Most of the talks that you've heard in the last several fabulous days have been from people who have the characteristic that they have thought about something, they are experts, they know what's going on. All of you know about the topic that I'm supposed to talk about. That is, you know what simplicity is, you know what complexity is. The trouble is, I don't. And what I'm going to do is share with you my ignorance on this subject.
So'nggi bir necha kunlar davomida siz eshitgan ko'pgina ma'ruzalar biror narsa ustida o'ylab ko'rgan, o'z sohasining ustasi deb bilgan odamlar tomonidan berildi. Ular sohalarining mohir ustalari, nima bo'layotganni bilishadi. Siz hammangiz men gapiradigan mavzu haqida bilasiz. Yani soddalik, odiylik nima bilasiz, murakkablik nimaligini ham bilasiz. Shunisi hayratlanarliki, men bilmayman. Shuning uchun bu haqida bilmaganimni siz bilan baham ko'raman.
I want you to read this, because we're going to come back to it in a moment. The quote is from the fabled Potter Stewart opinion on pornography. And let me just read it, the important details here: "Shorthand description, ['hardcore pornography']; and perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly defining it. But I know it when I see it." I'm going to come back to that in a moment.
Mana buni o'qing shunki biz bunga yana qaytamiz. Bu aforizmni Potter Stweart yozgan, Pornografiya haqida. Men sizga buni o'qib beray kerakli qismlarini. Pornografiyani qisqacha men hech tavsiflay olmayman, lekin uni ko'rganimda nimaligini bilaman. Men buni birozdan keyin yoritaman.
So, what is simplicity? It's good to start with some examples. A coffee cup -- we don't think about coffee cups, but it's much more interesting than one might think -- a coffee cup is a device, which has a container and a handle. The handle enables you to hold it when the container is filled with hot liquid. Why is that important? Well, it enables you to drink coffee. But also, by the way, the coffee is hot, the liquid is sterile; you're not likely to get cholera that way. So the coffee cup, or the cup with a handle, is one of the tools used by society to maintain public health. Scissors are your clothes, glasses enable you to see things and keep you from being eaten by cheetahs or run down by automobiles, and books are, after all, your education.
Xo'sh, oddiylik nima? Ba'zi misollar bilan boshlagan ma'qul. Kofe chashkasi, biz ular haqida uncha o'ylamaymiz, lekin ular biz o'ylagandan ham qiziqroq. Kofe chashkasi bu narsa, ha idish, uning sopi bor. Sop sizga uni ushlashga inkon beradi, masalan idishda issiq suyuqlik bo'lganda. Bu nega muhim? Xo'sh, bu orgali siz kofe icha olasiz. aytgancha, kofe issiq, suyuqlik esa toza, steril. Siz unda vabo yuqtirolmaysiz. Xullas, kofe chashkasi, sopi bilan- bu jamiyat tomonidan umumsog'liqni qo'llaydigan narsa. Qaychilar kiyimlar uchun. ko'zoynaklar narsalarni kurish inmkonini beradi va sizni sirtlonlar g'ajib tashlashidan yoki avtomobillar urib ketishidan himoya qiladi. va kitoblar, qisqasini aytsak, sizning ta'limingiz.
But there's another class of simple things, which are also very important. Simple in function, but not at all simple in how they're constructed. And the two here are just examples. One is the cellphone, which we use every day. And it rests on a complexity, which has some characteristics very different from those that my friend Benoit Mandelbrot discussed, but are very interesting. And the other, of course, is a birth control pill, which, in a very simple way, fundamentally changed the structure of society by changing the role of women in it by providing to them the opportunity to make reproductive choices.
Lekin yan boshqa bir sodda narsalar guruhi bor va ular juda muhim. Vazifasi sodda bo'lgan lekin ishlab chiqarilishi sodda bo'lmagan narsalar. Man bu ikkita misol. Biri uyali telefon, har kuni ishlatamiz uni. lekin u murakkablikdan tashkil topgan o'ziga xos hususiyatlari bor va mening do'stim Benoit Mandelbrot aytib o'tgandan faqrli lekin juda qiziqarli. Va ikkinchisi esa, homiladorlki oldini oladigan dorilar, bu dori oddiy usul bilan jamiyatning tuzilishini tubdan o'zgartirdi yani ayollarning rolini o'zgartirdi ularga jinsiy ko'payish borasida tanlashga imkon berdi.
