To be honest, by personality, I'm just not much of a crier. But I think in my career that's been a good thing. I'm a civil rights lawyer, and I've seen some horrible things in the world. I began my career working police abuse cases in the United States. And then in 1994, I was sent to Rwanda to be the director of the U.N.'s genocide investigation. It turns out that tears just aren't much help when you're trying to investigate a genocide. The things I had to see, and feel and touch were pretty unspeakable.
说实话,从性格上来讲, 我并不是一个容易流泪的人。 但考虑到我的职业, 能有这个性格是件好事。 我是一名民权律师, 我见过一些发生在 全球各地的可怕的事情。 我的第一份职业是在美国 处理警察滥用职权的案子。 后来,1994年,我被派往卢旺达, 领导联合国种族灭绝调查组。 我发现,当你调查 种族灭绝的惨案时, 泪水派不上多大用场。 那些我不得不面对的事实, 那些令我感触深刻的故事, 都难以名状。
What I can tell you is this: that the Rwandan genocide was one of the world's greatest failures of simple compassion. That word, compassion, actually comes from two Latin words: cum passio, which simply mean "to suffer with." And the things that I saw and experienced in Rwanda as I got up close to human suffering, it did, in moments, move me to tears. But I just wish that I, and the rest of the world, had been moved earlier. And not just to tears, but to actually stop the genocide.
我可以明确告诉你们的是: 卢旺达种族灭绝是 缺乏同情导致的 全世界最惨的惨案之一。 "同情"这个词 来源于两个拉丁词汇: cum和passio, 其含义是"同甘苦"。 目睹卢旺达的惨案, 我感受到了那里的 人们所承受的苦难, 这让我落下泪水。 我多么希望, 我,以及整个世界, 可以在一切发生前就投以同情。 不单单是落下同情的泪水, 更要切实阻止这场惨案。
Now by contrast, I've also been involved with one of the world's greatest successes of compassion. And that's the fight against global poverty. It's a cause that probably has involved all of us here. I don't know if your first introduction might have been choruses of "We Are the World," or maybe the picture of a sponsored child on your refrigerator door, or maybe the birthday you donated for fresh water. I don't really remember what my first introduction to poverty was but I do remember the most jarring.
与之对比,我也经历了 同情带来的最美好的硕果之一。 这就是全世界范围内 拯救贫困的运动。 这场运动或许 跟在座的每个人都相关。 我不知道是什么让 你们初次了解到世界贫困问题, 是"天下一家"这一合唱曲, 还是你们家冰箱门上贴着的 受到救济的儿童的照片, 还是你把过生日的钱拿去 捐给了水质净化项目? 我不记得是什么让我 第一次了解到贫困问题, 但我记得给我留下 最深刻印象的一次经历,
It was when I met Venus -- she's a mom from Zambia. She's got three kids and she's a widow. When I met her, she had walked about 12 miles in the only garments she owned, to come to the capital city and to share her story. She sat down with me for hours, just ushered me in to the world of poverty. She described what it was like when the coals on the cooking fire finally just went completely cold. When that last drop of cooking oil finally ran out. When the last of the food, despite her best efforts, ran out. She had to watch her youngest son, Peter, suffer from malnutrition, as his legs just slowly bowed into uselessness. As his eyes grew cloudy and dim. And then as Peter finally grew cold.
那一次我见到了Venus, 她是来自赞比亚的一位母亲, 她是一个遗孀,有三个孩子。 她走了大概12英里 才到了我们碰面的地方, 她穿着唯一的一套衣服, 来到首都,向我讲述她的故事。 她坐着跟我聊了好几个小时, 让我深刻体会到了 贫穷世界究竟是何等模样。 她向我描述着一幅幅贫困的画面: 煮食炉火的煤烧尽、凉透, 最后一滴食用油消耗殆尽, 尽管她极力节衣缩食,依然耗尽了 最后一口食物。 她不得不眼睁睁地 看着小儿子 Peter 遭受营养不良的折磨, 他的双腿渐渐萎缩, 丧失了行走的能力。 他的眼睛变得黯淡无光, 直到最后,他的身子变冰冷了。
For over 50 years, stories like this have been moving us to compassion. We whose kids have plenty to eat. And we're moved not only to care about global poverty, but to actually try to do our part to stop the suffering. Now there's plenty of room for critique that we haven't done enough, and what it is that we've done hasn't been effective enough, but the truth is this: The fight against global poverty is probably the broadest, longest running manifestation of the human phenomenon of compassion in the history of our species. And so I'd like to share a pretty shattering insight that might forever change the way you think about that struggle.
