The problem I want to talk with you about is really the problem of: How does one supply health care in a world in which cost is everything? How do you do that? And the basic paradigm we want to suggest to you, I want to suggest to you, is one in which you say that in order to treat disease, you have to first know what you're treating, that's diagnostics, and then you have to do something.
Problem o kome želim da vam pričam jeste zapravo problem kako pružiti zdravstvenu negu u svetu u kome je cena najvažnija. Kako to učiniti? A osnovna paradigma koju želim da vam predložim, koju ja želim da vam predložim, jeste ona da ako želite da lečite neku bolest morate prvo da znate šta lečite - to je dijagnostika - a onda morate nešto da učinite.
The program we're involved in is something we call "Diagnostics for All," or "zero-cost diagnostics." How do you provide medically relevant information at as close as possible to zero cost? How do you do it? Let me just give you two examples. The rigors of military medicine are not so dissimilar from the third world: poor resources, a rigorous environment -- a series of problems -- light weight and things of this kind. And also they're not so different from the home health care and diagnostic system world.
Tako da je program u koji smo uključeni nešto što nazivamo dijagnostika za sve ili dijagnostika koja ne košta ništa. Kako pružiti medicinski relevantnu informaciju skoro besplatno? Kako to učniti? Navešću vam dva primera. Poteškoće vojne medicine se ne razlikuju mnogo od trećeg sveta - slabi resursi, surovo okruženje, niz problema zbog težine i takve vrste stvari. I takođe ne toliko različit od zdravstvene nege u domu i sveta dijagnostičkog sistema.
So, the technology I want to talk about is for the third world, for the developing world, but it has, I think, much broader application, because information is so important in the health care system. So you see two examples here. One is a lab that is actually a fairly high-end laboratory in Africa. The second is basically an entrepreneur who is set up and doing who-knows-what at a table in a market. I don't know what kind of health care is delivered there. But it's not really what is probably most efficient.
I zato je tehnologija o kojoj želim da vam pričam za treći svet, za zemlje u razvoju, ali ima, mislim, mnogo širu primenu, jer su informacije veoma važne u sistemu zdravstvene nege. I tako vidite dva primera ovde. Jedan je zapravo relativno napredna laboratorija u Africi. Drugi je u suštini preduzetnik koji je postavio stvari i radi ko zna šta na pijačnoj tezgi. Ne znam koja se vrsta zdravstvene nege ovde pruža. Ali nije baš ono što je verovatno najefikasnije.
What is our approach? The way in which one typically approaches a problem of lowering cost, starting from the perspective of the United States, is to take our solution, and then try to cut cost out of it. No matter how you do that, you're not going to start with a $100,000 instrument and bring it down to no cost. It isn't going to work.
Koji je naš pristup? I način na koji se obično pristupa problemu smanjenja cene, posmatrajući stvari iz perspektive Sjedinjenih Država, jeste da se uzme naše rešenje, a onda pokuša da se smanji cena. Bez obzira kako to učinite nećete početi sa instrumentom od 100.000 dolara i učiniti ga besplatnim. To neće moći. I zato smo mi pristupili obrnuto.
So the approach we took was the other way around, to ask: What is the cheapest possible stuff that you could make a diagnostic system out of, and get useful information and add function? And what we've chosen is paper. What you see here is a prototypic device. It's about a centimeter on the side. It's about the size of a fingernail. The lines around the edges are a polymer. It's made of paper. And paper, of course, wicks fluid, as you know, paper, cloth -- drop wine on the tablecloth, and the wine wicks all over everything. Put it on your shirt, it ruins the shirt. That's what a hydrophilic surface does.
Zapitali smo se: "Od čega bi se najjefitinije mogao napraviti dijagnostički sistem, za dobijanje korisnih informacija, dodavanje funkcija?" I odabrali smo papir. Ovo je prototipski uređaj. On je oko jednog centimetra sa jedne strane. I veličine je nokta. Linije oko ivice su polimer. Napravljen je od papira, a papir naravno sprovodi tečnost. Kao što znate, papir, tkanina, ako prospete vino po stolnjaku, vino svuda prodire. Ako ga prospete na košulju, uništiće je. To radi hidrofilna površina.