So, there are two ways of thinking about this word, I think. And here I've corrupted the Potter Stewart quotation by saying that we can think about something -- which spans all the way from scissors to the cell phone, Internet and birth control pills -- by saying that they're simple, the functions are simple, and we recognize what that simplicity is when we see it.
Menimcha, bunga ikki usul bilan yondashish mumkin. Va men bu yerda Potter Stewartning gapini biroz boshqa yo'lda qo'llayapman yani biz biror narsa haqida o'ylab, masalan qaychilardan boshlab uyali telefongacha intenet va homiladorlik oldini oluvchi dorilarni oddiy narsalar deb ataymiz ularning vazifalari oddiy va biz ularni ko'rganimizda ularning oddiyligini taniy olamiz.
Or there may be another way of doing it, which is to think about the problem in terms of what -- if you associate with moral philosophers -- is called the teapot problem. The teapot problem I'll pose this way. Suppose you see a teapot, and the teapot is filled with hot water. And you then ask the question: Why is the water hot? And that's a simple question. It's like, what is simplicity? One answer would be: because the kinetic energy of the water molecules is high and they bounce against things rapidly -- that's a kind of physical science argument. A second argument would be: because it was sitting on a stove with the flame on -- that's an historical argument. A third is that I wanted hot water for tea -- that's an intentional argument. And, since this is coming from a moral philosopher, the fourth would be that it's part of God's plan for the universe. All of these are possibilities.
Yoki boshqa usul bilan yondoshsak, yani muammoga , falsafa tomonidan qarash, va bu choynak muammosi deb ataladi. Choynak muammosi quyidagidan iborat. Tasavvur qiling choynak bor, va bu choynak issiq suv bilan to'ldirilgan. Endi siz so'raysiz: Nima uchun suv issiq? Va bu oddiy savol. Bu huddi: oddiylik nima? deganday bir javob shunday bo'lishi mumkin: chunki suv molekulalarining kinetik energiyasi yuqori va ular devorlarga tez tez uriladi. Bu fizikaviy tomondan javob berish. Ikkinchi javob quyidagicha: chunki, u olov yonib turgan gazda turgan edi. Bu tarixiy yondashuv. Uchinchisi esa, men choy uchun issiq suv hohlagan edim deydi. Bu maqsad bilan yondashuv. Va bu faylasuv tomonidan kelayotgani uchun, to'rtinchi javob: bu Xudoning borliq uchun yaratgan rejasining bir qismi. Bularning hammasi bo'lishi mumkin.
The point is that you get into trouble when you ask a single question with a single box for an answer, in which that single question actually is many questions with quite different meanings, but with the same words. Asking, "What is simplicity?" I think falls in that category. What is the state of science? And, interestingly, complexity is very highly evolved. We have a lot of interesting information about what complexity is. Simplicity, for reasons that are a little bit obscure, is almost not pursued, at least in the academic world.
Muhimi shuki, siz bir savol berganda va birgina javob kutganingizda muammoga duch kelasiz, chunki savol aslida ko'p javoblarga ega va har hil ma'nolarni ifodalaydi, lekin bir hil so'zlar bilar Menimcha, oddiylik nima deb so'rash ham huddi shunday muammoga uchraydi. Ilm nima? va qizig'i shuki, murakkablik shuda yuqori darajada shakllangan. Bizda murakkablik nimaligi haqida juda ko'p qiziqalri ma'lumotlar bor. Oddiy, sodda esa, ba'zi sabablarga ko'ra biroz mavhum tushuncha, va deyarli o'ylab ko'rilmagan, hech bo'lmaganda, ilmiy tomondan.