过去的五十多年间, 这样的故事激起了我们的同情心, 同情那些吃不饱饭的孩子。 我们不只是在心里 默默关心全球贫困问题, 还尽了自己的一份力, 让贫困的人不再受苦受难。 有很多方面我们做的还不够, 我们做的很多事情效果还不够显著, 但事实是: 抗击世界贫困的运动很可能是 人类出于同情心而发起的 有史以来涉及范围最广, 持续时间最为长久的运动。 我会给你们分享一些我的见解, 或许会永远改变大家 对这场运动的认识。
But first, let me begin with what you probably already know. Thirty-five years ago, when I would have been graduating from high school, they told us that 40,000 kids every day died because of poverty. That number, today, is now down to 17,000. Way too many, of course, but it does mean that every year, there's eight million kids who don't have to die from poverty. Moreover, the number of people in our world who are living in extreme poverty, which is defined as living off about a dollar and a quarter a day, that has fallen from 50 percent, to only 15 percent. This is massive progress, and this exceeds everybody's expectations about what is possible. And I think you and I, I think, honestly, that we can feel proud and encouraged to see the way that compassion actually has the power to succeed in stopping the suffering of millions.
但首先,我来谈一下你们大多 已经知道的一些事实。 35年前,我快要从高中毕业的时候, 有数据表明每天有 四万个儿童死于饥饿。 今天,这个数字下降到一万七千。 当然,还是很多, 但这确实表明, 每年都有八百万名儿童 不会因饥饿而离开这个世界。 而且,全世界生活在 极度贫困状态的人数 ——极度贫困的定义是 每天用于糊口的钱不超过1.25美金—— 已经从世界人口的50% 下降到只有15%。 这是卓越的进步, 超出了所有人的预期。 我认为我们所有人, 说实话, 我们应当为此而感到自豪, 能够见证同情迸发出的力量 如何解救了数以百万计的人们。
But here's the part that you might not hear very much about. If you move that poverty mark just up to two dollars a day, it turns out that virtually the same two billion people who were stuck in that harsh poverty when I was in high school, are still stuck there, 35 years later.
但后面这个数据 你们可能没听说过。 如果把贫困线稍稍上移, 设为一天2美金, 你就会发现世界上仍然有20亿人 生活在极度贫困的状态下, 我上高中时有这么多人, 35年后的今天依然是。
So why, why are so many billions still stuck in such harsh poverty? Well, let's think about Venus for a moment. Now for decades, my wife and I have been moved by common compassion to sponsor kids, to fund microloans, to support generous levels of foreign aid. But until I had actually talked to Venus, I would have had no idea that none of those approaches actually addressed why she had to watch her son die. "We were doing fine," Venus told me, "until Brutus started to cause trouble." Now, Brutus is Venus' neighbor and "cause trouble" is what happened the day after Venus' husband died, when Brutus just came and threw Venus and the kids out of the house, stole all their land, and robbed their market stall. You see, Venus was thrown into destitution by violence.
为什么呢?为什么有好几十亿人 深陷贫困的深渊? 让我们再回到Venus的故事。 数十年来,我的夫人和我出于同情 帮助孩子,资助小额贷款, 慷慨地支持国外援救行动。 但直到我亲身跟Venus攀谈后, 我才知道以前所做的一切 都没有切中要害, 以致于她不得不眼睁睁地 看着她的孩子死去。 “本来我们过得挺好,” Venus告诉我, ”直到Brutus开始惹麻烦。“ Brutus是Venus的邻居, ”惹麻烦“是指 Venus丈夫去世后的第二天, Brutus将Venus 和她的孩子们赶出了家门, 掠去了所有的土地, 抢走了值钱的东西。 是暴力让Venus陷入贫困。
And then it occurred to me, of course, that none of my child sponsorships, none of the microloans, none of the traditional anti-poverty programs were going to stop Brutus, because they weren't meant to.
