I'd like to take you on the epic quest of the Rosetta spacecraft. To escort and land the probe on a comet, this has been my passion for the past two years. In order to do that, I need to explain to you something about the origin of the solar system.
Želio bih vas povesti na epsko putovanje svemirske letjelice Rosetta. Praćenje i prizemljavanje sonde na komet bila je moja strast zadnjih dvije godine. Da bih to učinio, moram vam objasniti nekoliko stvari o postanku Sunčevog sustava.
When we go back four and a half billion years, there was a cloud of gas and dust. In the center of this cloud, our sun formed and ignited. Along with that, what we now know as planets, comets and asteroids formed. What then happened, according to theory, is that when the Earth had cooled down a bit after its formation, comets massively impacted the Earth and delivered water to Earth. They probably also delivered complex organic material to Earth, and that may have bootstrapped the emergence of life. You can compare this to having to solve a 250-piece puzzle and not a 2,000-piece puzzle.
Prije četiri i pol milijarde godina, postojao je samo oblak plina i prašine. U središtu tog oblaka nastalo je naše Sunce i upalilo se. Istovremeno je nastalo ono što danas zovemo planetima, kometima i asteroidima. Zatim, kaže teorija, kad se Zemlja oblikovala i ohladila, bila je izložena udarima brojnih kometa koji su donijeli vodu. Oni su vjerojatno na Zemlju donijeli i složene organske spojeve i tako pokrenuli razvoj života. Možete to usporediti sa slaganjem slagalice od 250 komada, umjesto od njih dvije tisuće.
Afterwards, the big planets like Jupiter and Saturn, they were not in their place where they are now, and they interacted gravitationally, and they swept the whole interior of the solar system clean, and what we now know as comets ended up in something called the Kuiper Belt, which is a belt of objects beyond the orbit of Neptune. And sometimes these objects run into each other, and they gravitationally deflect, and then the gravity of Jupiter pulls them back into the solar system. And they then become the comets as we see them in the sky.
Kasnije su veliki planeti poput Jupitera i Saturna, koji nisu bili ondje gdje su danas, gravitacijom djelovali jedni na druge i očistili cijeli Sunčev sustav, a ono što danas nazivamo kometima završilo je u takozvanom Kuiperovom pojasu, što je pojas objekata iza Neptunove orbite. Ponekad ti objekti nalete jedan na drugoga, gravitacijski se odbiju, a zatim ih Jupiterova gravitacija ponovno privuče u Sunčev sustav. Oni tada postanu kometi koje vidimo na nebu.
The important thing here to note is that in the meantime, the four and a half billion years, these comets have been sitting on the outside of the solar system, and haven't changed -- deep, frozen versions of our solar system.
Ovdje je važno napomenuti da su se u međuvremenu, tijekom četiri i pol milijarde godina, ti kometi nalazili izvan Sunčevog sustava i nisu se promijenili -- oni su duboko zamrznute verzije našeg Sunčevog sustava.
In the sky, they look like this. We know them for their tails. There are actually two tails. One is a dust tail, which is blown away by the solar wind. The other one is an ion tail, which is charged particles, and they follow the magnetic field in the solar system. There's the coma, and then there is the nucleus, which here is too small to see, and you have to remember that in the case of Rosetta, the spacecraft is in that center pixel. We are only 20, 30, 40 kilometers away from the comet.
Na nebu izgledaju ovako. Prepoznajemo ih po repovima. Zapravo imaju dva repa. Jedan je rep od prašine, koji Sunčev vjetar otpuše. Drugi je ionski rep, od nabijenih čestica koje prate magnetsko polje Sunčevog sustava. Tu je koma, zatim jezgra, koja se ovdje ne vidi jer je premalena. Imajte na umu da se, kad je u pitanju Rosetta, ta svemirska letjelica nalazi u tom središnjem pikselu. Udaljeni smo od kometa tek 20, 30, 40 kilometara.