So in this device, the idea is that you drip the bottom end of it in a drop of, in this case, urine. The fluid wicks its way into those chambers at the top. The brown color indicates the amount of glucose in the urine, the blue color indicates the amount of protein in the urine. And the combination of those two is a first-order shot at a number of useful things that you want. So, this is an example of a device made from a simple piece of paper.
Zato, kod ovog uređaja ideja jeste da kapnete na donjem kraju, kapljicu u ovom slučaju, urina. Tečnost prodire do onih komora na vrhu. Smeđa boja pokazuje količinu glukoze u urinu. Plava boja pokazuje količinu proteina u urinu. A kombinacija ove dve, je prvi u nizu pokušaja dobijanja onih korisnih stvari koje želite. Znači, ovo je primer uređaja od jednostavnog komada papira.
Now, how simple can you make the production? Why do we choose paper? There's an example of the same thing on a finger, showing you basically what it looks like. One reason for using paper is that it's everywhere. We have made these kinds of devices using napkins and toilet paper and wraps, and all kinds of stuff.
Koliko jednostavna može biti proizvodnja? Zašto smo odabrali papir? Evo primera iste stvari, na prstu koja vam pokazuje u suštini kako izgleda. Jedan razlog za upotrebu papira jeste da ga ima svuda. Napravili smo ove vrste uređaja koristeći salvete i toalet papir i papir za uvijanje, razne vrste stvari.
So the production capability is there. The second is, you can put lots and lots of tests in a very small place. I'll show you in a moment that the stack of paper there would probably hold something like 100,000 tests, something of that kind.
Znači proizvodni kapacitet postoji. Drugo, možete staviti zaista mnogo testova na veoma mali prostor. Pokazaću vam za trenutak kako bi ona gomila papira tamo mogla da sadrži nekih 100.000 testova, nešto tako.
And then finally, a point you don't think of so much in developed world medicine: it eliminates sharps. And what sharps means is needles, things that stick. If you've taken a sample of someone's blood and the someone might have hepatitis C, you don't want to make a mistake and stick it in you. You don't want to do that. So how do you dispose of that? It's a problem everywhere, and here, you simply burn it. So it's a sort of a practical approach to starting on things.
I na kraju, nešto o čemu ne mislimo toliko u medicini razvijenog sveta, ovo ukida potrebu za oštrim predmetima. A pod time podrazumevam igle, stvari koje bodu. Ako ste uzeli uzorak nečije krvi, a taj neko možda ima hepatitis C, ne želite da napravite grešku i da se ubodete time. To zaista ne želite. I kako onda to ukloniti? To je svuda problem. Ovde ga jednostavno spalite. To je neka vrsta praktičnog pristupa započinjanju stvari.
Now, you say, "If paper is a good idea, other people have surely thought of it." And the answer is, of course, yes. Those half of you, roughly, who are women, at some point may have had a pregnancy test. And the most common of these is in a device that looks like the thing on the left. It's something called a lateral-flow immunoassay. In that particular test, urine, either containing a hormone called hCG, does or does not flow across a piece of paper. And there are two bars; one bar indicates that the test is working, and if the second bar shows up, you're pregnant.
Možda mislite, ako je papir tako dobra ideja, sigurno bi ga se neko već setio. I odgovor je, naravno, jeste. Polovina vas, otprilike, koje su žene, u nekom trenutku ste možda obavile test trudnoće. A najćešći od ovih jeste u uređaju koji izgleda kao ovo s leva. To je nešto što se naziva imunološka analiza uz pomoć bočnog toka I u tom konkretnom testu urin, koji sadrži ili ne, hormon HCG, teče preko parčeta papira. I postoje dve crte. Jedna crta pokazuje da test radi. I ako se druga pojavi, znači da ste trudni.
