Five years ago, I was on this stage to talk about the relationships between humans and machines. Today, I'm here to talk only about the relationships between humans.
五年前, 我曾經站在這個舞台上, 談人類和機器之間的關係。 今天我在這裡, 只談人類之間的關係。
I regularly say in my lectures on artificial intelligence that humans will always have a monopoly on evil. It's not a threat, just a reminder that people choose. We are not algorithms. We are not bound by code or commandments or laws or treaties. We have them. But we choose.
在我談人工智慧的講座上,我常說, 邪惡永遠會是人類獨有的專利。 我不是在做威脅, 我只是要提醒人們做選擇。 我們不是演算法, 我們不會被規則、命令、 法則、協議給束縛。 這些我們都有, 但我們會選擇。
So let us talk now about the choices we make. About things in black and white. About Russia's war on Ukraine. And about good and evil.
那麼,現在讓我們來談談 我們做的選擇, 談談黑白分明的事, 談談俄羅斯對烏克蘭發動的戰爭, 也談談善惡。
My life experience prepared me to identify evil at an early age. Not my life as the chess player. Not even as the youngest world champion in history. No. My relevant experience is where I was born and raised, in what Ronald Reagan accurately called the “evil empire,” the USSR. As a young star in the chess-crazed Soviet Union in the ’70s and ’80s, I had many privileges my compatriots did not. I could travel to the West outside of the Iron Curtain, where it was obvious to me very quickly that they were the free world and we were not, despite what communist propaganda told us.
我的人生經歷讓我在年輕時 就能辨識邪惡。 我指的不是我身為西洋棋手的人生, 甚至也不是指我身為 史上最年輕世界冠軍的人生。 不,我相關的經歷 來自我出生和成長的地方, 雷根總統精確地稱為「邪惡帝國」, 就是蘇聯。 在對西洋棋有所狂熱的蘇聯, 我在一九七○、八○年代是個新星, 我擁有我同胞所沒有的許多特權: 我可以到鐵幕之外的西方, 在那裡我很快就明顯看出, 他們才是自由世界,我們不是, 儘管這和共產黨宣傳 告訴我們的不同。
I eventually got into trouble for sharing these views. What late American civil rights hero and Congressman John Lewis would have called “good trouble.” My criticism of the Soviet system and my praise for America was bad enough. But it was even worse because where it was published. [“Playboy” Interview: Garry Kasparov]
我後來因為分享這些觀點惹上麻煩, 已故的美國民權英雄及國會議員 約翰‧路易斯會說是「好的麻煩」。 我對蘇聯體制的批評 以及對美國的讚揚已經夠糟了, 但刊登的管道還讓這一切火上加油。 [《花花公子》訪談: 加里‧卡斯帕洛夫](笑聲)
(Laughter)
My comments were almost as [much of] a scandal as Soviet movie star Natalya Negoda’s nude photos in “Playboy” in the same year. I felt I had to speak out to use my fame to push the envelope of free speech in Gorbachev's collapsing empire. The next year, in October 1990, in my world championship match against Anatoly Karpov in New York City, I refused to play under Soviet hammer and sickle and demanded to play under Russian flag. The USSR staggered on for another year until it disintegrated on Christmas Day, 1991.
我的評論幾乎可說是個醜聞, 不輸給蘇聯影星娜塔莉亞‧內格達 同年在《花花公子》上的裸照。 我覺得我得公開發聲, 用我的名氣在戈巴契夫崩壞中的帝國 盡力推動言論自由的發展。 隔年, 1990 年 10 月, 世界冠軍賽在紐約舉辦, 我對上阿納托利‧卡爾波夫, 我拒絕在蘇聯國旗之下比賽, 而是要求使用俄羅斯國旗。 蘇聯又再苟延殘喘了一年, 最終在 1991 年的聖誕節解體。
Oh, what a great moment in world history. How we celebrated, the evil empire had fallen, the future looked bright. And yet, eight years later, on December 31, 1999, a former lieutenant colonel of the KGB became the president of Russia. His name was Vladimir Putin. How this happened is a long, painful story. And in fact, I wrote a book about it in 2015 called "Winter is Coming." Not an original title, I have to admit.
