melihat salah satunya. Lakukan lebih kuat lagi. Sekarang kita berhenti pada satu potensi aksi motorik yang sedang terjadi di dalam otakmu.
Do you guys want to see some more? (Applause) That's interesting, but let's get it better. I need one more volunteer. What is your name, sir? Miguel Goncalves: Miguel. GG: Miguel, all right. You're going to stand right here. So when you're moving your arm like this, your brain is sending a signal down to your muscles right here. I want you to move your arm as well. So your brain is going to send a signal down to your muscles. And so it turns out that there is a nerve that's right here that runs up here that innervates these three fingers, and it's close enough to the skin that we might be able to stimulate that so that what we can do is copy your brain signals going out to your hand and inject it into your hand, so that your hand will move when your brain tells your hand to move. So in a sense, she will take away your free will and you will no longer have any control over this hand. You with me?
Kalian mau melihat yang lain? (Tepuk tangan) Menarik memang, tapi ayo kita buat lebih baik. Saya perlu seorang relawan lagi. Siapa nama Anda, pak? Miguel Goncalves: Miguel. GG: Miguel, baiklah. Silakan Anda berdiri di sini. Saat Anda menggerakkan lengan seperti ini, otak Anda mengirimkan sinyal ke otot di sini. Saya ingin Anda menggerakkan lengan Anda juga. Jadi otak Anda akan mengirim sinyal ke otot-otot Anda. Jadi ternyata ada sebuah saraf di sini yang mengontrol ketiga jemari ini, dan kita kemungkinan bisa merangsangnya karena posisinya begitu dekat dengan kulit, jadi kita bisa meniru sinyal yang dikirimkan otak Anda ke lengan Anda dan menyuntikkannya ke dalam lengan Anda, jadi lenganmu akan bergerak saat otakmu menyuruh lenganmu bergerak. Jadi, dia akan mengambil kehendak bebas Anda dan Anda tidak lagi memiliki kontrol atas lengan ini. Anda mengerti?
So I just need to hook you up. (Laughter) So I'm going to find your ulnar nerve, which is probably right around here. You don't know what you're signing up for when you come up. So now I'm going to move away and we're going to plug it in to our human-to-human interface over here.
Saya hanya perlu menyambungkan Anda berdua. (Gelak tawa) Saya akan mencari saraf tulang hasta Anda, yang biasanya ada di sekitar sini. Anda tidak tahu apa yang akan terjadi saat naik panggung. Sekarang saya akan menyingkir dan menyambungkan ini ke mesin penghubung antar manusia di sini.
Okay, so Sam, I want you to squeeze your hand again. Do it again. Perfect. So now I'm going to hook you up over here so that you get the -- It's going to feel a little bit weird at first, this is going to feel like a -- (Laughter) You know, when you lose your free will, and someone else becomes your agent, it does feel a bit strange.
Jadi, Sam, coba remas lagi lengan Anda. Sekali lagi. Bagus. Sekarang Anda akan saya sambungkan ke sini supaya dapat -- Pertamanya akan terasa aneh, ini akan terasa seperti -- (Gelak tawa) Ketika Anda kehilangan keinginan bebas, dan orang lain menjadi perwakilan Anda, itu pasti akan terasa aneh.
Now I want you to relax your hand. Sam, you're with me? So you're going to squeeze. I'm not going to turn it on yet, so go ahead and give it a squeeze.
Sekarang coba lemaskan lengan Anda. Sam, Anda mengerti? Coba remas. Saya belum akan menyalakannya, jadi coba Anda remas.
So now, are you ready, Miguel? MG: Ready as I'll ever be. GG: I've turned it on, so go ahead and turn your hand. Do you feel that a little bit? MG: Nope. GG: Okay, do it again? MG: A little bit. GG: A little bit? (Laughter) So relax. So hit it again. (Laughter) Oh, perfect, perfect. So relax, do it again.
Sekarang, Miguel, Anda siap? MG: Sesiap mungkin. GG: Sudah dinyalakan, ayo gerakkan lengan Anda. Anda merasakannya? MG: Tidak. GG: Coba lagi? MG: Terasa sedikit. GG: Sedikit? (Gelak tawa) Lemaskan. Coba lagi. (Gelak tawa) Bagus, bagus. Lemaskan, lakukan lagi.
All right, so right now, your brain is controlling your arm and it's also controlling his arm, so go ahead and just do it one more time. All right, so it's perfect. (Laughter)
Baiklah, jadi sekarang, otak Anda sedang mengendalikan lengan Anda dan lengannya, coba lakukan sekali lagi. Baiklah, sempurna. (Gelak tawa)
So now, what would happen if I took over my control of your hand? And so, just relax your hand. What happens? Ah, nothing. Why not? Because the brain has to do it. So you do it again. All right, that's perfect.
Apa yang akan terjadi jika saya mengambil alih kendali atas lengan Anda? Lemaskan lengan Anda. Apa yang terjadi? Tidak ada. Kenapa tidak? Karena otak yang harus melakukannya. Coba Anda lakukan lagi. Baik, itu sempurna.
Thank you guys for being such a good sport. This is what's happening all across the world -- electrophysiology! We're going to bring on the neuro-revolution.
Terima kasih telah bersedia berpartisipasi. Inilah yang sedang dilakukan di seluruh dunia -- elektrofisiologi! Kita akan memulai revolusi saraf.
Thank you.
Terima kasih.
(Applause)
(Tepuk tangan)