Five years ago, I was on this stage to talk about the relationships between humans and machines. Today, I'm here to talk only about the relationships between humans.
五年前, 我在 TED 演讲台上 讨论人与机器的关系。 今天,我要谈谈人与人的关系。
I regularly say in my lectures on artificial intelligence that humans will always have a monopoly on evil. It's not a threat, just a reminder that people choose. We are not algorithms. We are not bound by code or commandments or laws or treaties. We have them. But we choose.
在提及 人工智能的演讲里, 我常说人类一直是万恶之源。 这并非危言耸听, 而是提醒人们有选择的能力。 我们并非算法。 我们不被代码、指令、 定律和条令所控。 我们有它们, 但我们有选择。
So let us talk now about the choices we make. About things in black and white. About Russia's war on Ukraine. And about good and evil.
来谈谈我们做出的选择吧。 谈谈黑与白。 谈谈俄乌战争。 谈谈善与恶。
My life experience prepared me to identify evil at an early age.
生活经验让我在很小的时候
Not my life as the chess player. Not even as the youngest world champion in history. No. My relevant experience is where I was born and raised, in what Ronald Reagan accurately called the “evil empire,” the USSR. As a young star in the chess-crazed Soviet Union in the ’70s and ’80s, I had many privileges my compatriots did not. I could travel to the West outside of the Iron Curtain, where it was obvious to me very quickly that they were the free world and we were not, despite what communist propaganda told us.
就知道什么是邪恶。 这儿的经验指的不是下国际象棋, 也不是成为最年轻的 国际象棋世界冠军。 不。 我指的是我出生 和长大的地方——苏联, 即罗纳德·里根 (第 40 任美国总统)所说的, “邪恶帝国”。 苏联 70、80 年代国际象棋风靡, 作为这时期的新星, 我有许多同胞们没有的特权。 可以去铁幕(指原东欧共产主义国家 与欧洲其他国家之间的分界线)之外的西方, 很快我意识到 不论苏联共产党怎么宣传 那儿的世界是自由的,苏联不是的。
I eventually got into trouble for sharing these views. What late American civil rights hero and Congressman John Lewis would have called “good trouble.” My criticism of the Soviet system and my praise for America was bad enough. But it was even worse because where it was published. [“Playboy” Interview: Garry Kasparov]
我最终因散播这种观点而惹上麻烦。 但这是约翰·刘易斯 (John Lewis)—— 美国民权英雄和国会议员 所说的“好的麻烦”。 我对苏联制度的批判 和对美国的赞扬已经够“糟”了, 但发表在这份杂志让情况更糟。 [《花花公子》采访: 加里·卡斯帕罗夫(讲者本人)]
(Laughter)
(笑声)
My comments were almost as [much of] a scandal
1989 年《花花公子》 展示了苏联影星
as Soviet movie star Natalya Negoda’s nude photos in “Playboy” in the same year. I felt I had to speak out to use my fame to push the envelope of free speech in Gorbachev's collapsing empire. The next year, in October 1990, in my world championship match against Anatoly Karpov in New York City, I refused to play under Soviet hammer and sickle and demanded to play under Russian flag. The USSR staggered on for another year until it disintegrated on Christmas Day, 1991.
纳塔利娅·内戈达 (Natalya Negoda)的裸照, 同年我的言论 也几乎成了同级别的丑闻。 在戈尔巴乔夫(最后一任 苏联总统)摇摇欲坠的帝国中, 我认为自己需要发声 来借我的声誉来推动言论自由。 下一年,即 1990 年 10 月, 在纽约和阿纳托利·卡尔波夫的 国际象棋世界冠军争夺赛中, 我拒绝作为苏联选手参赛, 并要求被视作俄罗斯棋手。 此后苏联又挣扎着存活了一年, 最终在 1991 年的圣诞解体。
Oh, what a great moment in world history. How we celebrated, the evil empire had fallen, the future looked bright. And yet, eight years later, on December 31, 1999, a former lieutenant colonel of the KGB became the president of Russia. His name was Vladimir Putin. How this happened is a long, painful story. And in fact, I wrote a book about it in 2015 called "Winter is Coming." Not an original title, I have to admit.
