We do not invest in victims, we invest in survivors. And in ways both big and small, the narrative of the victim shapes the way we see women. You can't count what you don't see. And we don't invest in what's invisible to us. But this is the face of resilience.
Ne ulažemo u žrtve, ulažemo u one koji opstaju. Na značajne i manje značajne načine priča o žrtvi oblikuje način na koji vidimo žene. Ne računamo ono što ne vidimo. I ne ulažemo u ono što nam je nevidljivo. No ovo je lice otpornosti.
Six years ago, I started writing about women entrepreneurs during and after conflict. I set out to write a compelling economic story, one that had great characters, that no one else was telling, and one that I thought mattered. And that turned out to be women.
Prije šest godina počela sam pisati o poduzetnicama tijekom i nakon rata. Počela sam pisati zanimljivu ekonomsku priču s odličnim likovima, koju nitko nije pričao. A ja sam mislila da je važna. Radilo se o ženama.
I had left ABC news and a career I loved at the age of 30 for business school, a path I knew almost nothing about. None of the women I had grown up with in Maryland had graduated from college, let alone considered business school. But they had hustled to feed their kids and pay their rent. And I saw from a young age that having a decent job and earning a good living made the biggest difference for families who were struggling.
S 30 sam godina napustila ABC news i karijeru koju sam obožavala radi poslovne škole, puta o kojemu nisam znala gotovo ništa. Nijedna od žena s kojima sam odrasla u Marylandu nije završila fakultet, a kamoli razmišljala o poslovnoj školi. One su se trudile prehraniti djecu i platiti najamninu. Rano sam shvatila da su pristojan posao i dobra plaća od iznimne važnosti za obitelji koje preživljavaju.
So if you're going to talk about jobs, then you have to talk about entrepreneurs. And if you're talking about entrepreneurs in conflict and post-conflict settings, then you must talk about women, because they are the population you have left. Rwanda in the immediate aftermath of the genocide was 77 percent female. I want to introduce you to some of those entrepreneurs I've met and share with you some of what they've taught me over the years.
Ako želite govoriti o poslovima, morate govoriti o poduzetnicima. A ako govorite o poduzetnicima u ratnom i postratnom razdoblju, morate govoriti o ženama jer to je stanovništvo koje je ostalo. U Ruandi je neposredno nakon genocida bilo 77 posto žena. Želim vam predstaviti neke od poduzetnica koje sam srela i podijeliti s vama dio onoga što sam od njih naučila.
I went to Afghanistan in 2005 to work on a Financial Times piece, and there I met Kamila, a young women who told me she had just turned down a job with the international community that would have paid her nearly $2,000 a month -- an astronomical sum in that context. And she had turned it down, she said, because she was going to start her next business, an entrepreneurship consultancy that would teach business skills to men and women all around Afghanistan. Business, she said, was critical to her country's future. Because long after this round of internationals left, business would help keep her country peaceful and secure. And she said business was even more important for women because earning an income earned respect and money was power for women.
Otišla sam u Afganistan 2005. da bih radila na članku za Financial Times. Ondje sam upoznala Kamilu, mladu ženu koja mi je rekla da je odbila posao u međunarodnoj zajednici na kojemu bi zarađivala gotovo 2.000 $ mjesečno -- astronomski iznos za te prilike. Odbila ga je, rekla je, jer je željela pokrenuti svoj sljedeći posao, savjetovalište za poduzetnike za poučavanje poslovnim vještinama muškaraca i žena u cijelom Afganistanu. Pokretanje poduzeća bilo je ključno za budućnost njezine zemlje. Zato što će, dugo nakon što međunarodna poduzeća odu, poduzetništvo održati njezinu državu mirnom i sigurnom. Rekla je da je poduzetništvo čak važnije za žene jer zarada osigurava poštovanje, a novac je moć za žene.
So I was amazed. I mean here was a girl who had never lived in peace time who somehow had come to sound like a candidate from "The Apprentice." (Laughter) So I asked her, "How in the world do you know this much about business? Why are you so passionate?" She said, "Oh Gayle, this is actually my third business. My first business was a dressmaking business I started under the Taliban. And that was actually an excellent business, because we provided jobs for women all around our neighborhood. And that's really how I became an entrepreneur."