喔,那是世界史上多麼偉大的時刻。 我們大肆慶祝, 邪惡帝國隕落,未來看來一片光明。 但是八年後,1999 年 12 月 31 日, 前國家安全委員會 KGB 中校 當上了俄羅斯的總統, 他叫做弗拉迪米爾‧普丁。 這件事的發生 是一個又長又痛苦的故事。 事實上,我在 2015 年 還為此寫了《凜冬將至》一書。 我承認,這不是原創的書名,
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
But I'm a fan of "Game of Thrones."
但我是《權力遊戲》迷,
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
And also I felt it was appropriate because it was a warning. The subtitle was more important: "Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped." The publisher, by the way, didn't like it. "Enemies." It's too harsh. Sounded like Cold War.
而且我也覺得很適合, 因為它是一種警告。 副標題更重要: 《為什麼必須要阻止 普丁和自由世界的敵人》。 順道一提,出版商不太喜歡。 「敵人」,太嚴厲了, 聽起來像冷戰。 「正是,」我說: 「凜冬將至,所以冷戰啊。」
"Absolutely," I said. "Cold War because winter is coming."
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
Well, here we are, seven years later. And if I wrote a sequel, it would be called “Winter Is Here.” And the subtitle would be "I Bleeping Told You So."
現在我們到了十七年後, 如果我要寫續集, 會叫做《凜冬已至》。 而副標題會叫做 《我他 X 的告訴過你了》。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
Actually, my first article of warning was published in “The Wall Street Journal” on January 4, 2001. I saw evil because I heard evil. Putin was telling us what he was. All we had to do was listen. When Putin said that there was no such thing as a former KGB agent, I knew Russia's fragile democracy was in danger. When Putin said that the collapse of the Soviet Union was the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the 20th century, I knew Russia’s newly independent neighbors were at risk. And when Putin talked at the Munich Security Conference in 2007 about a return to spheres of influence, I knew he was ready to launch his plan. It was the language from the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939. The language Hitler and Stalin used to divide Europe. And a year later, in 2008, Putin invaded the Republic of Georgia. 2014, Ukraine.
事實上,我第一篇示警的文章 刊載在 2001 年 1 月 4 日的 《華爾街日報》上。 我能看到邪惡, 是因為我聽到了邪惡。 普丁一直告訴我們他的為人, 我們需要做的只有:聽。 當普丁說,沒有什麼前 KGB 特務, 我就知道, 俄羅斯脆弱的民主有危險了; 當普丁說, 蘇聯解體是二十世紀 最大的地緣政治災難, 我就知道, 俄羅斯那些剛獨立的鄰國有危險了; 當普丁在 2007 年的 慕尼黑安全會議上 談到返回勢力範圍時, 我就知道他準備好發動他的計畫了。 那個說辭來自於 1939 年《德蘇互不侵犯條約》, 希特勒和史達林 用來瓜分歐洲的說辭。 一年後,2008 年, 普丁入侵喬治亞。 2014 年,烏克蘭。
It's a paradox, isn't it? Dictators lie about everything they have done, but often they tell us exactly what they're going to do. Just listen. Anyone who is surprised at Putin's war crimes in Ukraine must not be aware about his long record, beginning with the Second Chechen War in Grozny more than two decades ago. Vladimir Putin has been a war criminal from the start.
很矛盾,不是嗎? 獨裁者對他們曾經 做過的一切都會說謊, 但他們通常會明確告訴我們 他們將要做什麼, 去聽就知道了。 如果你對於普丁在烏克蘭 所犯下的戰爭罪感到驚訝, 那你一定不知道他罄竹難書的罪行, 從二十多年前格羅茲尼的 第二次車臣戰爭開始。 打從一開始,普丁就是個戰犯。
So in 2005, still being ranked number one, I retired from professional chess to form a pro-democracy, anti-Putin movement in Russia. As you could see, it didn't go so well. But it was not about winning or losing. I knew it was my moral duty in keeping with the slogan of Soviet dissidents: "Do what you must and so be it." Ah, my friends and critics both kept telling me, "Gary, you are a chess player, you're not a politician. This is not chess. You see everything in black and white. Politics are gray. You have to compromise." Really? Those who peacefully marched with me for free Russia are either in exile, like me. Or in jail, like Alexei Navalny. Or even murdered like Boris Nemtsov.