这是世界历史上如此伟大的时刻。 我们欢欣庆祝, 邪恶的帝国终于倒塌,未来一片光明。 然而 8 年后 1999 年 12 月 31 日, KGB(苏联国家安全委员会 为情报机构)的前少校普京 当选俄罗斯总统。 这一结果背后是 漫长痛苦的故事。 其实 2015 年我就写了《凛冬将至》 (Winter is Coming)一书。 书名确实并非原创(《权力的游戏》 剧中多次出现台词 “Winter is Coming”)
(Laughter)
(笑声)
But I'm a fan of "Game of Thrones."
但我是《权力的游戏》的粉丝。
(Laughter)
(笑声)
And also I felt it was appropriate because it was a warning. The subtitle was more important: "Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped." The publisher, by the way, didn't like it. "Enemies." It's too harsh. Sounded like Cold War.
我认为这警醒人们 的书名用得挺合适。 副标题甚至更重要: “为何普京和自由世界 的敌人必须被阻止。” 对了 出版商并不喜欢这句话。 “敌人。” 太刺耳了。 仿佛身处冷战。
"Absolutely," I said. "Cold War because winter is coming."
我说:“正是如此。” “凛冬将至,冷战将至。”
(Laughter)
(笑声)
Well, here we are, seven years later. And if I wrote a sequel, it would be called “Winter Is Here.” And the subtitle would be "I Bleeping Told You So."
现在已经是 17 年后了。 如果我出续集, 书名一定是《凛冬已至》。 副标题则是“早跟你说了”。
(Laughter)
(笑声)
Actually, my first article of warning was published in “The Wall Street Journal” on January 4, 2001. I saw evil because I heard evil. Putin was telling us what he was. All we had to do was listen. When Putin said that there was no such thing as a former KGB agent, I knew Russia's fragile democracy was in danger. When Putin said that the collapse of the Soviet Union was the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the 20th century, I knew Russia’s newly independent neighbors were at risk. And when Putin talked at the Munich Security Conference in 2007 about a return to spheres of influence, I knew he was ready to launch his plan. It was the language from the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939. The language Hitler and Stalin used to divide Europe. And a year later, in 2008, Putin invaded the Republic of Georgia. 2014, Ukraine.
2001 年 1 月 4 日, 我在《华尔街日报》 发表了第一篇 警醒人们的文章。 我看过、听过邪恶。 普京清楚地告诉我们他是怎样的人。 我们只需要听。 当普京否认曾为 KGB (苏联情报机构)效力, 我就知道俄罗斯脆弱的民主危在旦夕。 当普京表示苏联解体是 20 世纪 最大的地缘政治灾难, 我就明白俄罗斯 新独立的邻国处境危险。 当普京在 2007 年 慕尼黑安全会议说 要重回势力范围说话的时代, 我就清楚他准备好启动计划了。 “势力范围”是 1939 年 《苏德互不侵犯条约》中的用语。 希特勒和斯大林分裂欧洲的用语 (该条约导致波兰被瓜分)。 会议后一年, 2008 年, 俄格(格鲁吉亚)战争爆发。 2014 年,普京入侵乌克兰。
It's a paradox, isn't it? Dictators lie about everything they have done, but often they tell us exactly what they're going to do. Just listen. Anyone who is surprised at Putin's war crimes in Ukraine must not be aware about his long record, beginning with the Second Chechen War in Grozny more than two decades ago. Vladimir Putin has been a war criminal from the start.
很矛盾,对吧? 独裁者对其所作所为谎话连篇, 却总把他们的下一步公之于众。 仔细听。 从 20 多年前格罗兹尼的 第二次车臣战争开始, 普京就是个战争犯。 但凡了解他长期历史的人 都不会对普京在乌克兰 犯下的战争罪感到惊讶。
So in 2005, still being ranked number one, I retired from professional chess to form a pro-democracy, anti-Putin movement in Russia. As you could see, it didn't go so well. But it was not about winning or losing. I knew it was my moral duty in keeping with the slogan of Soviet dissidents: "Do what you must and so be it." Ah, my friends and critics both kept telling me, "Gary, you are a chess player, you're not a politician. This is not chess. You see everything in black and white. Politics are gray. You have to compromise." Really? Those who peacefully marched with me for free Russia are either in exile, like me. Or in jail, like Alexei Navalny. Or even murdered like Boris Nemtsov.