Bila sam osupnuta. Ta djevojka nikad nije živjela u mirnom razdoblju, a zvučala je kao kandidat iz emisije "Pripravnik". (Smijeh) Pitala sam je: "Otkuda znaš toliko o poduzetništvu? Otkuda tolika strast?" Rekla je: "Gayle, ovo je zapravo moje treće poduzeće. Moj prvi pothvat bio je proizvodnja odjeće. Započela sam pod Talibanima. To je zapravo bio odličan pothvat jer smo osigurali poslove ženama u cijelom susjedstvu. Tako sam zapravo i postala poduzetnica".
Think about this: Here were girls who braved danger to become breadwinners during years in which they couldn't even be on their streets. And at a time of economic collapse when people sold baby dolls and shoe laces and windows and doors just to survive, these girls made the difference between survival and starvation for so many. I couldn't leave the story, and I couldn't leave the topic either, because everywhere I went I met more of these women who no one seemed to know about, or even wish to.
Razmislite o ovome: Te su djevojke prkosile opasnosti da bi prehranile obitelj u razdoblju kada nisu smjele čak ni izaći na ulicu. U vrijeme ekonomskog sloma, kad su ljudi prodavali lutke, vezice za cipele, prozore i vrata samo da bi preživjeli, te su djevojke omogućile opstanak umjesto gladovanja za toliko ljudi. Nisam mogla pustiti tu priču niti tu temu, jer kamo god bih krenula, upoznala bih slične žene o kojima se nije znalo ništa niti je to itko htio.
I went on to Bosnia, and early on in my interviews I met with an IMF official who said, "You know, Gayle, I don't think we actually have women in business in Bosnia, but there is a lady selling cheese nearby on the side of the road. So maybe you could interview her." So I went out reporting and within a day I met Narcisa Kavazovic who at that point was opening a new factory on the war's former front lines in Sarajevo. She had started her business squatting in an abandoned garage, sewing sheets and pillow cases she would take to markets all around the city so that she could support the 12 or 13 family members who were counting on her for survival. By the time we met, she had 20 employees, most of them women, who were sending their boys and their girls to school. And she was just the start. I met women running essential oils businesses, wineries and even the country's largest advertising agency.
Zatim sam otišla u Bosnu i tijekom prvih intervjua upoznala sam službenicu MMF-a koja je rekla: "Znaš, Gayle, mislim da u Bosni nema žena poduzetnica, no neka žena prodaje sir pokraj ceste. Možeš intervjuirati nju". Otišla sam na teren izvještavati i za jedan dan upoznala sam Narcisu Kavazovic koja je u tom trenutku otvarala novu tvornicu na bivšim linijama fronte u Sarajevu. Započela je svoj posao u napuštenoj garaži u kojoj je šivala plahte i jastučnice te ih odnosila na tržnice po gradu da bi mogla uzdržavati 12 ili 13 članova obitelji koji su računali na nju da bi preživjeli. Tada je imala 20 zaposlenika, većinom žene, koje su slale svoje sinove i kćeri u školu. Ona je bila tek početak. Upoznala sam žene koje su vodile tvrtke s eteričnim uljima, vinarije, pa i najveću oglašivačku agenciju u zemlji.
So these stories together became the Herald Tribune business cover. And when this story posted, I ran to my computer to send it to the IMF official. And I said, "Just in case you're looking for entrepreneurs to feature at your next investment conference, here are a couple of women."
Sve ove priče dospjele su na naslovnicu Herald Tribunea. Čim je ta priča objavljena odjurila sam do računala i poslala je službenici MMF-a. Rekla sam: "Ako tražite poduzetnike za sljedeću ulagačku konferenciju, evo nekoliko žena".
(Applause)
(Pljesak)
But think about this. The IMF official is hardly the only person to automatically file women under micro. The biases, whether intentional or otherwise, are pervasive, and so are the misleading mental images. If you see the word "microfinance," what comes to mind? Most people say women. And if you see the word "entrepreneur," most people think men. Why is that? Because we aim low and we think small when it comes to women.