这让我突然间意识到, 我的儿童资助、小额贷款、 传统的抗击贫困的运动, 都无法阻止Brutus, 因为所做的一切都没切中要害。
This became even more clear to me when I met Griselda. She's a marvelous young girl living in a very poor community in Guatemala. And one of the things we've learned over the years is that perhaps the most powerful thing that Griselda and her family can do to get Griselda and her family out of poverty is to make sure that she goes to school. The experts call this the Girl Effect. But when we met Griselda, she wasn't going to school. In fact, she was rarely ever leaving her home.
当我遇到Griselda后, 我更加清晰地意识到这个问题。 她是一个美丽的年轻女子, 住在危地马拉 一个贫困不堪的社区。 根据我们过去的经验, 我们认为让Griselda和她的家庭 走出贫困的最有效的办法, 或许就是确保 Griselda能够完成学业。 专家称之为“女孩效应”。 但当我们遇到Griselda时, 她并没有上学。 事实上,她几乎走不出家门。
Days before we met her, while she was walking home from church with her family, in broad daylight, men from her community just snatched her off the street, and violently raped her. See, Griselda had every opportunity to go to school, it just wasn't safe for her to get there. And Griselda's not the only one. Around the world, poor women and girls between the ages of 15 and 44, they are -- when victims of the everyday violence of domestic abuse and sexual violence -- those two forms of violence account for more death and disability than malaria, than car accidents, than war combined. The truth is, the poor of our world are trapped in whole systems of violence.
在我们遇见她的几天前, 当她离开教堂, 跟家人走在回家的路上时, 光天化日之下, 她所在社区的几个男人 把她从街道上拉走, 强暴了她。 所以,Griselda并不缺少上学的机会, 只是上学的路上太不安全了。 Griselda并不是唯一 面临这个问题的孩子。 全世界,在15到44岁之间的 贫困的妇女和女孩中, 因日常家庭暴力和性暴力侵犯 而丧生或残疾的人数 要超过因疟疾、交通事故、战争 而死亡或残疾的妇女数量之和。 真相是,全世界的穷人 都深陷暴力的牢笼。
In South Asia, for instance, I could drive past this rice mill and see this man hoisting these 100-pound sacks of rice upon his thin back. But I would have no idea, until later, that he was actually a slave, held by violence in that rice mill since I was in high school. Decades of anti-poverty programs right in his community were never able to rescue him or any of the hundred other slaves from the beatings and the rapes and the torture of violence inside the rice mill. In fact, half a century of anti-poverty programs have left more poor people in slavery than in any other time in human history.
比如说,在南亚, 我开车驶过一片稻田, 看到这个男人用他瘦弱的后背 驼着100磅重的米袋。 但当时我根本就没想到, 他原来是一个奴隶, 在我上着高中时, 他就被迫碾米作坊劳作。 数十年来,他所在社区的 抗击贫困的运动 都没能解救他, 也没能解救作坊中其他 遭受殴打、强暴、酷刑的 百余名奴隶。 事实上,相对于 人类历史上其他任何时刻, 近半世纪以来的抗击贫困的运动, 让人类历史上沦为奴隶的人数达到了顶峰。
Experts tell us that there's about 35 million people in slavery today. That's about the population of the entire nation of Canada, where we're sitting today. This is why, over time, I have come to call this epidemic of violence the Locust Effect. Because in the lives of the poor, it just descends like a plague and it destroys everything. In fact, now when you survey very, very poor communities, residents will tell you that their greatest fear is violence. But notice the violence that they fear is not the violence of genocide or the wars, it's everyday violence.