We academics -- I am an academic -- we love complexity. You can write papers about complexity, and the nice thing about complexity is it's fundamentally intractable in many ways, so you're not responsible for outcomes. (Laughter) Simplicity -- all of you really would like your Waring Blender in the morning to make whatever a Waring Blender does, but not explode or play Beethoven. You're not interested in the limits of these things. So what one is interested in has a lot to do with the rewards of the system. And there's a lot of rewards in thinking about complexity and emergence, not so much in thinking about simplicity. One of the things I want to do is to help you with a very important task -- which you may not know that you have very often -- which is to understand how to sit next to a physicist at a dinner party and have a conversation. (Laughter) And the words that I would like you to focus on are complexity and emergence, because these will enable you to start the conversation and then daydream about other things.
Biz akademiklar- men ham akademik- olimman- biz murraklikni yaxshi ko'ramiz. siz murakkablik haqida maqolalar yozishingiz mumkin. Murakkablikning yaxhshi tomoni shuki u har tomonlama o'zaro ta'sirda bo'la oladi va siz uning natijasi uchun javobgar emassiz. Soddalik bu siz har kuni ertalab turib mevalardan sharbat tayyorlaysiz, sharbat tayorlagich asbob o'z vazifasini bajaradi- siz bilasizki bu asbob Bethoven musiqasini chalmaydi. Siz narsalarning chegarasi haqida hadeb ham o'ylab ko'rmaysiz. Xullas, biz qiziqadigan narsa bu narsalarning bizga foydasi. Va biz murakkab narsalar haqida ko'p o'ylaganda, oddiy narsalarga qaraganda ko'proq foyda ko'ramiz. Va men xohlagan narsalardan biri shuki sizga juda muhim vazifani tushuntirish, qaysiki, siz odatda uning mavjudligini bilmaysiz yani bu Fizik bilan birga o'tirib suhbat qura olishni tushunishdir. Boshqacha qilib aytganda, siz murakkab narsalarga e'tibor berasiz shunki ana shu narsalar suhbatni boshlashga yordam beradi keyin siz boshqa narsalar haqida hayolga cho'mib ketasiz.
(Laughter)
(Kulgi)
All right, what is complexity in this view of things, and what is emergence? We have, actually, a pretty good working definition of complexity. It is a system, like traffic, which has components. The components interact with one another. These are cars and drivers. They dissipate energy. It turns out that, whenever you have that system, weird stuff happens, and you in Los Angeles probably know this better than anyone. Here's another example, which I put up because it's an example of really important current science. You can't possibly read that. It's not intended that you read it, but that's a tiny part of the chemical reactions going on in each of your cells at any given moment. And it's like the traffic that you see. The amazing thing about the cell is that it actually does maintain a fairly stable working relationship with other cells, but we don't know why. Anyone who tells you that we understand life, walk away.
Narsalarga kelsak, xo'sh murakkablik nima? va kelib chiqish nima? Biz aslida Murakkablikni tavsiflay olamiz bu bir tizim, huddi transportga o'xhshash o'z qismlariga ega. qismlar bir biri bilan munosabatda Huddi mashina va haydovchilar kabi. Ular energiya chiqaradi. Qarabsizki, har safar bu tizimga ega bo'lganda g'alati hodisa sodir bo'ladi, va siz Los Angelesda buni hammadan yaxhshi bilsangiz kerak. Yana boshqa misol va menimcha bu hozirda juda muhim ilmiy misol. Buni o'qiy olmassiz, o'qish uchun mo'ljallanmagan. Lekin bu kimyoviy jarayon, reaktsiyaning bir kichik qismi va bu har biringizning hujayrangizda hozir sodir bo'layapti. Huddi transportdek, va eng ajablanarlisi shuki hujayralar o'zaro juda mustahakam munosatbatdadir. Lekin nima uchun biz bilmaymiz. Kimdakim sizga biz hayotni tushuna olamiz desa unda nari keting.