2005 年,我仍排名世界第一, 但我決定從職業西洋棋界退休, 在俄羅斯組織一場 支持民主、反對普丁的運動。 各位可以看到,運動並不順利。 但重點不是輸贏, 我知道我有道德責任 去遵循蘇聯異見人士的標語: 「做好本分,順其自然。」 我的朋友和批評我的人 都一直告訴我: 「加里,你是棋手,你不是政治家。 這不是西洋棋, 你看待一切都黑白分明, 但政治是灰色的, 你得妥協。」 真的嗎? 和我一起為了自由的俄羅斯 而和平遊行的那些人, 若不是像我一樣被放逐, 就是像阿列克謝‧納瓦尼 一樣在坐牢, 甚至是像鮑里斯‧涅姆佐夫 一樣被謀殺。
Compromise? Not black and white? Are you sure? Compromise with this? You cannot look at the images from Ukraine in recent weeks and say there is no pure evil. Mariupol destroyed, Bucha slaughtered, Kramatorsk train station massacred. And worse is yet to come.
妥協? 不黑白分明? 你確定嗎? 和這個妥協? 你不可能看著 最近幾週烏克蘭的照片, 還說沒有純粹的邪惡! 馬里烏波爾的毀壞、布查的殺戮、 克拉莫托斯克火車站的大屠殺, 而且更糟的還沒到呢。
And these horrors are not from Poland in 1945. Not from Rwanda in 1994. Not Aleppo 2016. This is Europe this week. How could this happen? How did we forget what evil can do? We have lost the generation that saw World War II firsthand. Otherwise we reserve absolute evil for fiction.
這些恐怖的事件 並非來自 1945 年的波蘭, 並非來自 1994 年的盧安達, 並非來自 2016 年的阿勒坡, 這是這週的歐洲。 這種事怎麼能發生? 我們怎麼會忘記邪惡會做出什麼? 親眼目睹二戰的世代已經離開人世, 我們反而把絕對的邪惡留在小說中。
In fables, they believe in true evil. Good is harder to define. There is no pure good. If anyone says they know what pure good is, it's probably evil.
寓言故事中有真正的邪惡。 善卻很難定義, 世上沒有純粹的善。 如果有人說他知道純粹的善是什麼, 他很可能就是邪惡的。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
In fantasy tales of hobbits and elves and dwarves, there was an idea that good comes in different forms and shapes, often in conflict. But they had to be united when facing absolute evil. Good will disagree. Evil says, "No more disagreements ever." That was life in real Mordor, the Soviet Union. That's what Putin wants for Russia and the world.
在哈比人、精靈、矮人的 奇幻故事中, 有個想法是: 善會有不同的形式和樣貌, 通常會有衝突, 但在面對絕對的邪惡時, 他們必須要團結起來。 善,就會意見不一; 邪惡才會說:「再也沒有歧見了。」 那就是真實的魔多——蘇聯的生活, 那就是普丁對俄羅斯及世界的期望。
We celebrated the end of the Cold War, but for too long, we forgot that evil doesn’t die. It can be buried for a while under the rubble of the Berlin Wall, but it grows back through the cracks of our apathy.
我們慶祝冷戰結束, 但慶祝得太久了, 我們忘了邪惡不會消失。 它可以被深埋在柏林圍牆的 瓦礫堆下好一陣子, 但它會透過我們 懈怠的縫隙再次成長。
We called it diplomacy when Putin was embraced by the leaders of the free world as equal despite his crimes. We called it engagement when we bought trillions of dollars in Russian oil and gas, money that built Putin's police state and his war machine. Let us call these things what they are: it was appeasement, it was collaboration.
我們用「外交」來形容 自由世界的領導人對普丁張開雙臂, 與他平等交流,不顧他的罪行; 我們用「往來」來形容 我們花數兆美金向俄羅斯 購買石油和天然氣, 這些錢被用來建造 普丁的警察國家和戰爭機器。 我們就直呼其名吧: 那就是姑息,那就是合作。
These days, we prefer to focus on domestic issues. We argue about the past, we fantasize about the future while ignoring the present.