专家告诉我们, 世界上目前大概有三千五百万奴隶。 这大概相当于加拿大 整个国家人口的数量, 这就是目前的状况。 这就是为什么, 我将这遍布的暴力称之为 “蝗虫效应”。 因为,穷人们就像 遭受了一场瘟疫般, 家庭支离破碎,生活惨不忍睹。 事实上,如今当你跟 那些极度贫困的社区居民交流时, 他们会告诉你 他们最大的恐惧,就是暴力。 注意,他们恐惧的暴力 不是种族灭绝或战争, 而是日常暴力。
So for me, as a lawyer, of course, my first reaction was to think, well, of course we've got to change all the laws. We've got to make all this violence against the poor illegal. But then I found out, it already is. The problem is not that the poor don't get laws, it's that they don't get law enforcement. In the developing world, basic law enforcement systems are so broken that recently the U.N. issued a report that found that "most poor people live outside the protection of the law." Now honestly, you and I have just about no idea of what that would mean because we have no first-hand experience of it. Functioning law enforcement for us is just a total assumption. In fact, nothing expresses that assumption more clearly than three simple numbers: 9-1-1, which, of course, is the number for the emergency police operator here in Canada and in the United States, where the average response time to a police 911 emergency call is about 10 minutes. So we take this just completely for granted.
因此,对我而言,作为一个律师, 我的第一个反应理所当然是, 我们必须要修正法律。 我们必须以法律作为武器 严惩暴力行为。 但我随即发现, 相关法律条文已经有了。 问题不在于 没有保护穷人的法律条文, 而在于法律得不到实施。 在发展中国家, 践行法律的机构系统腐朽不堪, 联合国最近的报告显示, ”绝大多数穷人 得不到法律保障。“ 说实话,你我都想象不到, 没有法律保障意味着什么, 因为我们都没有切身体会过。 在我们心目中, 法律的践行完全是理所当然的, 事实上,给我们吃定心丸的 就是那三个数字: 911, 不用说,这就是加拿大和美国 通用的紧急报警号码, 拨打911的警方平均响应时间 大概是10分钟。 我们认为这完全是理所当然的。
But what if there was no law enforcement to protect you? A woman in Oregon recently experienced what this would be like. She was home alone in her dark house on a Saturday night, when a man started to tear his way into her home. This was her worst nightmare, because this man had actually put her in the hospital from an assault just two weeks before. So terrified, she picks up that phone and does what any of us would do: She calls 911 -- but only to learn that because of budget cuts in her county, law enforcement wasn't available on the weekends. Listen. Dispatcher: I don't have anybody to send out there. Woman: OK Dispatcher: Um, obviously if he comes inside the residence and assaults you, can you ask him to go away? Or do you know if he is intoxicated or anything? Woman: I've already asked him. I've already told him I was calling you. He's broken in before, busted down my door, assaulted me. Dispatcher: Uh-huh. Woman: Um, yeah, so ... Dispatcher: Is there any way you could safely leave the residence? Woman: No, I can't, because he's blocking pretty much my only way out. Dispatcher: Well, the only thing I can do is give you some advice, and call the sheriff's office tomorrow. Obviously, if he comes in and unfortunately has a weapon or is trying to cause you physical harm, that's a different story. You know, the sheriff's office doesn't work up there. I don't have anybody to send."
但是,如果没有法律保护你, 会发生什么? 俄勒冈州的一名女子 最近就有过这样的切身经历。 在一个周六的夜晚, 她独自呆在灯光昏暗的家中, 此时一名男子试图撬门而入。 这是她一段噩梦般的经历, 因为就在两周前, 这个男子袭击了她, 让她受伤住进了医院。 惊慌失措中,她拿起电话, 像所有人都会做的那样: 她拨打了911—— 但却发现她所在的郡县为节约资金, 周末并不提供警力援助。 请听。 话务员:这边没有人可以过去。 女子:好吧。 话务员:嗯, 如果他要闯入你家侵犯你, 你能跟他说,让他走吗? 或者,你知道他是不是 喝醉了之类的吗? 女子:我已经跟他说不要进来了。 我已经告诉他我拨911了。 以前他就闯入过我家,侵犯了我。 话务员:呃,嗯。 女子:呃,这样,那么...... 话务员:你有没有办法 安全地逃出家门? 女子:没有,没办法, 因为他堵在我唯一的出口。 话务员:好吧,我唯一能做的 就是给你一些建议, 明天我会报告给警官。 当然,如果他闯进来,还拿着武器, 或试图给你造成身体伤害, 那就是另一回事了。 你也知道,警局今天休息, 我没法派人去救你。“
Gary Haugen: Tragically, the woman inside that house was violently assaulted, choked and raped because this is what it means to live outside the rule of law. And this is where billions of our poorest live. What does that look like? In Bolivia, for example, if a man sexually assaults a poor child, statistically, he's at greater risk of slipping in the shower and dying than he is of ever going to jail for that crime. In South Asia, if you enslave a poor person, you're at greater risk of being struck by lightning than ever being sent to jail for that crime. And so the epidemic of everyday violence, it just rages on. And it devastates our efforts to try to help billions of people out of their two-dollar-a-day hell. Because the data just doesn't lie. It turns out that you can give all manner of goods and services to the poor, but if you don't restrain the hands of the violent bullies from taking it all away, you're going to be very disappointed in the long-term impact of your efforts.
