Welcome to "Five Dangerous Things You Should Let Your Children Do." I don't have children. I borrow my friends' children, so --
Dobrodošli na predavanju "5 nevarnih stvari, ki bi jih morali dovoliti svojim otrokom". Jaz nimam otrok. Sposojam si jih od svojih prijateljev, zato...
(Laughter)
(smeh)
take all this advice with a grain of salt. I'm Gever Tulley. I'm a contract computer scientist by trade, but I'm the founder of something called the Tinkering School. It's a summer program which aims to help kids learn how to build the things that they think of. So we build a lot of things, and I do put power tools into the hands of second-graders. So if you're thinking about sending your kid to Tinkering School, they do come back bruised, scraped and bloody.
... vzemite moje nasvete z malce rezerve. Sem Gever Tulley. Po poklicu sem računalničar, sem pa tudi ustanovitelj nečesa, kar imenujemo Tinkering School. To je poletni kamp, kjer otroke učimo, kako se naredi ali izgradi stvari, ki si jih zamislijo. Naredimo veliko stvari. In drugošolcem dajem v roke težka električna orodja. Če torej razmišljate o tem, da bi v Tinkering School poslali svojega otroka,... ... domov se vrnejo obtolčeni, popraskani in krvavi.
(Laughter)
You know, we live in a world that's subjected to ever more stringent child safety regulations. There doesn't seem to be any limit on how crazy child safety regulations can get. We put suffocation warnings on every piece of plastic film manufactured in the United States, or for sale with an item in the United States. We put warnings on coffee cups to tell us that the contents may be hot. And we seem to think that any item sharper than a golf ball is too sharp for children under the age of 10.
Torej, veste, živimo v svetu, ki ga čedalje bolj obremenjujemo s strogimi predpisi za varnost otrok. Zdi se, da norost nima meja, ko gre za varnostne predpise glede otrok. Opozorila o možnosti zadušitve dajemo na vse - na vsak kos folije, ki ga proizvedemo v ZDA ali damo v prodajo s kakšnim artiklom v ZDA. Opozorila na skodelicah s kavo nam sporočajo, da je vsebina lahko vroča. In zdi se, da mislimo, da je vsaka stvar, ki je ostrejša od žogice za golf, preostra za otroke, mlajše od 10 let.
So where does this trend stop? When we round every corner and eliminate every sharp object, every pokey bit in the world, then the first time that kids come in contact with anything sharp, or not made out of round plastic, they'll hurt themselves with it. So, as the boundaries of what we determine as the safety zone grow ever smaller, we cut off our children from valuable opportunities to learn how to interact with the world around them. And despite all of our best efforts and intentions, kids are always going to figure out how to do the most dangerous thing they can, in whatever environment they can.
Kje se to sploh ustavi? Ko odstranimo vsak rob in oster predmet, vsako malenkost na svetu, potem se otroci, ko se prvič srečajo z nečim ostrim ali nečim, kar ni iz oble plastike, s tem poškodujejo. S tem, ko so meje tega, kar dojemamo kot varen svet, čedalje bolj tesne, svoje otroke prikrajšamo za pomembne priložnosti, da bi se naučili, kako ravnati s svetom, v katerem živijo. Čeprav se trudimo z najboljšimi nameni, otroci vedno najdejo način, kako početi najbolj nevarne stvari, ki jih lahko, v kateremkoli okolju jim to uspe.
(Laughter)
Torej, kljub provokativnemu naslovu je to predavanje predvsem o varnosti
So despite the provocative title, this presentation is really about safety, and about some simple things that we can do to raise our kids to be creative, confident and in control of the environment around them. And what I now present to you is an excerpt from a book in progress. The book is called "50 Dangerous Things." This is "Five Dangerous Things."
in o nekaterih preprostih stvareh, ki jih lahko naredimo, da bi svoje otroke vzgojili v kreativne, samozavestne ljudi, ki obvladujejo okolje, v katerem živijo. Kar vam bom predstavil, je odlomek iz knjige v nastajanju. Naslov knjige je "50 nevarnih stvari". Tole je 5 nevarnih stvari.
Thing number one: Play with fire. Learning to control one of the most elemental forces in nature is a pivotal moment in any child's personal history. Whether we remember it or not, it's the first time we really get control of one of these mysterious things. These mysteries are only revealed to those who get the opportunity to play with it. So, playing with fire. This is like one of the great things we ever discovered, fire. From playing with it, they learn some basic principles about fire, about intake, combustion, exhaust. These are the three working elements of fire that you have to have for a good, controlled fire. And you can think of the open-pit fire as a laboratory. You don't know what they're going to learn from playing with it. Let them fool around with it on their own terms and trust me, they're going to learn things that you can't get out of playing with Dora the Explorer toys.