所以 2005 年,即便我仍是 国际象棋等级分排名世界第一, 也决定从专业比赛中退役, 开始在俄国组织支持民主、 反对普京的运动。 如你们所见,这很艰难。 但这无关输赢。 我有道德义务 遵守苏联异议人士所相信的 “竭尽所能,再顺其自然。” 无论是支持还是反对我的人都说: “加里,你是个象棋手,不是政治家。 你所奋斗的与象棋无关。 你总是非黑即白。 但政治有灰色地带。 你必须妥协。” 妥协? 和我一起努力解放俄国, 和平游行的人们 要么和我一样流亡在外, 要么和阿列克谢·纳瓦尔尼 (Alexei Navalny) (俄罗斯反对党领袖)一样身处牢房。 甚至要么像鲍里斯·涅姆佐夫 (Boris Nemtsov) (俄前副总理 2015 年遇刺)一样被杀害。
Compromise? Not black and white? Are you sure? Compromise with this? You cannot look at the images from Ukraine in recent weeks and say there is no pure evil. Mariupol destroyed, Bucha slaughtered, Kramatorsk train station massacred. And worse is yet to come.
妥协? 向灰色地带? 真的? 对这种情况让步? 看看乌克兰近几周的照片 难道这还不是纯粹的恶? 马里乌波尔被毁, 布查平民被屠杀, 克拉马托尔斯克火车站遇袭。 还会有更糟的惨案发生。
And these horrors are not from Poland in 1945. Not from Rwanda in 1994. Not Aleppo 2016. This is Europe this week. How could this happen? How did we forget what evil can do? We have lost the generation that saw World War II firsthand. Otherwise we reserve absolute evil for fiction.
这场危机波及的不是 1945 年的波兰 (苏联 1939 年入侵、1945 年占领波兰 )。 不是 1994 年的卢旺达 (100 万人死于卢旺达种族大屠杀)。 不是 2016 年的阿勒颇 (16 年叙利亚的阿勒颇战役结束)。 此次危机事关欧洲。 这一切怎会发生呢? 我们怎会忘记邪恶的权势? - 诸多亲身经历过二战的人们已然逝去。 如今绝对的恶仅存于小说里。
In fables, they believe in true evil. Good is harder to define. There is no pure good. If anyone says they know what pure good is, it's probably evil.
纯粹的恶在《圣经》里有所描绘。 善却难以定义。 世上没有完全的善。 若有人说他们了解完全的善, 可能是胡说八道。
(Laughter)
(笑声)
In fantasy tales of hobbits and elves and dwarves, there was an idea that good comes in different forms and shapes, often in conflict. But they had to be united when facing absolute evil. Good will disagree. Evil says, "No more disagreements ever." That was life in real Mordor, the Soviet Union. That's what Putin wants for Russia and the world.
《霍比特人》讲述了 精灵和矮人的故事, 阐释了善多式多样, 彼此常有冲突的道理。 但邪恶面, 各种各样的善必须团结一致。 善拥抱不同。 恶扼杀不同的声音。 苏联就是现实中充斥着恶的魔多 (《霍比特人》中反派索伦的领地)。 而普京想把俄国和世界都变成魔多。
We celebrated the end of the Cold War, but for too long, we forgot that evil doesn’t die. It can be buried for a while under the rubble of the Berlin Wall, but it grows back through the cracks of our apathy.
我们欢庆冷战结束,但雀跃太久, 导致我们忘了恶会卷土重来。 柏林墙倒塌的废墟能困住恶一时, 却因我们的淡漠无法困其一世。
We called it diplomacy when Putin was embraced by the leaders of the free world as equal despite his crimes. We called it engagement when we bought trillions of dollars in Russian oil and gas, money that built Putin's police state and his war machine. Let us call these things what they are: it was appeasement, it was collaboration.
当普京犯下罪行 仍被自由世界的领导者接纳时, 我们视其为外交手段。 当我们花数万亿美元购买俄国油气 帮普京打造警察国家(以人民福祉为由, 不惜侵犯个人自由)和军队时, 我们称其为交流。 是时候直面这些行径的本质了: 它们是靖绥政策,是合作。
These days, we prefer to focus on domestic issues. We argue about the past, we fantasize about the future while ignoring the present.