This is a terrific kind of test in a binary world, and the nice thing about pregnancy is either you are pregnant or you're not pregnant; you're not partially pregnant or thinking about being pregnant or something of that sort. So it works very well there, but it doesn't work very well when you need more quantitative information.
To je izvrstan test za binarni svet. I lepa stvar kod trudnoće jeste da ste trudni ili niste. Ne možete bili pomalo trudni ili razmišljati o tome da budete trudni ili nešto tog tipa. I zato ovde dobro funkcioniše. Ali ne radi tako dobro kada su vam potrebne kvantitativnije informacije.
There are also dipsticks, but if you look at the dipsticks, they're for another kind of urine analysis. There are an awful lot of colors and things like that. What do you actually do about that in a difficult circumstance? So the approach we started with is to ask: Is it really practical to make things of this sort? And that problem is now, in a purely engineering way, solved. And the procedure that we have is simply to start with paper. You run it through a new kind of printer called a wax printer. The wax printer does what looks like printing. It is printing. You put that on, you warm it a little bit, the wax prints through, so it absorbs into the paper, and you end up with the device you want.
Takođe postoje gradirani merači. Ali ako ih pogledate, oni služe za drugu vrstu analize urina. Postoji jako mnogo boja i takvih stvari. Šta zapravo možete da učinite u vezi s tim u teškim okolnostima? I tako pristup sa kojim smo počeli, jeste da pitamo da li je zaista praktično praviti ovakvu vrstu stvari? I taj problem je sada, iz čisto inženjerskog ugla, rešen. I procedura koju imamo jeste da se jednostavno počne sa papirom. Provučete ga kroz novu vrstu štampača koji se zove voštani štampač. Voštani štampač radi nešto što izgleda kao štampanje. To jeste štampanje. Stavite to, malo ga zagrejete. Vosak prodire pa se apsorbuje u papir. I dobijete uređaj koji želite. Štampači sada koštaju 800 dolara.
The printers cost 800 bucks now. We estimate that if you were to run them 24 hours a day, they'd make about 10 million tests a year. So it's a solved problem. That particular problem is solved. And there is an example of the kind of thing that you see. That's on a piece of 8 by 12 paper. That takes about two seconds to make. And so I regard that as done. There's a very important issue here, which is that because it's a printer, a color printer, it prints colors. That's what color printers do. I'll show you in a moment, that's actually quite useful.
Oni prave, mi procenjujemo ako ga koristite 24 sata dnevno nekih 10 miliona testova godišnje. Problem rešen. Ovaj konkretan problem je rešen. I postoji primer vrste stvari koju vidite. To je samo na parčetu papira 8 sa 12. Za koji je potrebno dve sekunde da se napravi. I ovo smatram završenim. Postoji jako važno pitanje ovde, a to je da zato što je to štampač, zapravo štampač u boji, on štampa boje. To je ono što štampači u boji rade. Pokazaću vam sada, da je zapravo veoma koristan.
Now, the next question that you would like to ask is: What would you like to measure? What would you like to analyze? And the thing you'd most like to analyze, we're a fair distance from. It's what's called "fever of undiagnosed origin." Someone comes into the clinic, they have a fever, they feel bad. What do they have? Do they have TB? Do they have AIDS? Do they have a common cold? The triage problem. That's a hard problem for reasons I won't go through. There are an awful lot of things that you'd like to distinguish among. But then there are a series of things -- AIDS, hepatitis, malaria, TB, others -- and simpler ones, such as guidance of treatment.
Sada, sledeće pitanje koje želite da postavite je šta želite da merite? Šta želite da analizirate? I ono što najviše želite da analizirate, jeste nešto od čega smo dosta udaljeni. To je nešto što se naziva "groznica čija dijagnoza nije postavljena." Neko dođe u kliniku, ima groznicu, loše se oseća, šta mu je? Da li ima tuberkulozu? Da li ima SIDU? Da li ima prehladu? To je problem klasifikacije bolesti. To je ozbiljan problem iz razloga u koje neću ulaziti. Ima jako mnogo stvari između kojih biste želeli da napravite razliku. Ali postoji i niz stvari, SIDA, hepatitis, malarija, TB, i druge. I jednostavnije poput usmeravanja lečenja.