Razmislite o ovome. Službenica MMF-a vjerojatno nije jedina osoba koja automatski svrstava žene pod "mikro". Predrasude, namjerne ili slučajne, šire se i stvaraju varljive mentalne slike. Kad vidite riječ "mikrofinanciranje", što vam pada na pamet? Većina kaže žene. A kad vidite riječ "poduzetnik", većina se sjeti muškaraca. Zašto je to tako? Jer ciljamo nisko i mislimo na malo, kad se radi o ženama.
Microfinance is an incredibly powerful tool that leads to self-sufficiency and self-respect, but we must move beyond micro-hopes and micro-ambitions for women, because they have so much greater hopes for themselves. They want to move from micro to medium and beyond. And in many places, they're there. In the U.S., women-owned businesses will create five and a half million new jobs by 2018. In South Korea and Indonesia, women own nearly half a million firms. China, women run 20 percent of all small businesses. And in the developing world overall, That figure is 40 to 50 percent.
Mikrofinanciranje je iznimno snažno sredstvo koje vodi do neovisnosti i samopoštovanja, no treba se maknuti iz okvira mikronade i mikroambicija za žene jer one same se nadaju nečemu mnogo većemu. Žele zamijeniti "mikro" s etiketom "srednje" i "više". Na brojnim mjestima već su to učinile. U Americi žene koje posjeduju tvrtke stvorit će pet i pol milijuna novih radnih mjesta do 2018. U Južnoj Koreji i Indoneziji žene posjeduju gotovo pola milijuna tvrtki. U Kini žene vode 20 posto svih malih poduzeća. U zemljama u razvoju taj se broj kreće između 40 i 50 posto.
Nearly everywhere I go, I meet incredibly interesting entrepreneurs who are seeking access to finance, access to markets and established business networks. They are often ignored because they're harder to help. It is much riskier to give a 50,000 dollar loan than it is to give a 500 dollar loan. And as the World Bank recently noted, women are stuck in a productivity trap. Those in small businesses can't get the capital they need to expand and those in microbusiness can't grow out of them.
Gotovo svuda kamo sam otišla upoznala sam nevjerojatno zanimljive poduzetnice koje traže pristup financiranju, pristup tržištima i uspostavljene poslovne mreže. Često ih se zanemaruje jer im je teže pomoći. Znatno je rizičnije pozajmiti 50.000 dolara nego 500 dolara. Kao što je Svjetska banka nedavno upozorila, žene su se našle u klopci produktivnosti. Žene s malim poduzećima ne mogu dobiti kapital potreban za širenje, a one u mikropoduzećima ne mogu prerasti tu razinu.
Recently I was at the State Department in Washington and I met an incredibly passionate entrepreneur from Ghana. She sells chocolates. And she had come to Washington, not seeking a handout and not seeking a microloan. She had come seeking serious investment dollars so that she could build the factory and buy the equipment she needs to export her chocolates to Africa, Europe, the Middle East and far beyond -- capital that would help her to employ more than the 20 people that she already has working for her, and capital that would fuel her own country's economic climb.
Nedavno sam bila u Ministarstvu vanjskih poslova u Washingtonu i upoznala sam iznimno strastvenu poduzetnicu iz Gane. Ona prodaje čokoladu. Došla je u Washington, ne da bi tražila milostinju i mikrokreditiranje. Došla je tražiti ozbiljan iznos koji će netko uložiti da bi mogla izgraditi tvornicu i kupiti potrebnu opremu za izvoz čokolade u Afriku, Europu, Bliski istok i mnogo dalje -- kapital koji će joj pomoći da zaposli više od 20 ljudi koji već rade za nju i kapital koji će pokrenuti ekonomski uspon njezine države.
The great news is we already know what works. Theory and empirical evidence Have already taught us. We don't need to invent solutions because we have them -- cash flow loans based in income rather than assets, loans that use secure contracts rather than collateral, because women often don't own land. And Kiva.org, the microlender, is actually now experimenting with crowdsourcing small and medium sized loans. And that's just to start.