不幸的是,这名女子在自己家里 被残暴地殴打,窒息,强奸, 这就是生活在法律保障之外的情形。 这就是数十亿穷人所生活的环境。 具体是什么样的呢? 比如,在玻利维亚,如果一个男人 对一个穷人家的孩子性骚扰, 从统计数字来看,他被逮捕的概率 还没有洗澡跌倒致死的概率高。 在南非,如果你奴役一个穷人, 你更可能遭到雷劈, 而不是被逮捕。 日常暴力如瘟疫般席卷着穷人的世界。 这让我们为帮助 数十亿穷人脱离贫困线 所付出的一切努力化为泡影。 因为数据不会说谎。 你可以倾尽所有,为穷人提供 救济品和服务设施, 但如果你不遏制抢走 这一切的暴徒, 你所付出的努力会让你失望透顶。
So you would think that the disintegration of basic law enforcement in the developing world would be a huge priority for the global fight against poverty. But it's not. Auditors of international assistance recently couldn't find even one percent of aid going to protect the poor from the lawless chaos of everyday violence. And honestly, when we do talk about violence against the poor, sometimes it's in the weirdest of ways. A fresh water organization tells a heart-wrenching story of girls who are raped on the way to fetching water, and then celebrates the solution of a new well that drastically shortens their walk. End of story. But not a word about the rapists who are still right there in the community. If a young woman on one of our college campuses was raped on her walk to the library, we would never celebrate the solution of moving the library closer to the dorm. And yet, for some reason, this is okay for poor people.
因此,你们会觉得抗击 全球贫困的头等要事 是解决发展中国家最基本的 法律实施问题。 但并不是这样的。 国际援助的审查者发现, 穷人的援助金中, 用在帮助穷人逃脱暴力方面的部分 连百分之一都不到。 当我们谈论穷人面对的暴力问题时, 状况却奇怪得让人匪夷所思。 一个纯净水援助组织 先是讲述了一个揪心的故事, 女孩们在打水的路上遭到强暴, 然后便为在她们家附近修建了水井, 解决了她们长途取水的问题 而沾沾自喜。 一切就这样到此为止了。 压根儿就没有提到 活跃在她们社区的暴力分子。 如果我们这有一个女大学生 在去图书馆的路上遭人强暴, 我们绝对不会赞扬 将图书馆移到宿舍附近的解决办法。 但是出于某种原因,对于穷人而言, 这种办法却是可行的。
Now the truth is, the traditional experts in economic development and poverty alleviation, they don't know how to fix this problem. And so what happens? They don't talk about it. But the more fundamental reason that law enforcement for the poor in the developing world is so neglected, is because the people inside the developing world, with money, don't need it. I was at the World Economic Forum not long ago talking to corporate executives who have massive businesses in the developing world and I was just asking them, "How do you guys protect all your people and property from all the violence?" And they looked at each other, and they said, practically in unison, "We buy it."
事实上, 传统的发展经济和抗击贫困的专家 并不知道如何解决这个问题。 那要怎么办呢? 他们只好对此保持沉默。 但发展中国家的穷人 得不到法律援助的现状 如此遭人冷落, 其更深层次的原因在于, 发展中国家的富人们 根本不需要法律援助。 不久之前,在一个世界经济论坛上, 我与几位跟发展中国家 有广泛商业往来的高管们交谈, 我问他们, “你们这些人怎么 保护家人和财产不受侵害?” 他们面面相觑,几乎异口同声地说, “我们拿钱买保障。”
Indeed, private security forces in the developing world are now, four, five and seven times larger than the public police force. In Africa, the largest employer on the continent now is private security. But see, the rich can pay for safety and can keep getting richer, but the poor can't pay for it and they're left totally unprotected and they keep getting thrown to the ground.