Now, even that's more complicated than you think. A friend of mine works in transcultural psychiatry, and he is interested in the question of why people do and don't take their meds. So Dapsone, or something like that, you have to take for a while. He has a wonderful story of talking to a villager in India and saying, "Have you taken your Dapsone?" "Yes." "Have you taken it every day?" "Yes." "Have you taken if for a month?" "Yes." What the guy actually meant was that he'd fed a 30-day dose of Dapsone to his dog that morning.
Čak je i to komplikovanije nego što mislite. Jedan moj prijatelj se bavi transkulturnom psihijatrijom. I njega zanima pitanje zašto ljudi uzimaju ili ne uzimaju svoje lekove. I tako, Dapsone, ili nešto slično, morate da ga uzimate neko vreme. Postoji divna priča o razgovoru sa jednim seljakom u Indiji. Pita ga: "Da li ste uzeli vaš Dapsone?" "Da." "Da li se ga uzimali svakog dana?" "Da." "Da li ste ga uzimali mesec dana?" "Da." Ono što je čovek zapravo mislio jeste da je dao dozu od 30 dana Dapsona
(Laughter)
svom psu, toga jutra. (Smeh)
And he was telling the truth, because in a different culture, the dog is a surrogate for you; "today," "this month," "since the rainy season" -- there are lots of opportunities for misunderstanding.
On je govorio istinu. Jer u drugoj kulturi, pas je zamena za vas, znate, "danas", "ovog meseca", "od kišne sezone", postoji puno prilika za nesporazum.
(Laughter)
I zato je pitanje ovde
And so an issue here is to, in some cases, figure out how to deal with matters that seem uninteresting, like compliance.
da se u nekim slučajevima smisli kako da se reše pitanja koja se možda čine nezanimljivim, poput poštovanja terapije.
Now, take a look at what a typical test looks like. Prick a finger, you get some blood -- about 50 microliters. That's about all you're going to get, because you can't use the usual sort of systems. You can't manipulate it very well; I'll show something about that in a moment. So you take the drop of blood, no further manipulations, you put it on a little device, the device filters out the blood cells, lets the serum go through, and you get a series of colors down in the bottom there. And the colors indicate "disease" or "normal." But even that's complicated, because to me, colors might indicate "normal," but after all, we're all suffering from probably an excess of education.
Pogledajte kako izgleda tipični test. Ubodite prst, dobijete nešto krvi, oko 50 mikrolitara. To je sve što ćete dobiti. Pošto ne možete koristiti uobičajene sisteme. Ne možete lako ovim rukovati, mada ću vam pokazati nešto u vezi s time malo kasnije. I tako uzmete kap krvi, nema daljeg rukovanja. Stavite je na mali uređaj. Uređaj filtrira napolje ćelije krvi, pušta serum da prođe, i dobijete niz boja tamo dole na dnu. I boje pokazuju bolest ili normalno stanje. Ali čak je to komplikovano. Jer vama i meni, boje mogu pokazivati normalno stanje. Ali ipak mi svi patimo
What do you do about something which requires quantitative analysis?
od verovatno viška obrazovanja.
And so the solution that we and many other people are thinking about there, and at this point, there is a dramatic flourish, and out comes the universal solution to everything these days, which is a cell phone -- in this particular case, a camera phone. They're everywhere -- six billion a month in India. And the idea is that what one does is to take the device, you dip it, you develop the color, you take a picture, the picture goes to a central laboratory. You don't have to send out a doctor, you send out somebody who can just take the sample, and in the clinic either a doctor, or ideally, a computer in this case, does the analysis. Turns out to work actually quite well, particularly when your color printer has printed the color bars that indicate how things work.