And let me reduce this to the simplest level. We've heard from Bill Gates recently. All of us, to some extent, study this thing called a Bill Gates. Terrific. You learn everything you can about that. And then there's another kind of thing that you might study, and you study that hard. That's a Bono, this is a Bono. But then, if you know everything you can know about those two things, and you put them together, what can you say about this combination? The answer is, not a lot. And that's complexity. Now, imagine building that up to a city, or to a society, and you've got, obviously, an interesting problem.
keling men bu sodda yo'l bilan tushuntiray. Biz yaqinda Bill Gatesdan eshitdik. Biz hammamiz qaysidir darajada Bill Gates degan narsani o'rganamiz. Zo'r. Siz iloji boricha bu haqida hamma narsani o'rganasiz. Va yana boshqa o'rganish kerak bo'lgan narsalar bordir. Va siz ularni astoidil o'rganasiz. Bu Bono, anau u Bono. Lekin, keyin siz bu 2 narsa haqida o'rganish mumkin bo'lgan hamma narsani bilasiz va ularni birga qo'shasiz, keyin bu to'plam haqida nima deya olasiz? Javobi: uncha ko'p emas. Va mana bu murakkablikdir. Endi, tasavvur qiling shahar, jamiyat miqyosida va albatta sizda juda qiziqarli muammo paydo bo'ladi.
All right, so let me give you an example of simplicity of a particular kind. And I want to introduce a word that I think is very useful, which is stacking. And I'm going to use stacking for a kind of simplicity that has the characteristic that it is so simple and so reliable that I can build things with it. Or I'm going to use simple to mean reliable, predictable, repeatable. And I'm going to use as an example the Internet, because it's a particularly good example of stacked simplicity. We call it a complex system, which it is, but it's also something else.
Keling misol keltiray oddiylikning ma'lum bir turi haqida. Keyin men sizga bir so'zni tanishtiraman, menimcha juda foydali yani bu to'plash. va to'plashni men oddiylikning bir tuirga misol qilaman yani u shunday xususiyatga egaki u juda oddiy va ishonarli va men u bilan narsalarni qura olaman. Yani men oddiylik deganni ishonarli, oldindan bilsa bo'ladigan, va takrorlash mumkin deb tushunaman. Bir misol bu internet chunki u jamlash, to'plashning juda yaxshi bir namunasi. Biz uni murakkab tizim deb ataymiz, lekin uning yana boshqa tomoni bor.
The Internet starts with mathematics, it starts with binary. And if you look at the list of things on the bottom, we are familiar with the Arabic numbers one to 10 and so on. In binary, one is 0001, seven is 0111. The question is: Why is binary simpler than Arabic? And the answer is, simply, that if I hold up three fingers, you can count that easily, but if I hold up this, it's sort of hard to say that I just did seven. The virtue of binary is that it's the simplest possible way of representing numbers. Anything else is more complicated. You can catch errors with it, it's unambiguous in its reading, there are lots of good things about binary. So it is very, very simple once you learn how to read it. Now, if you like to represent this zero and one of binary, you need a device. And think of things in your life that are binary, one of them is light switches. They can be on and off. That's binary.
Internet Matematikadan boshlanadi. U binar (1,0), qo'shlik bilan boshlanadi. Va agar siz quyidagi narsalarga e'tibor bersangiz, biz arab raqqamlari bilan tanishmiz birdan 10 gacha va hakozo. Binar tizimida bir bu 0001 va yetti esa 0111 Savol shuki: Nima uchun Binar tizimi Arab raqamlaridan soddaroq? Javob oddiygina agar 3 barmoqni kursatda, osongina sanay olasiz lekin agar men bunday qilsam yetti ekanligina sanash biroz murakkab. Maqsad shuki raqamlarni eng sodda usul bilan ko'rsatish. Boshqa hammasi undan murakkabdir. Va siz xatolarni topishingiz mumkin. Uni o'qish ikki ma'noli emas Binar tiziming juda ko'p yaxshi tomonlari bor. Yani, uni o'qishni o'rgangach uning juda juda sodda ekanini ko'rasiz. Endi, agar siz nol va birni binar orqali ifodalamoqchi bo'lsangiz sizga asbob kerak. Va agar siz hayotiy misol bilan binar tizimini ifodalashni xohlasangiz, ularning biri bu chiroqni o'chirib yoqishdir. ular o'chadi va yonadi. mana bu Binar tizimdir.