Prvič - igraj se z ognjem. Naučiti se nadzora nad eno od najbolj elementarnih sil v naravi je ključni trenutek v otrokovi osebni zgodovini. Če se spomnimo ali ne, je to prvič, da nam res uspe nadzorovati eno od teh skrivnostnih stvari. Te skrivnosti lahko odkrijejo samo tisti, ki imajo priložnost igrati se s temi silami. Torej, igra z ognjem. Ogenj je ena najpomembnejših stvari, ki smo jih odkrili. V igri se otroci naučijo osnovnih dejstev o ognju, o netenju, izgorevanju, izpuhih. To so trije funkcionalni vidiki ognja, ki jih je treba obvladati, če želiš nadzorovati ogenj. Odprt ogenj si lahko zamislite kot laboratorij. Ne veste, kaj se bodo otroci naučili iz igre z njim. Dopustite jim, da z njim ravnajo po svojih predstavah in lahko ste prepričani, da se bodo naučili stvari, ki se jih ne da naučiti z igračami Dore Raziskovalke.
(Laughter)
Drugič - lasten žepni nož.
Number two: Own a pocketknife. Pocketknives are kind of drifting out of our cultural consciousness, which I think is a terrible thing.
Žepni noži počasi izginjajo iz naše kulturne zavesti, kar se mi zdi grozno.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
Your first pocketknife is like the first universal tool that you're given. You know, it's a spatula, it's a pry bar, it's a screwdriver and it's a blade, yeah. And it's a powerful and empowering tool. And in a lot of cultures they give knives -- like, as soon as they're toddlers, they have knives. These are Inuit children cutting whale blubber. I first saw this in a Canadian Film Board film when I was 10, and it left a lasting impression, to see babies playing with knives. And it shows that kids can develop an extended sense of self through a tool at a very young age. You lay down a couple of very simple rules -- always cut away from your body, keep the blade sharp, never force it -- and these are things kids can understand and practice with. And yeah, they're going to cut themselves. I have some terrible scars on my legs from where I stabbed myself. But you know, they're young. They heal fast.
Prvi žepni nož je prvo univerzalno orodje, ki ga dobiš v roke. Saj veste: je lopatica, je kljukec, je izvijač in je rezilo. In je močno orodje, ki omogoča marsikaj. V mnogih kulturah dajejo nože... ... praktično takoj, ko shodiš, dobiš nož. To so inuitski otroci, ki režejo kitovo tolščo. To sem prvič videl v Filmskem svetu Kanade, ko sem jih imel 10, in prizori otrok, ki se igrajo z noži, so name naredili izjemen vtis. Taka igra pokaže, da otroci lahko dobijo poglobljen občutek sebe prav prek uporabe takega orodja v zelo zgodnjem obdobju. Če jim postavite nekaj preprostih pravil - - vedno reži stran od sebe, pazi, da bo rezilo ostro, nikoli ne reži na silo - - to otroci razumejo in potem tudi upoštevajo. In ja, seveda se bodo porezali. Sam imam nekaj groznih brazgotin na nogi - zabodel sem sam sebe. Vendar, veste, mladi so. Hitro se zacelijo.
(Laughter)
(Smeh).
Number three: Throw a spear. It turns out that our brains are actually wired for throwing things, and like muscles, if you don't use parts of your brain, they tend to atrophy over time. But when you exercise them, any given muscle adds strength to the whole system, and that applies to your brain, too. So practicing throwing things has been shown to stimulate the frontal and parietal lobes, which have to do with visual acuity, 3D understanding, and structural problem solving, so it helps develop their visualization skills and their predictive ability. And throwing is a combination of analytical and physical skill, so it's very good for that kind of whole-body training. These kinds of target-based practices also help kids develop attention and concentration skills, so those are great.
Tretjič - metanje kopja. Izkazalo se je, da so naši možgani narejeni za metanje stvari in če - tako kot mišice - ne uporabljaš določenih delov možganov, ti sčasoma atrofirajo. Če pa jih vadiš, vsaka mišica prispeva k moči celotnega sistema. To velja tudi za možgane. Raziskave so pokazale, da ukvarjanje z metanjem stvari stimulira čelni in temenski reženj, ki določata ostrino vida, dojemanje prostora in strukturno reševanje problemov. Metanje stvari pomaga otrokom razviti veščino vizualizacije in sposobnost predvidevanja. Metanje je kombinacija analitičnih in telesnih veščin, zato je blagodejno v smislu treninga celega telesa. Vadbe, ki temeljijo na ciljanju tarče, otrokom pomagajo razvijati tudi pozornost in zbranost. Zato so super!