Dobre vijesti su da već znamo što funkcionira. Teorija i empirijski dokazi već su nas naučili. Ne moramo izmišljati rješenja jer ih već imamo -- krediti novčanog toka koji se temelje na prihodu, ne aktivi, krediti koji koriste sigurnosne umjesto dodatnih ugovora jer žene često ne posjeduju zemljište. Kiva.org, stranica za mikrokreditiranje, trenutačno iskušava crowdsourcing malih i srednjih kredita. A to je samo početak.
Recently it has become very much in fashion to call women "the emerging market of the emerging market." I think that is terrific. You know why? Because -- and I say this as somebody who worked in finance -- 500 billion dollars at least has gone into the emerging markets in the past decade. Because investors saw the potential for return at a time of slowing economic growth, and so they created financial products and financial innovation tailored to the emerging markets.
U posljednje je vrijeme postalo veoma moderno zvati žene "tržište u nastajanju tržišta u nastajanju". Mislim da je to izvrsno. Znate zašto? Jer -- govorim ovo kao netko tko se bavio financijama -- najmanje 500 milijardi dolara posljednje je desetljeće otišlo tržištima u nastajanju. jer su ulagači prepoznali potencijal povrata u vrijeme slabog ekonomskog rasta, stvorili financijske proizvode i financijske inovacije prilagođene tržištima u nastajanju.
How wonderful would it be if we were prepared to replace all of our lofty words with our wallets and invest 500 billion dollars unleashing women's economic potential? Just think of the benefits when it comes to jobs, productivity, employment, child nutrition, maternal mortality, literacy and much, much more. Because, as the World Economic Forum noted, smaller gender gaps are directly correlated with increased economic competitiveness. And not one country in all the world has eliminated its economic participation gap -- not one.
Zar ne bi bilo izvrsno kada bismo zamijenili svoje uzvišene riječi novčanicima i uložili 500 milijardi dolara te oslobodili ekonomski potencijal žena? Razmislite o prednostima što se tiče poslova, produktivnosti, zapošljavanja, prehrane djece, maternalnog mortaliteta, pismenosti i još mnogo, mnogo toga. Kao što je napomenuo Svjetski ekonomski forum manji rodni jazovi izravno su povezani s povišenom ekonomskom konkurentnošću. Više je zemalja na svijetu uklonilo jaz u ekonomskom sudjelovanju -- ne jedna.
So the great news is this is an incredible opportunity. We have so much room to grow. So you see, this is not about doing good, this is about global growth and global employment. It is about how we invest and it's about how we see women. And women can no longer be both half the population and a special interest group.
Dobre su vijesti da se radi o nevjerojatnoj prilici. Imamo toliko prostora za napredak. Znate, ne radi se o pozitivnom djelovanju, nego o globalnom rastu i globalnom zapošljavanju. Radi se o načinu na koji ulažemo i na koji vidimo žene. Žene ne mogu više istovremeno činiti polovicu stanovništva i posebnu interesnu skupinu.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)
Oftentimes I get into very interesting discussions with reporters who say to me, "Gayle, these are great stories, but you're really writing about the exceptions." Now that makes me pause for just a couple reasons. First of all, for exceptions, there are a lot of them and they're important. Secondly, when we talk about men who are succeeding, we rightly consider them icons or pioneers or innovators to be emulated. And when we talk about women, they are either exceptions to be dismissed or aberrations to be ignored. And finally, there is no society anywhere in all the world that is not changed except by its most exceptional. So why wouldn't we celebrate and elevate these change makers and job creators rather than overlook them?
Često se nađem u zanimljivim raspravama s novinarima koji mi kažu: "Gayle, to su divne priče, no ti zapravo pišeš o iznimkama". U tom trenutku zastanem iz nekoliko razloga. Kao prvo, što se tiče iznimaka, ima ih mnogo i važne su. Kao drugo, kada govorimo o uspješnim muškarcima, s pravom ih smatramo ikonama, pionirima ili inovatorima čiji primjer treba slijediti. A kada govorimo o ženama, one su ili iznimke koje ne prihvaćamo ili odstupanja koje treba zanemariti. Konačno, ne postoji društvo u svijetu koje nisu promijenile njegove najveće iznimke. Zašto ne bismo slavili i uzdizali one koji uvode promjene i stvaraju radna mjesta umjesto da ih ignoriramo?