Now wall switches, we all know, fail. But our friends who are condensed matter physicists managed to come up, some 50 years ago, with a very nice device, shown under that bell jar, which is a transistor. A transistor is nothing more than a wall switch. It turns things on and off, but it does so without moving parts and it doesn't fail, basically, for a very long period of time. So the second layer of simplicity was the transistor in the Internet. So, since the transistor is so simple, you can put lots of them together. And you put lots of them together and you come with something called integrated circuits. And a current integrated circuit might have in each one of these chips something like a billion transistors, all of which have to work perfectly every time. So that's the next layer of simplicity, and, in fact, integrated circuits are really simple in the sense that they, in general, work really well.
Biz bilamizgi bu devordagi uskuna ishlamay qolishi mumkin, lekin bizning Zich Materiya Fizik do'stlarimiz 50 yilcha oldin, juda ajoyib uskuna o'ylab topishdi mana bur ko'rib turganingizdek bu transistor. Transiztor huddi devordagi o'chirib-yoqadigan narsaday u narsalarni yoqadi va o'chiradi lekin u buni qismlarni siljitmasdan qiladi va u ishlamay qolmaydi, xullas ancha uzoq vaqtga yaraydi. Soddalikning ikkinchi darajasi yani bu transistor va internetdir. Transistorlar sodda bo'lgani uchun ularning bir nechasini birga ulash mumkin. Va ularning ko'pisi birga ulaganda qo'shma zanjirsimon tarmoq kelib chiqadi. va bu har bir tok tarmog'i bunday chip- yani qismlarga ega va ular huddi milliard transistor kabidir va har biri ,har safar juda yaxhshi ishlaydi. Va bu soddalikning keyingi darajasi, va aslida, zanjirsimon tarmoqlar aslida juda sodda va umuman rosa yaxshi ishlaydi.
With integrated circuits, you can build cellphones. You all are accustomed to having your cellphones work the large majority of the time. In Boston ... Boston is a little bit like Namibia in its cell phone coverage, (Laughter) so that we're not accustomed to that all the time, but some of the time. But, in fact, if you have cell phones, you can now go to this nice lady who's somewhere like Namibia, and who is extremely happy with the fact that although she does not have an master's degree in electrical engineering from MIT, she's nonetheless able to hack her cell phone to get power in some funny way. And from that comes the Internet. And this is a map of bitflows across the continent. The two blobs that are light in the middle there are the United States and Europe.
Ular yordamida siz uyali telefonlar yasay olasiz. Siz hammangiz uyali telefoninggizni ishlashiga o'rganib qolgansiz ko'pincha. Bostonda esa, biroz Namibiga o'xshash yani uyali telefon signaliga kelsak va biz uni har doim ishlashiga ko'nikmaganmiz lekin ba'zan bo'lib turadi. Lekin, sizda uyali telefon bo'lsa siz bu Namibiyaning biror yeridagi bu ajoyib ayolga borsangiz bo'ladi u shuning uchun juda hursdandki, uning M.I.T universitetidan elektrik injiner muhandis Master dimplomi bo'lmasa ham u baribir uyali telefoniga qandaydir xakerlik qilib uni qandaydir usul bilan quvvatini ishga tushira oladi. Bundan kelib chiqib, Internetga kelsak. Bu xarita materik bo'ylab bayt oqimini ko'rsatadi. eng yoriq va gavjum ishlatilgan joy bu AQSH va Evropa.
And then back to simplicity again. So here we have what I think is one of the great ideas, which is Google. Which, in this simple portal makes the claim that it makes accessible all of the world's information. But the point is that that extraordinary simple idea rests on layers of simplicity each compounded into a complexity that is itself simple, in the sense that it is completely reliable.
Va yana oddiylikka qaytamiz. Menimcha bizda eng zo'r kashfiyotlardan biri Google bor, u huddi oddiy yo'l bilan ishlaydi, ular aytishicha dunyoda hamma axborotlarga u orqali bog'lanish mumkin. Lekin shunisi muhimki bu g'aroyib fikr oddiy qatlamlardan iborat va har bir qatlam esa o'zicha sodda bo'lgan murakkablikdan yo'g'rilgan, va unga butunlay ishonsa bo'ladi.