Number [four]: Deconstruct appliances. There is a world of interesting things inside your dishwasher. Next time you're about to throw out an appliance, don't throw it out. Take it apart with your kid, or send him to my school, and we'll take it apart with them. Even if you don't know what the parts are, puzzling out what they might be for is a really good practice for the kids to get sort of the sense that they can take things apart, and no matter how complex they are, they can understand parts of them. And that means that eventually, they can understand all of them. It's a sense of knowability, that something is knowable. So these black boxes that we live with and take for granted are actually complex things made by other people, and you can understand them.
Četrtič - razstavljanje naprav. Kopica zanimivih stvari je v drobovju vašega pomivalnega stroja. Ko boste naslednjič stran metali kakšno napravo, je ne vrzite stran. Razstavite jo s svojim otrokom ali pa jo pošljite v mojo šolo in jo bomo mi razstavili. Tudi če ne veste, kaj točno so posamezni deli, je ugibanje o njihovi pravi funkciji lahko za otroke odlična vaja. Tako dobijo občutek, da lahko razstavijo stvari in ne glede na njihovo kompleksnost razumejo posamezne dele. To pomeni, da bodo nekoč razumeli tudi celoto. To je spoznanje, da je nekaj mogoče vedeti. Te črne skrinjice, s katerimi živimo in jih imamo za samoumevne, so v resnici kompleksne stvari, ki so jih naredili drugi ljudje in jih lahko tudi razumemo.
Number five: Two-parter. Break the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
Petič - dve stvari. Prekršite Zakon o digitalnih avtorskih pravicah.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
There are laws beyond safety regulations that attempt to limit how we can interact with the things that we own -- in this case, digital media. It's a very simple exercise: Buy a song on iTunes, write it to a CD, then rip the CD to an MP3, and play it on your very same computer. You've just broken a law. Technically, the RIAA could come and prosecute you. It's an important lesson for kids to understand, that some of these laws get broken by accident, and that laws have to be interpreted. That's something we often talk about with the kids when we're fooling around with things and breaking them open, and taking them apart and using them for other things. And also when we go out and drive a car. Driving a car is a really empowering act for a young child, so this is the alternate --
Obstajajo zakoni onstran varnostnih predpisov, ki nas skušajo omejevati pri interakciji s stvarmi, ki so naša last - v tem primeru digitalni mediji. To je preprosta vaja: kupite pesem na iTunesih, zapišite jo na CD, zripajte pesem s CDja v MP3 in jo predvajajte na računalniku. Pravkar ste naredili prekršek. Združenje ameriških glasbenih založb vas lahko začne preganjati. Za otroke je to pomembna lekcija - da nekatere zakone prekršimo po nesreči in da moramo zakone vedno interpretirati. O tem z otroki pogosto govorimo, ko se igračkamo z napravami in jih odpiramo, razstavimo in dele uporabimo za kaj drugega - in tudi vedno, ko gremo vozit avto. Vožnja avtomobila majhnemu otroku da občutek moči in to je ultimativno.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
For those of you who aren't comfortable actually breaking the law, you can drive a car with your child. This is a great stage for a kid. This happens about the same time that they get latched onto things like dinosaurs, these big things in the outside world, that they're trying to get a grip on. A car is a similar object, and they can get in a car and drive it. And that really gives them a handle on a world in a way that they don't often have access to. And it's perfectly legal. Find a big empty lot, make sure there's nothing in it, and that it's on private property, and let them drive your car. It's very safe actually. And it's fun for the whole family.
Tudi če vam misel na kršenje zakonov ni prijetna, lahko s svojim otrokom vozite avto. To je za otroka izjemen dosežek. Zgodi se v približno istem času, ko začnejo dojemati stvari, kot so dinozavri, te velike stvari v zunanjem svetu, ki jih morajo zapopasti. Avto je podobna stvar - in v avto se lahko vsedejo in ga vozijo. To je kot bi ... jim dali dostop do sveta na način, ki jim ni pogosto na voljo. No - in je popolnoma legalno. Poiščite veliko prazno območje ali parkirišče, prepričajte se, da je res prazno in da je zasebna lastnina: in tam dovolite otroku voziti avto. To je pravzaprav zelo varno. In zabavno za vso družino.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
Let's see, I think that's it. That's number five and a half. OK.
No, da vidimo.