事实上,发展中国家私人保卫力量 是公共警力的 五倍、六倍,甚至八倍。 在非洲这片大陆上, 目前最大的生意就是私人警卫。 富人可以用金钱买来安全, 并能不断积累财富, 但穷人买不起, 只能深陷在危险的环境中, 这种情况愈演愈烈。
This is a massive and scandalous outrage. And it doesn't have to be this way. Broken law enforcement can be fixed. Violence can be stopped. Almost all criminal justice systems, they start out broken and corrupt, but they can be transformed by fierce effort and commitment.
这种无处不在的丑闻 简直让我怒不可遏。 事实完全不必这样发展下去。 腐朽的法律实施系统可以修复。 暴力可以被停止。 几乎所有惩治罪犯的系统, 起初都难免会有漏洞和腐败, 但不懈的努力和坚定的决心 可以让系统走向完善。
The path forward is really pretty clear. Number one: We have to start making stopping violence indispensable to the fight against poverty. In fact, any conversation about global poverty that doesn't include the problem of violence must be deemed not serious.
前方要走的路非常清晰。 第一,我们必须让抗击暴力 成为抗击贫困斗争中 不可缺少的一部分。 事实上,如果在谈论贫困时 不涉及暴力问题, 那必然就没有抓住问题的实质。
And secondly, we have to begin to seriously invest resources and share expertise to support the developing world as they fashion new, public systems of justice, not private security, that give everybody a chance to be safe. These transformations are actually possible and they're happening today. Recently, the Gates Foundation funded a project in the second largest city of the Philippines, where local advocates and local law enforcement were able to transform corrupt police and broken courts so drastically, that in just four short years, they were able to measurably reduce the commercial sexual violence against poor kids by 79 percent.
其次,我们必须大力 提供资源和专家援助, 为发展中国家建立新的公共保障系统, 而不是私人保卫, 这样才会尽可能保障每个人的安全。 这种转变是切实可行的, 并且已经在进行中了。 最近,盖茨基金会资助了 在菲律宾第二大城市的一个项目, 当地的积极分子和法律工作者 成功地改革了腐败的执法系统和 不作为的法院, 在短短的四年间, 针对贫穷儿童的 性暴力事件就有效地减少了79%。
You know, from the hindsight of history, what's always most inexplicable and inexcusable are the simple failures of compassion. Because I think history convenes a tribunal of our grandchildren and they just ask us, "Grandma, Grandpa, where were you? Where were you, Grandpa, when the Jews were fleeing Nazi Germany and were being rejected from our shores? Where were you? And Grandma, where were you when they were marching our Japanese-American neighbors off to internment camps? And Grandpa, where were you when they were beating our African-American neighbors just because they were trying to register to vote?" Likewise, when our grandchildren ask us, "Grandma, Grandpa, where were you when two billion of the world's poorest were drowning in a lawless chaos of everyday violence?" I hope we can say that we had compassion, that we raised our voice, and as a generation, we were moved to make the violence stop.
有了前车之鉴, 最说不过去、最令人无法容忍的事实 就是同情心的丧失。 因为,历史之镜会照出我们的良心, 我们的子孙后代会质问我们, “爷爷奶奶,你们那时在干什么? 爷爷,当犹太人逃离纳粹德国, 却在我们的海岸线遭到拒绝时, 您在哪儿? 奶奶,当他们践踏日裔美国人, 将他们关押起来时,您在哪儿? 爷爷,当那些非洲裔美国人 只是因为想要获得投票权 而遭到殴打时,您在哪儿?” 诸如此类,当我们的孙辈问我们, “爷爷,奶奶, 当世界上最穷的二十亿人遭受日常暴力 却得不到法律保障时, 您在哪儿?” 我希望我们可以回答说: 我们赋予了同情心、发出了呼吁, 我们这一代人都为之动容, 也尽力去制止了暴力行为。
Thank you very much.