All right, let me then finish off with four general statements, an example and two aphorisms. The characteristics, which I think are useful to think about for simple things: First, they are predictable. Their behavior is predictable. Now, one of the nice characteristics of simple things is you know what it's going to do, in general. So simplicity and predictability are characteristics of simple things. The second is, and this is a real world statement, they're cheap. If you have things that are cheap enough, people will find uses for them, even if they seem very primitive. So, for example, stones. You can build cathedrals out of stones, you just have to know what it does. You carve them in blocks and then you pile them on top of one another, and they support weight.
Keling men endi 4 ta gap va 2 ta aforizmni misol qilib ma'ruzamni tugatay. Oddiy, sodda narsalarning xususiyatlaini sanaydigan bo'lsak: birinchida, ularning ishlashini oldindan aytib berish mumkin Ular oddiy kutilgan yo'l bilan ishlaydi. Endi, bu oddiy narsalar xususiyatlarining biri siz ular umuman olganda nima qilishini bilasiz. Oddiylik va kutilgan natija bu oddiy narsalarning xususiyati. Ikkinchisi, moddiy tomondan qaraganda ular arzon. Agar sizda arzon narsa bo'lsa odamlar ularni ishlatishning yo'lini topadi xatto ular juda sodda ibtidoiy tuyulsa ham. Masalan, toshlar. Toshlardan siz binolar qura olasiz, siz shunchaki ularni nima qilishni bilsangiz bas. Ularni g'ishtga aylantirsa, va keyin bir birining ustiga qo'ysa va ular og'irlikka chiday oladi.
So there has to be function, the function has to be predictable and the cost has to be low. What that means is that you have to have a high performance or value for cost. And then I would propose as this last component that they serve, or have the potential to serve, as building blocks. That is, you can stack them. And stack can mean this way, or it can mean this way, or it can mean in some arbitrary n-dimensional space. But if you have something that has a function, and it's really cheap, people will find new ways of putting it together to make new things. Cheap, functional, reliable things unleash the creativity of people who then build stuff that you could not imagine. There's no way of predicting the Internet based on the first transistor. It just is not possible. So these are the components.
Va demak ularning kutilgan vazifasi bo'lishi kerak va ular arzon bo'lishi kerak. Demak, ular vazifasini yaxshi bajarishi yoki narxini oqlashi kerak. Va men oxirgi qismni sizga taklif qilaman yani ular huddi qurilish materialidek ishlaydi. Yani siz ularni ustma ust qo'yib jamlay olasiz bir yoki boshqa usul bilan yoki bu siz tasavvur qilgan n o'lchamli fazodada bolishi mumkin. Lekin sizda vazifa bajara oladigan juda arzon va odamlar ular dan yangi narsalar yasash uchun ularni birlashtira oladigan yo'llari bor. Arzon, ishlaydigan, ishonarli narsalar odamlarning ijodkorligiga yo'l ochadi va keyin ular siz tasavvur qila olmaydigan narsalarni qurishadi. Birinchi transistorga qarab turib siz internetning paydo bo'lishini bashorat qilolmagan bo'lardingiz. Bu mumkin emas. Demak bular faqat qurilish qismlari.
Now, the example is something that I want to give you from the work that we ourselves do. We are very interested in delivering health care in the developing world, and one of the things that we wish to do in this particular business is to find a way of doing medical diagnosis at as close to zero cost as we can manage. So, how does one do that? This is a world in which there's no electricity, there's no money, there's no medical competence. And I don't want to spend your time in going through the details, but in the lower right-hand corner, you see an example of the kind of thing that we have. It's a little paper chip. It has a few things printed on it using the same technology that you use for making comic books, which was the inspiration for this particular idea. And you put a drop, in this case, of urine at the bottom. It wicks its way up into these little branches. You know, no power required. It turns colors. In this particular case, you're reading kidney function. And, since the health care worker of much of this part of the world is an 18 year-old with an AK-47, who happens to be out of work and is willing to go around and do this sort of thing, he can take a picture of it with his cellphone, send the picture back to where there is a doctor, and the doctor can look at it.
