How will we be remembered in 200 years? I happen to live in a little town, Princeton, in New Jersey, which every year celebrates the great event in Princeton history: the Battle of Princeton, which was, in fact, a very important battle. It was the first battle that George Washington won, in fact, and was pretty much of a turning point in the war of independence. It happened 225 years ago. It was actually a terrible disaster for Princeton. The town was burned down; it was in the middle of winter, and it was a very, very severe winter. And about a quarter of all the people in Princeton died that winter from hunger and cold, but nobody remembers that. What they remember is, of course, the great triumph, that the Brits were beaten, and we won, and that the country was born. And so I agree very emphatically that the pain of childbirth is not remembered. It's the child that's remembered. And that's what we're going through at this time.
Kako će nas pamtiti za 200 godina? Ja živim u malenom gradu, Princetonu, u New Jerseyu, u kojem se svake godine slavi veliki događaj iz Princetonove povijesti: Bitka kod Princetona, koja je, u biti, bila veoma važna bitka. To je bila prva bitka koju je George Washington osvojio i bila je prekretnica u ratu za nezavisnost. Dogodila se prije 225 godina. Zapravo je to bila velika katastrofa za Princeton. Grad je bio spaljen; bilo je to usred zime, a bila je to jako oštra zima. I oko četvrtine svih ljudi u Princetonu je umrlo te zime od gladi i hladnoće, ali nitko se toga ne sjeća. Ono čega se sjećaju, naravno, je veliki trijumf, da su Britanci poraženi, a mi pobijedili i da je država rođena. I u potpunosti se slažem da se bol pri porođaju ne pamti. Pamti se dijete. I to je ono kroz što mi prolazimo u ovo vrijeme.
I wanted to just talk for one minute about the future of biotechnology, because I think I know very little about that -- I'm not a biologist -- so everything I know about it can be said in one minute. (Laughter) What I'm saying is that we should follow the model that has been so successful with the electronic industry, that what really turned computers into a great success, in the world as a whole, is toys. As soon as computers became toys, when kids could come home and play with them, then the industry really took off. And that has to happen with biotech.
Htio sam samo jednu minutu govoriti o budućnosti biotehnologije, zato što mislim da vrlo malo znam o tome - nisam biolog - pa sve što znam o tome se može ispričati u jednoj minuti. (Smijeh) Želim reći da bismo trebali slijediti model koji je bio toliko uspješan u elektroničkoj industriji. Ono što je zbilja kompjutere pretvorilo u velik uspjeh, u svijetu kao cjelini, su igračke. Čim su kompjuteri postali igračke, kad su djeca mogla doći doma i igrati se njima, tada je industrija uistinu procvala. I to se mora dogoditi i biotehnologiji.
There's a huge -- (Laughter) (Applause) -- there's a huge community of people in the world who are practical biologists, who are dog breeders, pigeon breeders, orchid breeders, rose breeders, people who handle biology with their hands, and who are dedicated to producing beautiful things, beautiful creatures, plants, animals, pets. These people will be empowered with biotech, and that will be an enormous positive step to acceptance of biotechnology. That will blow away a lot of the opposition. When people have this technology in their hands, you have a do-it-yourself biotech kit, grow your own -- grow your dog, grow your own cat. (Laughter) (Applause) Just buy the software, you design it. I won't say anymore, you can take it on from there. It's going to happen, and I think it has to happen before the technology becomes natural, becomes part of the human condition, something that everybody's familiar with and everybody accepts.
Postoji ogromna... (Smijeh) (Pljesak) Na svijetu postoji ogromna zajednica ljudi koji su primijenjeni biolozi, koji su uzgajivači pasa, uzgajivači golubova, orhideja, ruža, ljudi koji se svojim rukama bave biologijom, i koji su predani proizvodnji prekrasnih stvari, prekrasnih stvorenja, biljaka, životinja, ljubimaca. Ti ljudi će se osnažiti biotehnologijom, i to će biti jedan ogroman pozitivni korak prema prihvaćanju biotehnologije. To će ukloniti mnoga suprotna stajališta. Kada ljudi imaju tu tehnologiju u svojim rukama, imate sam-svoj-majstor biotehnološki pribor, uzgojite vlastitog - uzgojite vlastitog psa, uzgojite vlastitu mačku. (Smijeh) (Pljesak) Samo kupite software i dizajnirajte ih. Neću ništa više reći, dalje ostaje na vama. Dogodit će se, i mislim da se mora dogoditi prije nego tehnologija postane prirodna, postane dio ljudskog stanja, nešto sa čime su svi upoznati i što svi prihvaćaju.