当今世界, 我们更愿意关注国内议题。 争论史实, 畅想未来, 却忽视今朝。
Once the move is made you cannot change it. Acknowledge the wrongdoings of the past, but do not pretend it can be fixed. It's the present that must be fixed. The heroes of the past were far from perfect. But the world we live in is better because of them. We too cannot be perfect. But we must always try to be better.
覆水难收。 承认过去犯的错误, 但别假装有补救手段。 该解决的是眼前的问题。 历史的英雄并非完人, 却给了我们一个更好的世界。 我们同样不是圣贤。 但必须努力变得更好。
As a chess player, I know that strategy is the future impact of present decisions. However grand our plans are for two, five, even ten moves ahead, it's the move that we make now that determines that future.
我知道作为一名棋手, 策略是要考虑 当前决定对未来的影响。 尽管可以制定提前两步, 五步,甚至十步的计划, 此刻采取的策略才能决定未来。
Ukraine is now on the front line of the war, global war of freedom against tyranny. The war the free world didn't want to admit existed. It cannot be ignored any longer.
自由对抗专制的全球战役已经打响, 乌克兰正处于战争前线。 自由世界的国家想对 这场早已不容忽视的战争 视而不见。
Brave Ukrainians are fighting like hell and dying right now to remind us not to take liberty for granted. Putin, like every dictator before him, underestimated the free will of free people. They deserve every weapon, every resource to win this war. Because they're fighting for us. Not only for the whole and free Ukraine.
与此同时,英勇的乌克兰人民 在竭力奋战,战死沙场, 提醒我们,自由来之不易。 普京, 像史上每个暴君一样, 都小看了自由人民的自由意志。 乌克兰人民不仅在 争取完整自由的国家, 还在为我们浴血奋战, 为赢得这场战争。 乌克兰人民理应获得所需的 每一件武器,每一份资源。
Everyone who told me a decade ago I was wrong, now is telling I'm right. Unfortunately. But we're still repeating the same mistakes of thinking that we can muddle through without taking risks, without taking a stand. The price of stopping a dictator always goes up with every delay, every hesitation. Meeting evil halfway, it's still a victory for evil.
十年前认为我痴人说梦的所有人, 现在都承认我是对的。 多么不幸。 然而我们依旧重蹈覆辙 幻想无需风险,无需战队 就能蒙混过关。 每犹豫拖延一秒,阻止独裁者的代价 就越大。 向恶妥协, 恶就是赢家。
Evil tempts us with our weakness, with our desire for comfort, being comfortable, cautious, rational, civilized. What kind of civilization [are we] fighting for, if we allow war crimes and genocide again? What kind of world are we leaving for our children and grandchildren if we only talk of the past and the future while ignoring murder and misery in the present?
我们的弱点是 喜欢安逸,舒适, 谨慎,理智和文明。 恶以此诱惑我们。 若允许战争罪和种族屠杀再次发生, 怎么能说我们在为文明奋战呢? 若只关注过去和未来, 却忽视现今的杀戮苦痛的话, 我们的后代将生活在怎样的世界里呢?
This is not chess. This is not a battle between opposite colors, but of opposite values. Freedom, life and love versus tyranny, death and hatred.
这不是黑棋与白旗 在国际象棋中的厮杀, 而是自由,生命,爱 对抗暴政,死亡,仇恨。 不同价值观的较量。
This is not chess. But sometimes things are black and white. Sometimes you have to fight for what you believe. Or you lose it.
这不是国际象棋的黑白棋。 但有时事情就是非黑即白的。 若不为自己的信念而战 就会失去。
This is not chess. There are no draws, no compromises in our battle with true evil. It's win or lose. And so we must fight. And so we must win. (Ukrainian) Slava Ukraini! Glory to Ukraine. Glory to freedom.
这不是国际象棋。 善恶之争没有和棋、妥协的局面。 只有输赢。 所以我们必须战斗。 必须获胜。 Slava Ukraini! (乌克兰语的“荣耀归于乌克兰”) 荣耀归于乌克兰。 荣耀归于自由。
Thank you.
谢谢。
(Applause)
(掌声)