Endi, bu misol biz o'zimiz qiladigan ishdan namuna. Biz rivojlanayotgan dunyoda tibbiy salomatlik yordamini berishga juda qiziqamiz. Va bu sohada qilayotgan ayni bir narsa bu tibbiy diagnoz qo'yish uchun hech pul ketgazmasdan diagnoz qilishdir. Buni qanday qilsa bo'ladi? Bu yerda elektr tok yo'q pul yo'q, tibbiy yetuklik yo'q. Va men bu haqida batafsil gapriib o'tirmayman lekin quyidagi o'ng burchakda siz bizdagi narsalarning namunasini ko'rasiz. bu kichkicha qog'oz chip. unda bir necha yozuvlar bor rasm kitoblarni ishlagandagi texnologiyadan foydalanib yozilgan aslida u bizni juda ruhlantirdi. va unign ustida tomdirasiz, masalan siydikni. U bu kichkina tarmoqlarga so'riladi. va buning uchun quvvat kerak emas. U ranglarni o'zgartiradi, masalan siz buyrak ahvolini bu yerda ko'ra olasiz. va dunyoning u qismida tibbiy yordam ko'rsatuvchilar asosan 18 yoshli va AK-47 miltiqli odamlar bo'lishi mumkin, qaysiki ular ishsiz va yon atrofda yurib telefoni bilan rasmga olib uni doktorga yuboradi, va doktor unga qaraydi.
So what you've done is to take a technology, which is available everywhere, make a device, which is extremely cheap, and make it in such a fashion that it is very, very reliable. If we can pull this off, if we can build more function, it will be stackable. That is to say, if we can make the basic technology of one or two things work, it will be applicable to a very, very large variety of human conditions, and hence, extendable in both vertical and horizontal directions. Part of my interest in this, I have to say, is that I would like to -- how do I put this politely? -- change the way, or maybe eviscerate, the capital structure of the U.S. health care system, which I think is fundamentally broken.
Bu shunga misolki, texnologiya hamma joyda mavjud arzon narsa yasang va uni modaga kiriting va unga ishonib ishlatsa bo'ladigan bo'lsin. Agar biz shunday qila olsak, biz unga qo'shimcha vazifalar kirita olamiz, jamlay olamiz Yani, biz oddiy texnologiyani bir ikki narsa qilish uchun yasasak u insoniatning juda xilma xil ehtijoyi uchun ishlatila oladi. va uning vertikal va gorizontal bo'yicha kengaytirsa bo'ladi. mening qizishimning biri shuki muloyimgina qilib aytganda, men AQSHning so'g'liqni saqlash tizimini o'zgartirish, chunki u tubdan singan va yaroqsizdir.
So, let me close -- (Applause)
Xullas- (Qarsaklar)
Let me close with my two aphorisms. One of them is from Mr. Einstein, and he says, "Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler." And I think that's a very good way of thinking about the problem. If you take too much out of something that's simple, you lose function. You have to have low cost, but you also have to have a function. So you can't make it too simple. And the second is a design issue, and it's not directly relevant, but it's a nice statement.
2 aforizmga kelsak. Biri Mister Einshteindan. U shunday deydi: " Hamma narsa iloji boricha sodda qilib yasalishi kerak, lekin soddaroq emas" Menimcha, bu muammo haqida o'ylashning juda yaxshi yo'lidir. Agar siz biror sodda narsadan juda ko'p qismini olib tashlasangiz, u vazifasini yo'qotadi. U arzon bo'lishi kerak lekin vazifaga ham ega bo'lishi kerak. Demak siz uni haddan ziyod sodda qilolmaysiz. Ikkinchi esa dizayn, u tubdan bog'liq emas, lekin yaxhshi yondashuv
This is by de Saint-Exupery. And he says, "You know you've achieved perfection in design, not when you have nothing more to add, but when you have nothing more to take away." And that certainly is going in the right direction. So, what I think one can begin to do with this kind of cut at the word simplicity, which doesn't cover Brancusi, it doesn't answer the question of why Mondrian is better or worse or simpler or less simpler than Van Gogh, and certainly doesn't address the question of whether Mozart is simpler than Bach.