So, let's leave that aside. I want to talk about something quite different, which is what I know about, and that is astronomy. And I'm interested in searching for life in the universe. And it's open to us to introduce a new way of doing that, and that's what I'll talk about for 10 minutes, or whatever the time remains. The important fact is, that most of the real estate that's accessible to us -- I'm not talking about the stars, I'm talking about the solar system, the stuff that's within reach for spacecraft and within reach of our earthbound telescopes -- most of the real estate is very cold and very far from the Sun.
Ostavimo to postrani. Želim govoriti o nečemu posve drugačijem, o nečemu u što se razumijem, a to je astronomija. A zanima me potraga za životom u svemiru. I na nama je da izmislimo novi način kako to učiniti, i o tome ću govoriti preostalih 10 minuta, ili koliko je već vremena ostalo. Važno je da većina zemljišta koja su nam dostupna - ne govorim o zvijezdama, već o Sunčevom sustavu, onome što je unutar dohvata svemirskih letjelica i naših zemaljskih teleskopa - većina zemljišta je veoma hladna i veoma udaljena od Sunca.
If you look at the solar system, as we know it today, it has a few planets close to the Sun. That's where we live. It has a fairly substantial number of asteroids between the orbit of the Earth out through -- to the orbit of Jupiter. The asteroids are a substantial amount of real estate, but not very large. And it's not very promising for life, since most of it consists of rock and metal, mostly rock. It's not only cold, but very dry. So the asteroids we don't have much hope for.
Ako pogledate Sunčev sustav, kakvog ga danas poznajemo, ima nekoliko planeta blizu Sunca. Tu mi živimo. Ima povelik broj asteroida između orbite Zemlje i orbite Jupitera. Asteroidi čine značajnu količinu zemljišta, ali ne jako veliku. A i ne obećavaju što se tiče života, zato što se većina sastoji od kamena i metala, većinom kamena. Nije samo hladno, već i veoma suho. Tako da za asteroide nemamo mnogo nade.
There stand some interesting places a little further out: the moons of Jupiter and Saturn. Particularly, there's a place called Europa, which is -- Europa is one of the moons of Jupiter, where we see a very level ice surface, which looks as if it's floating on top of an ocean. So, we believe that on Europa there is, in fact, a deep ocean. And that makes it extraordinarily interesting as a place to explore. Ocean -- probably the most likely place for life to originate, just as it originated on the Earth. So we would love to explore Europa, to go down through the ice, find out who is swimming around in the ocean, whether there are fish or seaweed or sea monsters -- whatever there may be that's exciting --- or cephalopods. But that's hard to do. Unfortunately, the ice is thick. We don't know just how thick it is, probably miles thick, so it's very expensive and very difficult to go down there -- send down your submarine or whatever it is -- and explore. That's something we don't yet know how to do. There are plans to do it, but it's hard.
Neka zanimljiva mjesta nalaze se malo dalje: Jupiterovi i Saturnovi sateliti. Točnije, postoji mjesto koje se zove Europa - Europa je jedan od Jupiterovih mjeseca, gdje vidimo veoma ravnu ledenu površinu, koja izgleda kao da pluta na oceanu. Dakle, vjerujemo da se na Europi nalazi duboki ocean. I to ga čini neobično zanimljivim mjestom za istraživanje. Ocean - mjesto iz kojega bi život najvjerojatnije potekao, kao što je potekao na Zemlji. Voljeli bismo istražiti Europu, spustiti se dolje kroz led, otkriti tko pliva u oceanu, ima li riba ili morske trave ili morskih čudovišta - bilo čega što bi moglo biti zanimljivo - ili glavonožaca. Ali to je teško izvesti. Na žalost, led je debeo. Ne znamo koliko točno je debeo, vjerojatno kilometrima pa je veoma skupo i veoma teško spustiti se ondje - poslati svoju podmornicu ili što već - i istraživati. Još ne znamo kako to učiniti. Postoje planovi kako to učiniti, ali teško je.
Go out a bit further, you'll find that beyond the orbit of Neptune, way out, far from the Sun, that's where the real estate really begins. You'll find millions or trillions or billions of objects which, in what we call the Kuiper Belt or the Oort Cloud -- these are clouds of small objects which appear as comets when they fall close to the Sun. Mostly, they just live out there in the cold of the outer solar system, but they are biologically very interesting indeed, because they consist primarily of ice with other minerals, which are just the right ones for developing life. So if life could be established out there, it would have all the essentials -- chemistry and sunlight -- everything that's needed.