Šta raditi sa nečim što zahteva kvantitativnu analizu? I tako je rešenje o kome mi i mnogi drugi ljudi razmišljamo za to, i sada postoji dramatični razvoj, i pojavljuje se univerzalno rešenje za sve ovih dana, a to je mobilni telefon. U ovom konkretnom slučaju telefon sa fotoaparatom. Oni su svuda prisutni, šest miliona mesečno, u Indiji. I ideja jeste da je potrebno uraditi sledeće, uzmete uređaj. Uronite ga. Razvijete boju. Slikate ga. Slika se šalje u centralnu laboratoriju. Ne morate da šaljete doktora. Samo pošaljete nekoga da uzme uzorak. A u klinici doktor ili idealno kompjuter u ovom slučaju, izvrši analizu. Izgleda da radi zapravo dosta dobro, naročito kada je vaš štampač u boji odštampao crte u boji koje pokazuju kako stvari rade.
So my view of the health care worker of the future is not a doctor, but an 18-year-old, otherwise unemployed, who has two things: a backpack full of these tests and a lancet to occasionally take a blood sample, and an AK-47. And these are the things that get him through his day.
I zato po meni zdravstveni radnik budućnosti nije lekar, već osamnaestogodišnjak, inače nezaposlen koji ima dve stvari. Ima ranac pun ovih testova, i lancetu za povremeno uzimanje uzorka krvi, i kalašnjikov. I ove stvari će mu pomoći da preživi dan.
(Laughter)
There's another very interesting connection here, and that is, that what one wants to do is pass through useful information over what is generally a pretty awful telephone system. It turns out there's an enormous amount of information already available on that subject, which is the Mars Rover problem. How do you get back an accurate view of the color on Mars if you have a really terrible bandwidth to do it with? And the answer is not complicated, but it's one which I don't want to go through here, other than to say that the communication systems for doing this are really pretty well understood.
I tu postoji još jedna veoma zanimljiva veza. A to je da ono što želimo da uradimo jeste da prosledimo korisne informacije putem inače generalno užasnog telefonskog sistema. Ispostavilo se da postoji ogromna količina informacija već dostupna na tu temu, a to je problem sa pretraživačem Marsa. Kako dobiti tačan izgled boje na Marsu, ako za to imate stvarno užasni opseg? A odgovor nije komplikovan ali o tome ne želim ovde da razgovaram, osim da kažem da su komunikacioni sistemi za ovo zaista dosta dobro shvaćeni.
Also, a fact which you may not know is that the compute capability of this thing is not so different from the compute capability of your desktop computer. This is a fantastic device which is only beginning to be tapped. I don't know whether the idea of one computer, one child makes any sense. Here's the computer of the future, because this screen is already there and they're ubiquitous.
Takođe, činjenica koju možda ne znate, jeste da se računarska mogućnost ove stvari ne razlikuje mnogo od računarske mogućnosti vašeg desktop kompjutera. Ovo je fantastičan uređaj čije mogućnosti tek sada počinju da se koriste. Nisam siguran da li ideja jednog kompjutera za svako dete ima smisla. Ovo je kompjuter budućnosti. Pošto je ekran već tu i ima ih svuda.
All right, let me show you just a little bit about advanced devices. And we'll start by posing a little problem. What you see here is another centimeter-sized device, and the different colors are different colors of dye. And you notice something which might strike you as a little bit interesting, which is, the yellow seems to disappear, get through the blue, and then get through the red. How does that happen? How do you make something flow through something? And, of course the answer is, "You don't." You make it flow under and over.
A sada ću vam govoriti nešto o naprednijim uređajima. I počeću tako što ću vam postaviti mali zadatak. Ovde vidite još jedan uređaj veličine nekoliko centimetra. A različite boje su različite boje farbe. A primetićete nešto što će vam se možda učiniti donekle zanimljivim, a to je da izgleda kao da se žuta gubi, prelazi kroz plavu, a onda u crvenu. Kako se to događa? Kako učiniti da nešto teče kroz nešto drugo? I, odgovor je naravno: "Ne možete." Učinite da teče ispod i preko.