This topic of resilience is very personal to me and in many ways has shaped my life. My mom was a single mom who worked at the phone company during the day and sold Tupperware at night so that I could have every opportunity possible. We shopped double coupons and layaway and consignment stores, and when she got sick with stage four breast cancer and could no longer work, we even applied for food stamps. And when I would feel sorry for myself as nine or 10 year-old girls do, she would say to me, "My dear, on a scale of major world tragedies, yours is not a three."
Tema otpornosti iznimno mi je osobna i na brojne je načine oblikovala moj život. Moja je majka bila samohrana majka koja je danju radila u telefonskom poduzeću a noću prodavala Tupperware da bi mi osigurala sve moguće prilike. Kupovale smo dvostrukim kuponima na poček i iz druge ruke, a kada je oboljela od raka dojke četvrtog stadija i nije više mogla raditi, prijavile smo se i za bonove za hranu. Kada bih sažalijevala samu sebe, kao što to rade 9- i 10-godišnjakinje, rekla bi mi: "Draga, na ljestvici najvećih svjetskih tragedija tvoja je pri samom dnu."
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
And when I was applying to business school and felt certain I couldn't do it and nobody I knew had done it, I went to my aunt who survived years of beatings at the hand of her husband and escaped a marriage of abuse with only her dignity intact. And she told me, "Never import other people's limitations."
Kada sam se prijavljivala za poslovnu školu i bila sigurna da ja to ne mogu i nitko koga sam poznavala nije to učinio otišla sam svojoj teti koju je muž godinama tukao i koja je pobjegla od zlostavljanja s netaknutim ponosom. Rekla mi je: "Nikad ne preuzimaj ograničenja ostalih".
And when I complained to my grandmother, a World War II veteran who worked in film for 50 years and who supported me from the age of 13, that I was terrified that if I turned down a plum assignment at ABC for a fellowship overseas, I would never ever, ever find another job, she said, "Kiddo, I'm going to tell you two things. First of all, no one turns down a Fulbright, and secondly, McDonald's is always hiring." (Laughter) "You will find a job. Take the leap."
Kada sam se žalila baki, veteranki Drugog svjetskog rata koja je radila u filmskoj industriji 50 god i koja me uzdržavala od moje 13. godine da me užasno strah da, ako odbijem važan posao u ABC-u radi stipendije u inozemstvu, nikada neću pronaći novi posao rekla je: "Mala, reći ću ti dvije stvari. Kao prvo, nitko ne odbija sudionike programa Fullbright, a kao drugo, McDonald's uvijek zapošljava". (Smijeh) "Pronaći ćeš posao. Učini to."
The women in my family are not exceptions. The women in this room and watching in L.A. and all around the world are not exceptions. We are not a special interest group. We are the majority. And for far too long, we have underestimated ourselves and been undervalued by others. It is time for us to aim higher when it comes to women, to invest more and to deploy our dollars to benefit women all around the world.
Žene u mojoj obitelji nisu iznimke. Žene u ovoj prostoriji i gledateljice u L.A.-u i diljem svijeta nisu iznimke. Mi nismo posebna interesna skupina. Mi smo većina. Predugo smo se podcjenjivale i dopuštale drugima da nas podcjenjuju. Vrijeme je da počnemo ciljati više što se tiče žena, ulagati više i koristiti svoj novac da bismo pomogli ženama diljem svijeta.
We can make a difference, and make a difference, not just for women, but for a global economy that desperately needs their contributions. Together we can make certain that the so-called exceptions begin to rule. When we change the way we see ourselves, others will follow. And it is time for all of us to think bigger.
Možemo uvesti promjene, uvesti promjene ne samo za žene, već za svjetsku ekonomiju koja očajnički treba njihov doprinos. Zajedno se možemo uvjeriti da takozvane iznimke počinju prevladavati. Kada promijenimo način na koji vidimo same sebe, ostali će se priključiti. Vrijeme je da svi mi počnemo ciljati više.
Thank you very much.
Mnogo vam hvala.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)