Otiđite malo dalje, otkrit ćete da iza orbite Neptuna, daleko od Sunca, zapravo počinje zemljište. Naći ćete milijune ili bilijune ili milijarde objekata, u onome što zovemo Kuiperov pojas ili Oortov oblak - to su oblaci malih objekata koji izgledaju kao kometi kada padnu blizu Sunca. Većinom samo žive ondje u hladnoći u udaljenom dijelu Sunčevog sustava, ali biološki su zaista veoma zanimljivi zato što se sastoje prvenstveno od leda i drugih minerala, točno onih koji su potrebni za razvoj života. Kada bi se ondje moglo utvrditi postojanje života, imao bi sve što je potrebno - kemiju i sunčevu svjetlost - sve što treba.
So, what I'm proposing is that there is where we should be looking for life, rather than on Mars, although Mars is, of course, also a very promising and interesting place. But we can look outside, very cheaply and in a simple fashion. And that's what I'm going to talk about. There is a -- imagine that life originated on Europa, and it was sitting in the ocean for billions of years. It's quite likely that it would move out of the ocean onto the surface, just as it did on the Earth. Staying in the ocean and evolving in the ocean for 2 billion years, finally came out onto the land. And then of course it had great -- much greater freedom, and a much greater variety of creatures developed on the land than had ever been possible in the ocean. And the step from the ocean to the land was not easy, but it happened.
Pa predlažem da bismo ondje trebali tražiti život, umjesto na Marsu, iako je Mars, naravno, također veoma obećavajuće i zanimljivo mjesto. Ali možemo tražiti dalje, vrlo jeftino i na jednostavan način. I o tome ću govoriti. Zamislite da je život započeo na Europi i da je sjedio u oceanu milijardama godina. Vrlo je vjerojarno da bi se premjestio iz oceana na površinu, baš kao na Zemlji. Bio je u oceanu i razvijao se ondje 2 milijarde godina, konačno je izašao na kopno. A onda je, naravno, imao veliku - mnogo veću slobodu i mnogo veću raznolikost stvorenja koje su se razvile se na kopnu nego što je to ikad bilo moguće u oceanu. A korak od oceana do kopna nije bio lak, ali dogodio se.
Now, if life had originated on Europa in the ocean, it could also have moved out onto the surface. There wouldn't have been any air there -- it's a vacuum. It is out in the cold, but it still could have come. You can imagine that the plants growing up like kelp through cracks in the ice, growing on the surface. What would they need in order to grow on the surface? They'd need, first of all, to have a thick skin to protect themselves from losing water through the skin. So they would have to have something like a reptilian skin. But better -- what is more important is that they would have to concentrate sunlight. The sunlight in Jupiter, on the satellites of Jupiter, is 25 times fainter than it is here, since Jupiter is five times as far from the Sun. So they would have to have -- these creatures, which I call sunflowers, which I imagine living on the surface of Europa, would have to have either lenses or mirrors to concentrate sunlight, so they could keep themselves warm on the surface. Otherwise, they would be at a temperature of minus 150, which is certainly not favorable for developing life, at least of the kind we know. But if they just simply could grow, like leaves, little lenses and mirrors to concentrate sunlight, then they could keep warm on the surface. They could enjoy all the benefits of the sunlight and have roots going down into the ocean; life then could flourish much more. So, why not look? Of course, it's not very likely that there's life on the surface of Europa. None of these things is likely, but my, my philosophy is, look for what's detectable, not for what's probable.
Ako je život započeo na Europi u oceanu, mogao se premjestiti i van na površinu. Ondje uopće ne bi bilo zraka - ondje je vakuum. Vani je na hladnoći, ali ipak je mogao nastati. Možete zamislite kako biljke poput morske trave kroz pukotine na ledu rastu na površinu. Što bi im bilo potrebno da narastu na površini? Morale bi, kao prvo, imati debelu kožu da se zaštite od gubitka vode kroz kožu. Morale bi imati nešto poput kože gmazova. Ali važnije je da bi morale sakupljati sunčevu svjetlost. Sunčeva svjetlost na Jupiteru, na Jupiterovim satelitima, 25 je slabija nego kod nas, zato što je Jupiter 5 puta udaljeniji od Sunca. Morala bi imati - ta bića, koja ja zovem suncokretima, koja zamišljam da žive na površini Europe, morala bi imati ili leće ili zrcala za sakupljanje sunčeve svjetlosti, kako bi se mogla održati toplima na površini. U protivnom bi bila na temperaturi od -150, što nikako nije pogodno za razvoj života, barem ne one vrste koju mi znamo. Ali kada bi ta bića jednostavno mogla izrasti, poput lišća, malene leće i zrcala za skupljanje sunčeve svjetlosti, tada bi mogla održati toplinu na površini. Mogla bi uživati u pogodnostima sunčeve svjetlosti i imati korijenje spušteno u ocean; život bi tada mnogo više mogao bujati. Dakle, zašto ne pogledati? Naravno, mala je vjerojatnost da postoji život na površini Europe. Sve ovo je malo vjerojatno, ali moja filozofija je: Traži ono što se može naći, a ne ono što je vjerojatno.