So what's important to remember? Comets contain the original material from which our solar system was formed, so they're ideal to study the components that were present at the time when Earth, and life, started. Comets are also suspected of having brought the elements which may have bootstrapped life. In 1983, ESA set up its long-term Horizon 2000 program, which contained one cornerstone, which would be a mission to a comet. In parallel, a small mission to a comet, what you see here, Giotto, was launched, and in 1986, flew by the comet of Halley with an armada of other spacecraft. From the results of that mission, it became immediately clear that comets were ideal bodies to study to understand our solar system. And thus, the Rosetta mission was approved in 1993, and originally it was supposed to be launched in 2003, but a problem arose with an Ariane rocket. However, our P.R. department, in its enthusiasm, had already made 1,000 Delft Blue plates with the name of the wrong comets. So I've never had to buy any china since. That's the positive part. (Laughter)
Dakle, što je potrebno zapamtiti? Kometi sadrže izvorni materijal od kojeg je načinjen naš Sunčev sustav tako da su idealni za proučavanje elemenata koji su bili prisutni u vrijeme nastanka Zemlje i života na njoj. Pretpostavlja se također da su kometi na Zemlju donijeli elemente koji su pokrenuli razvoj života. Godine 1983., ESA je pokrenula dugoročni program Horizon 2000, a jedna od njegovih ključnih točaka bila je misija slijetanja na komet. Usporedno je pokrenuta manja misija Giotto, koju vidite ovdje, a ona je 1986. proletjela pokraj Halleyevog kometa, s drugim letjelicama. Rezultati te misije jasno su pokazali da su kometi idealna tijela za proučavanje i razumijevanje našeg Sunčevog sustava. I tako je misija Rosetta odobrena 1993. godine, i izvorno je trebala biti lansirana 2003., ali došlo je do problema s raketom Ariane. Međutim, naša služba za odnose s javnošću entuzijastično je već bila dala izraditi 1000 porculanskih tanjura s imenom pogrešnog kometa. Tako da otad više ne moram kupovati porculansko posuđe. To je dobra strana. (Smijeh)
Once the whole problem was solved, we left Earth in 2004 to the newly selected comet, Churyumov-Gerasimenko. This comet had to be specially selected because A, you have to be able to get to it, and B, it shouldn't have been in the solar system too long. This particular comet has been in the solar system since 1959. That's the first time when it was deflected by Jupiter, and it got close enough to the sun to start changing. So it's a very fresh comet.
Kad je problem riješen, 2004. godine otisnuli smo se sa Zemlje na novoodabran komet Čurjumov-Gerasimenko. Taj je komet odabran prvenstveno zato jer je, pod A, morao biti pristupačan i B, nije smio predugo biti u Sunčevom sustavu. Taj je komet u Sunčevom sustavu od 1959. godine. Tada mu je Jupiter po prvi put skrenuo putanju i približio se dovoljno blizu Suncu da se počne mijenjati. Tako da je to vrlo nov komet.
Rosetta made a few historic firsts. It's the first satellite to orbit a comet, and to escort it throughout its whole tour through the solar system -- closest approach to the sun, as we will see in August, and then away again to the exterior. It's the first ever landing on a comet. We actually orbit the comet using something which is not normally done with spacecraft. Normally, you look at the sky and you know where you point and where you are. In this case, that's not enough. We navigated by looking at landmarks on the comet. We recognized features -- boulders, craters -- and that's how we know where we are respective to the comet.
Rosetta je u mnogočemu bila prva u povijesti. Prvi je satelit koji je kružio u orbiti oko kometa, te ga pratio tijekom cijele putanje oko Sunčevog sustava -- najviše će se približiti Suncu u kolovozu, kao što ćemo vidjeti, i onda se ponovno udaljiti. Prvi je satelit koji je ikada sletio na komet. Kružili smo oko kometa pomoću nečega što nije uobičajeno za svemirsku letjelicu. Obično pogledate nebo i znate kamo pokazujete i gdje se nalazite. U ovom slučaju, to nije bilo dovoljno. Pri navigaciji smo se koristili obilježjima samoga kometa. Prateći obilježja poput stijena i kratera, znali smo gdje se nalazimo u odnosu na komet.