這陣子,我們比較想 把焦點放在國內的議題上。 我們爭論過去,幻想未來; 可是, 卻忽略了現在。
Once the move is made you cannot change it. Acknowledge the wrongdoings of the past, but do not pretend it can be fixed. It's the present that must be fixed. The heroes of the past were far from perfect. But the world we live in is better because of them. We too cannot be perfect. But we must always try to be better.
走出一步棋之後, 你就不能改變它了。 承認過去犯下的錯誤, 但不要假裝過去可以修正, 要修正的是現在。 過去的英雄一點也不完美, 但他們讓我們的世界變得更好了。 我們也不可能是完美的, 但我們一定要一直嘗試做得更好。
As a chess player, I know that strategy is the future impact of present decisions. However grand our plans are for two, five, even ten moves ahead, it's the move that we make now that determines that future.
身為棋手, 我知道策略就是 現在的決策對未來的影響。 不論我們的計畫有多宏大, 算到兩步、五步甚至十步棋之後, 未來是由我們現在 要走的這一步棋所決定。
Ukraine is now on the front line of the war, global war of freedom against tyranny. The war the free world didn't want to admit existed. It cannot be ignored any longer.
烏克蘭現在在戰爭的前線, 自由對抗專制的全球戰爭。 自由世界不想承認這場戰爭的存在, 但不能再忽視它了。
Brave Ukrainians are fighting like hell and dying right now to remind us not to take liberty for granted. Putin, like every dictator before him, underestimated the free will of free people. They deserve every weapon, every resource to win this war. Because they're fighting for us. Not only for the whole and free Ukraine.
勇敢的烏克蘭人 現在正在賭上性命浴血奮戰, 提醒我們不要把自由視為理所當然。 普丁, 和他之前的所有獨裁者一樣, 低估了自由的人民追求自由的意志。 他們應該得到所有武器和資源 來打贏這場仗, 因為他們在為我們而戰, 不只是為了完整自由的烏克蘭。
Everyone who told me a decade ago I was wrong, now is telling I'm right. Unfortunately. But we're still repeating the same mistakes of thinking that we can muddle through without taking risks, without taking a stand. The price of stopping a dictator always goes up with every delay, every hesitation. Meeting evil halfway, it's still a victory for evil.
十年前說我錯的每一個人 現在都說我是對的, 這很不幸。 但我們仍然在重蹈覆轍, 認為我們可以混過去, 不用承擔風險,不用選擇立場。 阻止獨裁者的代價一定會 隨著每次拖延、猶豫而越來越高。 和邪惡達成妥協仍然算是邪惡獲勝。
Evil tempts us with our weakness, with our desire for comfort, being comfortable, cautious, rational, civilized. What kind of civilization [are we] fighting for, if we allow war crimes and genocide again? What kind of world are we leaving for our children and grandchildren if we only talk of the past and the future while ignoring murder and misery in the present?
邪惡會利用我們的弱點來誘惑我們, 利用我們對舒適的渴望, 利用我們對舒適、謹慎、 理性、愜意的渴望。 如果我們再次容許 戰爭罪和種族滅絕, 我們要為什麼樣的文明而戰? 我們會留給我們的子孫 什麼樣的世界, 如果我們只談過去和未來, 卻忽視現在的殺戮和不幸?
This is not chess. This is not a battle between opposite colors, but of opposite values. Freedom, life and love versus tyranny, death and hatred.
這不是西洋棋, 在交戰的不是不同的顏色, 而是相反的價值觀: 自由、生命、愛, 對抗專制、死亡、恨。
This is not chess. But sometimes things are black and white. Sometimes you have to fight for what you believe. Or you lose it.
這不是西洋棋, 但有時事情就是黑白分明。 有時,你得為信念而戰, 不然就會失去它。
This is not chess. There are no draws, no compromises in our battle with true evil. It's win or lose. And so we must fight. And so we must win. (Ukrainian) Slava Ukraini! Glory to Ukraine. Glory to freedom.
這不是西洋棋, 在我們對抗真正邪惡的戰爭中 是沒有平手和妥協的, 不是贏就是輸。 所以我們必須要挺身而戰, 所以我們必須要贏。 (烏克蘭語)榮光歸烏克蘭! 榮光歸烏克蘭, 榮光歸自由。
Thank you.
謝謝。
(Applause)
(掌聲)