There's a long history in astronomy of unlikely things turning out to be there. And I mean, the finest example of that was radio astronomy as a whole. This was -- originally, when radio astronomy began, Mr. Jansky, at the Bell labs, detected radio waves coming from the sky. And the regular astronomers were scornful about this. They said, "It's all right, you can detect radio waves from the Sun, but the Sun is the only object in the universe that's close enough and bright enough actually to be detectable. You can easily calculate that radio waves from the Sun are fairly faint, and everything else in the universe is millions of times further away, so it certainly will not be detectable. So there's no point in looking." And that, of course, that set back the progress of radio astronomy by about 20 years. Since there was nothing there, you might as well not look. Well, of course, as soon as anybody did look, which was after about 20 years, when radio astronomy really took off. Because it turned out the universe is absolutely full of all kinds of wonderful things radiating in the radio spectrum, much brighter than the Sun. So, the same thing could be true for this kind of life, which I'm talking about, on cold objects: that it could in fact be very abundant all over the universe, and it's not been detected just because we haven't taken the trouble to look.
U astronomiji postoji duga povijest nemogućih stvari za koje je ispalo da su moguće. Mislim, najbolji primjer tog je bila radio astronomija kao cjelina. U početku, kada je radio astronomija započela, gospodin Jansky, u Bell Labs-u, otkrio je radiovalove koji dolaze s neba. A obični astronomi bili su puni prezira prema tome. Rekli su: "U redu, možete otkriti radiovalove sa Sunca, ali Sunce je jedini objekt u svemiru dovoljno blizu i dovoljno sjajan da bi se registrirao. Lako možete izračunati da su radiovalovi sa Sunca prilično slabi, a sve drugo u svemiru je milijune puta dalje pa se sigurno neće moći registrirati. Pa nema smisla tražiti." I to je, naravno, unazadilo napredak radio astronomije za 20-ak godina. Kako ničega nije bilo ondje, tamo ne treba ni gledati. Naravno, kad je netko i pogledao, to je bilo nakon 20-ak godina, tada je radio astronomija zbilja postala popularna. Zato što se ispostavilo da je svemir pun svakakvih prekrasnih stvari koje zrače u radio spektru, još sjajnije od Sunca. Tako bi ista stvar mogla biti istinita za ovaj oblik života, o kojem pričam, na hladnim objektima; u biti bi ga moglo biti u izobilju posvuda po svemiru, a nije ga se registriralo samo zato što se nismo potrudili pogledati.