Bu esa Saint-Exupery. U shunday deydi: Siz mukammal dizaynga shunda ega bo'lasizki, qachonki, unga qo'shadigan ham olib tashlaydigan ham narsa yo'q" Menimcha bu to'g'ri yo'l. Demak, har bir odam shuni o'ylashni boshlash mumkin, yani oddiylikning mazmuni haqida bu Rancuzzi emas, u nima uchun Mondrian Vant Gofdan yaxhshiroq yoki yomonroq degan savollarga javob bermaydi, va u albatta Mozart yoki Bax yaxhshimi degan savolga ham javob bermaydi.
But it does make a point -- which is one which, in a sense, differentiates the real world of people who make things, and the world of people who think about things, which is, there is an intellectual merit to asking: How do we make things as simple as we can, as cheap as we can, as functional as we can and as freely interconnectable as we can? If we make that kind of simplicity in our technology and then give it to you guys, you can go off and do all kinds of fabulous things with it.
Lekin u muhim, yani ma'lum bir ma'noda u dunyodagi narsa ishlab chiqaradigan odamlar va ular haqida o'ylaydigan odamlarni bir biridan farqlaydi, yani, narsalarni iloji boricha qanday soddalashtirsak bo'ladi deb so'raydigan odamlarda ongli yondashuv bor. Ular qanday qilib arzon, vazifasi bor va o'zaro erkin munosabatli narsalarni ishlasak bo'ladi deb so'raydi? Agar biz texnologiyani soddalashtirsak, va sizlarga bersak siz u bilan juda zo'r narsalar qila olasiz.
Thank you very much.
Sizga Tashakkur.
(Applause)
(Qarsaklar)
Chris Anderson: Quick question. So can you picture that a science of simplicity might get to the point where you could look out at various systems -- say a financial system or a legal system, health system -- and say, "That has got to the point of danger or dysfunctionality for the following reasons, and this is how we might simplify it"?
Chris Anderson: qisqa bir savol. Demak siz buni tasavvur qila olasiz ilmining oddiy soddaligi shu darajaga yetish mumkinki siz har xil tizimlarga qarab masalan, iqtisodiy, qonuniy, tibbiy tizimlarga qarab ular xavfli bir darajaga yoki ma'lim sabablarga ko'ra yaroqsiz holga keldi va uni qanday soddalashtirsak bo'ladi deb ayta olasizmi?
George Whitesides: Yes, I think you could. Because if you look at the components from which the system is made and examine their fragility, or their stability, you can probably build a kind of risk assessment based on that basis.
George Whitesides: Ha, bunday qilsa bo'ladi agar siz tizimni tashkil qilgan qismlarga qarasangiz va ularning nomustahkamligini tekshirsangiz, shu asosida siz muammoning xavfli tomoni qanday yeshish mumkilnigini ko'rasiz.
CA: Have you started to do that? I mean, with the health system, you got a sort of radical solution on the cost side, but in terms of the system itself?
CA: Siz buni boshladingizmi? Yani tibbiyot sohasida siz buni boshladingiz narx navoni tubdan o'zgartirish, lekin butun tizimga kelsakchi?
GW: Well, no. How do I put that simply? No.
GW: Xo'sh, yo'q. Man sizga oddiy javob, yo'q.
CA: That was a simple, powerful answer. GW: Yes.
CA: Bu juda kuchli javob. GW. Ha.
CA: So, in terms of that diagnostic technology that you've got, where is that, and when do you see that maybe getting rolled out to scale.
CA: Sizning diagnostika texnologiyangizga kelsak, uni qachon va qayerda ishga tushganini ko'ramiz.
GW: That's coming out soon. I mean, the systems work, and we have to find out how to manufacture them and do things of this kind, but the basic technology works.
GW: Yaqinda keladi. Bu narsalar ishlaydi, va biz ular xalq uchun ishlab chiqarish haqida o'ylayapmiz lekin asl texnologiya hozir ishlay oladi.
CA: You've got a company set up to ... GW: A foundation, a foundation. Not-for-profit.
Sizning bu sohada komaniyangiz bor- Bu Tashkilot, Moddiy foyda uchun emas.
CA: All right. Well, thank you so much for your talk. Thank you. (Applause)
Mayli, Ma'ruzangiz uchun rahmat.