But now the question is: How do you make it flow under and over in a piece of paper? The answer is that what you do -- and the details are not terribly important here -- is to make something more elaborate: You take several different layers of paper, each one containing its own little fluid system, and you separate them by pieces of, literally, double-sided carpet tape, the stuff you use to stick the carpets onto the floor. And the fluid will flow from one layer into the next. It distributes itself, flows through further holes, distributes itself.
Ali pitanje je sada, kako ga naterati da teče ispod i preko na parčetu papira? A odgovor je da uradite nešto, a detalji nisu preterano važni ovde, što će ga učiniti složenijim, uzmete nekoliko različitih slojeva papira, od kojih svaki sadrži sopstveni mali tečni sistem, i onda ih razdvojite delovima, bukvalno, obostrane debele trake, koja se koristi za lepljenje tepiha za pod. I tečnost će teći sa jednog sloja na sledeći. Distribuira se, teče dalje kroz rupe, distribuira se.
And what you see, at the lower right-hand side there, is a sample in which a single sample of blood has been put on the top, and it has gone through and distributed itself into these 16 holes on the bottom, in a piece of paper -- basically, it looks like a chip, two pieces of paper thick. And in this particular case, we were just interested in the replicability of that. But that is, in principle, the way you solve the "fever of unexplained origin" problem, because each one of those spots then becomes a test for a particular set of markers of disease, and this will work in due course.
A ovo što vidite u donjem desnom uglu ovde jeste uzorak u kome je jedan jedini uzorak krvi stavljen na vrh, I on je prošao i rasporedio se u ovih 16 rupa na dnu, na parčetu papira, u suštini izgleda kao čip, debljine dva parčeta papira. I u ovom konkretnom slučaju nas je samo zanimala ponovljivost toga. Ali to je, u principu, način na koji rešavate problem "groznice neobjašnjenog porekla." Jer svaka od ovih tački onda postaje test za određenu grupu markera bolesti. I to će raditi nakon određenog vremena.
Here is an example of a slightly more complicated device. There's the chip. You dip in a corner. The fluid goes into the center. It distributes itself out into these various wells or holes and turns color, all done with paper and carpet tape. So it's, I think, as low-cost as we're likely to be able to come up and make things.
A ovo je primer malo složenijeg uređaja. Ovo je čip. Potopite jedan ugao. Tečnost ode u centar. Sama se raspoređuje u ove razne otvore ili rupe, i menja boju. I sve se radi pomoću papira i trake za tepih. Zato, mislim da je ovo najjeftinije što ćemo moći da smislimo i napravimo.
Now, I have two last little stories to tell you in finishing off this business. This is one: One of the things you occasionally need to do is separate blood cells from serum. And the question was, here we do it by taking a sample, we put it in a centrifuge, we spin it, and you get blood cells out. Terrific. What happens if you don't have electricity, a centrifuge, and whatever? And we thought for a while of how you might do this, and the way, in fact, you do it, is what's shown here. You get an eggbeater, which is everywhere, and you saw off a blade, and then you take tubing, and you stick it on that. You put the blood in, somebody sits there and spins it. It works really, really well.
Sada, imam jednu poslednju, zapravo dve priče da vam ispričam, na kraju ovoga. Ovo je jedna. Ponekada je potrebno da se odvoje ćelije krvi iz seruma. A pitanje je, ovde to radimo uzimajući uzorak. Onda ga stavljamo u centrifugu. Rotiramo ga i izvadimo ćelije krvi. Sjajno. Ali šta se događa ako nemate struju, i centrifugu, i šta sve još? Razmislili smo malo kako biste ovo mogli da uradite. A način je zapravo prikazan ovde. Uzmete mutilicu za jaja, koji se svuda može naći. Skinete jednu lopaticu, a onda uzmete crevo, i pričvrstite ga. Stavite krv unutra. A onda ga rotirate. Neko sedi tamo i vrti ga.
And we sat down, we did the physics of eggbeaters and self-aligning tubes and all the rest of that kind of thing, and sent it off to a journal. We were very proud of this, particularly the title, which was "Eggbeater as Centrifuge."