So, the last thing I want to talk about is how to detect it. There is something called pit lamping. That's the phrase which I learned from my son George, who is there in the audience. You take -- that's a Canadian expression. If you happen to want to hunt animals at night, you take a miner's lamp, which is a pit lamp. You strap it onto your forehead, so you can see the reflection in the eyes of the animal. So, if you go out at night, you shine a flashlight, the animals are bright. You see the red glow in their eyes, which is the reflection of the flashlight. And then, if you're one of these unsporting characters, you shoot the animals and take them home. And of course, that spoils the game for the other hunters who hunt in the daytime, so in Canada that's illegal. In New Zealand, it's legal, because the New Zealand farmers use this as a way of getting rid of rabbits, because the rabbits compete with the sheep in New Zealand. So, the farmers go out at night with heavily armed jeeps, and shine the headlights, and anything that doesn't look like a sheep, you shoot. (Laughter)
Zadnja stvar o kojoj želim govoriti je način na koji ga otkriti. Postoji nešto što se zove "osvjetljivanje jama". To je izraz koji sam naučio od svog sina Georgea, koji je ondje u publici. To je kanadski izraz. Ako zaželite loviti životinje noću, uzmete rudarsku svjetiljku, što je svjetiljka za jame. Pričvrstite je na čelo da može vidjeti odsjaj u očima životinje. Dakle, ako izađete noću, svjetlite džepnom lampom, životinje su sjajne. Vidite crveni sjaj u njihovim očima, što je odsjaj džepne lampe. A onda, ako niste sportskog duha, upucate životinju i odnesete je doma. Naravno, to kvari igru drugim lovcima koji love danju pa je u Kanadi to protuzakonito. Na Novom Zelandu je legalno, zato što se novozelandski farmeri na taj način rješavaju zečeva. Zečevi se, naime, natječu s ovcama na Novom Zelandu. Pa farmeri izađu noću s teško naoružanim džipovima i svijetle prednjim svjetlima, i upucaju sve što ne liči na ovcu. (Smijeh)
So I have proposed to apply the same trick to looking for life in the universe. That if these creatures who are living on cold surfaces -- either on Europa, or further out, anywhere where you can live on a cold surface -- those creatures must be provided with reflectors. In order to concentrate sunlight, they have to have lenses and mirrors -- in order to keep themselves warm. And then, when you shine sunlight at them, the sunlight will be reflected back, just as it is in the eyes of an animal. So these creatures will be bright against the cold surroundings. And the further out you go in this, away from the Sun, the more powerful this reflection will be. So actually, this method of hunting for life gets stronger and stronger as you go further away, because the optical reflectors have to be more powerful so the reflected light shines out even more in contrast against the dark background. So as you go further away from the Sun, this becomes more and more powerful. So, in fact, you can look for these creatures with telescopes from the Earth. Why aren't we doing it? Simply because nobody thought of it yet.
Pa sam predložio da se isti trik primijeni na traženje života u svemiru. Ta bića koja žive na hladnim površinama - ili na Europi, ili još dalje, bilo gdje gdje možete živjeti na hladnoj površini - ta bića moraju imati reflektore. Kako bi sakupljala sunčevu svjetlost, moraju imati leće i zrcala - kako bi se održavala toplima. A kada na njih zasja sunčeva svjetlost, svjetlost će se odbiti natrag, baš kao što je to s očima životinja. Dakle, ta bića bit će sjajna u usporedbi s hladnim okruženjem. A što dalje odete, dalje od Sunca, to će odsjaj biti jači. Pa, zapravo, ova metoda lova na život postaje sve jača kako se udaljavate, zato što optički reflektori moraju biti snažni pa se reflektirana svjetlost još više sjaji u kontrastu na tamnu pozadinu. Kako se sve više udaljavate od Sunca, tako to postaje sve jače i jače. Dakle, u biti možete tražiti ta stvorenja teleskopima sa Zemlje. Zašto to ne činimo? Jednostavno zato što se toga još nitko nije sjetio.
But I hope that we shall look, and with any -- we probably won't find anything, none of these speculations may have any basis in fact. But still, it's a good chance. And of course, if it happens, it will transform our view of life altogether. Because it means that -- the way life can live out there, it has enormous advantages as compared with living on a planet. It's extremely hard to move from one planet to another. We're having great difficulties at the moment and any creatures that live on a planet are pretty well stuck. Especially if you breathe air, it's very hard to get from planet A to planet B, because there's no air in between. But if you breathe air -- (Laughter) -- you're dead -- (Laughter) -- as soon as you're off the planet, unless you have a spaceship.
Ali nadam se da ćemo tražiti, i s malo sreće ... vjerojatno ništa nećemo naći, nijedna od ovih pretpostavki zapravo možda nema temelje. Ali ipak, dobra je to prilika. I, naravno, ako se to dogodi, u cjelosti će promijeniti naš pogled na život. To bi značilo da način na koji život može postojati ondje, ima velike prednosti u usporedbi sa životom na planetu. Veoma je teško ići od jednog planeta do drugog. Trenutno imamo velike poteškoće i bilo koje biće koje živi na planetu zapravo je zapelo. Posebice ako udišete zrak, vrlo je teško doći od planeta A do planeta B, zato što nema zraka između. Ali ako dišete zrak... (Smijeh) ...mrtvi ste... (Smijeh) ...čim odete s planeta, osim ako imate svemirsku letjelicu.