非常感谢。
(Applause)
(掌声)
Chris Anderson: Really powerfully argued. Talk to us a bit about some of the things that have actually been happening to, for example, boost police training. How hard a process is that? GH: Well, one of the glorious things that's starting to happen now is that the collapse of these systems and the consequences are becoming obvious. There's actually, now, political will to do that. But it just requires now an investment of resources and transfer of expertise. There's a political will struggle that's going to take place as well, but those are winnable fights, because we've done some examples around the world at International Justice Mission that are very encouraging.
Chris Anderson: 这真是个震撼人心的演讲。 告诉我们一些 正在开展的行动吧, 比如,警力的训练。 这样的过程有多难? GH: 现在正在进行的 最令人赞叹的事情之一就是 这些体系的坍塌及其 后果已浮出水面, 政客们正着力解决。 但现在正需要资源和专业技能的投入。 政治上也会有些阻力, 但这些都是可以解决的, 因为全世界范围内已有先例, 比如“国际正义行动”就很鼓舞人心。
CA: So just tell us in one country, how much it costs to make a material difference to police, for example -- I know that's only one piece of it. GH: In Guatemala, for instance, we've started a project there with the local police and court system, prosecutors, to retrain them so that they can actually effectively bring these cases. And we've seen prosecutions against perpetrators of sexual violence increase by more than 1,000 percent. This project has been very modestly funded at about a million dollars a year, and the kind of bang you can get for your buck in terms of leveraging a criminal justice system that could function if it were properly trained and motivated and led, and these countries, especially a middle class that is seeing that there's really no future with this total instability and total privatization of security I think there's an opportunity, a window for change.
CA: 告诉我们,在一个国家, 比如,要彻底革新警力系统, 需要多少投入—— 我知道这只是其中一小部分。 GH: 比如在危地马拉, 我们开展了一项运动, 训练当地的警力、司法系统和检察官, 提升他们的执行能力, 以有效地将罪犯绳之以法。 我们已经得知, 此后对性暴力罪犯的诉讼 增加了十倍之多。 这项运动所需的资金 大概是每年一百万美金, 从中得到的丰硕的回报就是, 如果可以训练出一只强大的队伍, 激励并有效地引领他们, 打击罪犯、维护正义的体系 就可以高效地运作起来, 在这些国家,尤其是中产阶层 过去看到这不安定的局势、 完全私人化的警力时是多么无助, 但我认为现在已经有了 去改变这一现状的机会了。
CA: But to make this happen, you have to look at each part in the chain -- the police, who else? GH: So that's the thing about law enforcement, it starts out with the police, they're the front end of the pipeline of justice, but they hand if off to the prosecutors, and the prosecutors hand it off to the courts, and the survivors of violence have to be supported by social services all the way through that. So you have to do an approach that pulls that all together. In the past, there's been a little bit of training of the courts, but they get crappy evidence from the police, or a little police intervention that has to do with narcotics or terrorism but nothing to do with treating the common poor person with excellent law enforcement, so it's about pulling that all together, and you can actually have people in very poor communities experience law enforcement like us, which is imperfect in our own experience, for sure, but boy, is it a great thing to sense that you can call 911 and maybe someone will protect you.
CA: 要让这成为现实, 你需要关注整条链上的每一个环节—— 警方,还有呢? GH: 关于法律的实施, 从警方开始, 他们维护正义,奋斗在前线, 他们将罪犯送到检察官手里, 检察官再将罪犯送上法庭, 惨遭暴力的幸存者始终都需要 得到社会的保障与支持。 所以你需要做的就是 把这几方面结合在一起。 过去,对法院的培训很少, 法院只能从警方得到蹩脚的证据, 姑且不说这对惩治毒贩 和恐怖分子有多少帮助, 他们在建立完善的法律实施体系来 保障广大穷人的利益方面 几乎没有任何作为, 因此,我们需要把 每一个环节有机地结合起来, 让那些生活在贫困中的人们 像我们一样 得到法律的切实保障, 或许我们还对身边的问题满腹牢骚, 但是当你知道只要拨打911, 就会有人来保护你了, 是多么的不容易。
CA: Gary, I think you've done a spectacular job of bringing this to the world's attention in your book and right here today.
CA: Gary, 你太了不起了, 通过你的书还有今天的演讲, 你会让全世界都开始关注这个问题。
Thanks so much.
非常感谢,
Gary Haugen.
Gary Haugen。
(Applause)
(掌声)