I zaista dobro radi. I bavili smo se fizikom mutilica za jaja i samoravnajućih creva i tako toga, i poslali smo to u časopis. Bili smo veoma ponosni na ovo, posebno na naslov koji je glasio "Mutilica za jaja kao centrifuga."
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
And we sent it off, and by return mail, it came back. I called up the editor and I said, "What's going on? How is this possible?" The editor said, with enormous disdain, "I read this. And we're not going to publish it, because we only publish science."
Poslali smo ga i vratio nam se povratnom poštom. Nazvao sam urednika i pitao: "Šta se događa? Kako je ovo moguće?" Urednik je rekao, sa ogromnim prezirom: "Pročitao sam ovo. I nećemo ga objaviti, jer mi samo
(Laughter)
objavljujemo nauku".
And it's an important issue, because it means that we have to, as a society, think about what we value. And if it's just papers and Phys. Rev. letters, we've got a problem.
A ovo jeste važno pitanje jer znači da mi moramo, kao društvo, da se upitamo šta nam je vredno. A ako su to samo radovi i pisma za naučni časopis, onda imamo problem.
Here is another example of something which is -- this is a little spectrophotometer. It measures the absorption of light in a sample. The neat thing about this is, you have a light source that flickers on and off at about 1,000 hertz, another light source that detects that light at 1,000 hertz, and so you can run this system in broad daylight. It performs about equivalently to a system that's on the order of 100,000 dollars. It costs 50 dollars. We can probably make it for 50 cents if we put our mind to it. Why doesn't somebody do it? The answer is: How do you make a profit in a capitalist system, doing that? Interesting problem.
Evo još jednog primera nečega što je - Ovo je mali spektrofotometar. On meri apsorpciju svetlosti u uzorku Zgodna stvar kod ovoga jeste, da imate izvor svetlosti koji se pali i gasi na oko 1.000 herca. Drugi izvor svetlosti detektuje svetlost na 1.000 herca. I zato možete koristiti ovaj sistem u po bela dana. Radi otprilike jednako kao sistem koji je reda veličine 100.000 dolara. On košta 50 dolara. Verovatno ga možemo napraviti za 50 centi, ako stvarno hoćemo. Zašto neko to ne učini? Odgovor je: "Kako profitirati u kapitalističkom sistemu, na taj način?" Zanimljiv problem.
So, let me finish by saying that we've thought about this as a kind of engineering problem. And we've asked: What is the scientific unifying idea here? And we've decided we should think about this not so much in terms of cost, but in terms of simplicity. Simplicity is a neat word. You've got to think about what simplicity means. I know what it is, but I don't actually know what it means.
Na kraju ću reći da smo ovo posmatrali kao neki inženjerski problem. I pitali smo, koja je ujedinjujuća naučna ideja ovde? I odlučili smo da ne posmatramo ovo toliko u smislu cene, već jednostavnosti. Jednostavnost je zgodna reč. I morate razmisliti šta jednostavnost znači. Znam šta jeste ali zapravo ne znam šta znači. Zapravo dovoljno me je zanimalo da okupim
So I actually was interested enough in this to put together several groups of people. The most recent involved a couple of people at MIT, one of them being an exceptionally bright kid who is one of the very few people I would think of who's an authentic genius. We all struggled for an entire day to think about simplicity. And I want to give you the answer of this deep scientific thought.
nekoliko grupa ljudi. I najskorija je uključila nekoliko ljudi sa MIT-a, a jedan od njih je jedan izuzetno pametan klinac koji je jedan od nekolicine ljudi za koje bih rekao da je autentični genije. Ceo dan smo se mučili oko jednostavnosti. I hoću da vam dam odgovor
[What is simplicity? "It's impossible to f..k it up"]
ovog dubokoumnog naučnog razmatranja. (Smeh)
(Laughter)
I tako na neki način dobijete ono za šta ste platili.
So, in a sense, you get what you pay for.
Hvala vam mnogo.
Thank you very much.
(Applause)
(Smeh)