But if you live in a vacuum, if you live on the surface of one of these objects, say, in the Kuiper Belt, this -- an object like Pluto, or one of the smaller objects in the neighborhood of Pluto, and you happened -- if you're living on the surface there, and you get knocked off the surface by a collision, then it doesn't change anything all that much. You still are on a piece of ice, you can still have sunlight and you can still survive while you're traveling from one place to another. And then if you run into another object, you can stay there and colonize the other object. So life will spread, then, from one object to another. So if it exists at all in the Kuiper Belt, it's likely to be very widespread. And you will have then a great competition amongst species -- Darwinian evolution -- so there'll be a huge advantage to the species which is able to jump from one place to another without having to wait for a collision. And there'll be advantages for spreading out long, sort of kelp-like forest of vegetation. I call these creatures sunflowers. They look like, maybe like sunflowers. They have to be all the time pointing toward the Sun, and they will be able to spread out in space, because gravity on these objects is weak. So they can collect sunlight from a big area. So they will, in fact, be quite easy for us to detect.
Ali ako živite u vakuumu, ako živite na površini jednog od ovih objekata, recimo, u Kuiperovu pojasu, na ovom objektu sličnom Plutonu, ili jednome od manjih objekata u blizini Plutona, ako ondje živite na površini, i zbog sudara sletite s površine, onda to ne mijenja puno toga. I dalje ste na komadu leda, i dalje imate sunčevu svjetlost te i dalje možete preživjeti dok putujete od jednog do drugog mjesta. A, ako naiđete na neki drugi objekt, možete ostati ondje i kolonizirati ga. Pa će se život tako širiti s jednog objekta na drugi. Dakle, ako uopće postoji u Kuiperovu pojasu, vjerojatno je da je vrlo raširen. A onda će se odvijati veliko natjecanje među vrstama - Darwinova teorija evolucije - pa će veliku prednost imati vrste koje mogu skočiti s jednog mjesta na drugo a da ne moraju očekivati sudar. I bit će prednosti za širenje dugih šuma vegetacije nalik na morsku travu. Ta bića zovem suncokretima. Možda nalikuju na suncokrete. Uvijek moraju biti okrenuti prema Suncu i moći će se širiti svemirom zato što je gravitacijska sila na tim objektima slaba. Mogu skupljati sunčevu svjetlost s velikog područja. Pa će ih, zapravo, biti vrlo lako otkriti.
So, I hope in the next 10 years, we'll find these creatures, and then, of course, our whole view of life in the universe will change. If we don't find them, then we can create them ourselves. (Laughter) That's another wonderful opportunity that's opening. We can -- as soon as we have a little bit more understanding of genetic engineering, one of the things you can do with your take-it-home, do-it-yourself genetic engineering kit -- (Laughter) -- is to design a creature that can live on a cold satellite, a place like Europa, so we could colonize Europa with our own creatures. That would be a fun thing to do. (Laughter) In the long run, of course, it would also make it possible for us to move out there. What's going to happen in the end, it's not going to be just humans colonizing space, it's going to be life moving out from the Earth, moving it into its kingdom. And the kingdom of life, of course, is going to be the universe. And if life is already there, it makes it much more exciting, in the short run. But in the long run, if there's no life there, we create it ourselves. We transform the universe into something much more rich and beautiful than it is today. So again, we have a big and wonderful future to look forward. Thank you. (Applause)
Nadam se da ćemo kroz sljedećih 10 godina naći ta bića, a onda će se, naravno, naš pogled na život u svemiru promijeniti. Ako ih ne nađemo, onda ih možemo sami stvoriti. (Smijeh) To je još jedna prekrasna mogućnost koja se pojavljuje. Možemo, čim budemo imali malo više znanja o genetičkom inženjerstvu, jedna od stvari koju možete učini sa svojim kućnim, sam-svoj-majstor genetičkim inžinjerskim priborom - (Smijeh) - dizajnirati bića koja mogu živjeti na hladnom satelitu, mjestu poput Europe pa bismo mogli kolonizirati Europu vlastitim bićima. To bi bilo zabavno učiniti. (Smijeh) Dugoročno gledano, naravno, to bi i nama omogućilo da se ondje preselimo. Na kraju neće samo ljudi kolonizirati svemir, već će se život preseliti sa Zemlje, preseliti u svoje carstvo. A carstvo života će, naravno, biti svemir. A ako život ondje već postoji, onda je mnogo uzbudljivije, kratkoročno gledano. Ali, dugoročno gledano, ako nema života ondje, sami ćemo ga stvoriti. Pretvaramo svemir u nešto mnogo bogatije i ljepše nego što je danas. Ponavljam, pred nama je velika i prekrasna budućnost. Hvala. (Pljesak)