And, of course, it's the first satellite to go beyond the orbit of Jupiter on solar cells. Now, this sounds more heroic than it actually is, because the technology to use radio isotope thermal generators wasn't available in Europe at that time, so there was no choice. But these solar arrays are big. This is one wing, and these are not specially selected small people. They're just like you and me. (Laughter) We have two of these wings, 65 square meters. Now later on, of course, when we got to the comet, you find out that 65 square meters of sail close to a body which is outgassing is not always a very handy choice.
I naravno, to je prvi satelit koji je stigao dalje od Jupiterove orbite pomoću solarnih ćelija. To zvuči više herojski nego što to zaista jest, zato što tehnologija korištenja radioizotopskih termalnih generatora tada nije bila dostupna u Europi, tako da nismo imali drugog izbora. Ali ovi su solarni paneli veliki. Ovo je jedno krilo i to nisu posebno odabrani niski ljudi. Oni su poput vas i mene. (Smijeh) Imamo dva takva krila od 65 četvornih metara. Naravno, kasnije, kad stignete do kometa, otkrijete da 65 četvornih metara jedara blizu tijela koje ispušta plin i nije najpraktičniji izbor.
Now, how did we get to the comet? Because we had to go there for the Rosetta scientific objectives very far away -- four times the distance of the Earth to the sun -- and also at a much higher velocity than we could achieve with fuel, because we'd have to take six times as much fuel as the whole spacecraft weighed. So what do you do? You use gravitational flybys, slingshots, where you pass by a planet at very low altitude, a few thousand kilometers, and then you get the velocity of that planet around the sun for free. We did that a few times. We did Earth, we did Mars, we did twice Earth again, and we also flew by two asteroids, Lutetia and Steins. Then in 2011, we got so far from the sun that if the spacecraft got into trouble, we couldn't actually save the spacecraft anymore, so we went into hibernation. Everything was switched off except for one clock. Here you see in white the trajectory, and the way this works. You see that from the circle where we started, the white line, actually you get more and more and more elliptical, and then finally we approached the comet in May 2014, and we had to start doing the rendezvous maneuvers.
Kako smo došli do kometa? Zbog Rosettine znanstvene svrhe, morali smo otići jako daleko, na udaljenost četiri puta veću od one između Zemlje i Sunca, i pri puno većoj brzini nego što bismo je mogli postići uz gorivo jer bi nam trebalo šest puta više goriva nego što teži cijela letjelica. Dakle, što učiniti? Valja iskoristiti gravitacijske praćke gdje prilikom prolaska kraj planeta na vrlo malenoj visini od nekoliko tisuća kilometara, možete besplatno iskoristiti brzinu kretanja tog planeta oko Sunca. Učinili smo to nekoliko puta. Iskoristili smo Zemlju, Mars i Zemlju još dva puta, i letjeli smo uz dva asteroida, Lutetiju i Steins. Zatim smo se 2011. toliko udaljili od Sunca da se letjelica našla u problemima. Nismo je više mogli spasiti pa smo je stavili u mirovanje. Sve smo ugasili osim jednog sata. Ovdje je bijelom bojom prikazana putanja i način na koji funkcionira. Vidite da se taj krug koji smo imali na početku - označen bijelom bojom - postupno pretvorio u elipsu i konačno smo stigli do kometa u svibnju 2014., te smo trebali započeti sa spajanjem.
On the way there, we flew by Earth and we took a few pictures to test our cameras. This is the moon rising over Earth, and this is what we now call a selfie, which at that time, by the way, that word didn't exist. (Laughter) It's at Mars. It was taken by the CIVA camera. That's one of the cameras on the lander, and it just looks under the solar arrays, and you see the planet Mars and the solar array in the distance.
Na putu tamo, prošli smo uz Zemlju i snimili pokoju sliku da isprobamo kamere. Ovo je izlazak Mjeseca nad Zemljom, a ovo je ono što danas zovemo "selfie", riječ koja u to vrijeme, usput, nije postajala. (Smijeh) Mars snimljen pomoću CIVA kamere. To je jedna od kamera na sondi, snima ispod solarnih panela i vidite planet Mars i solarne panele u daljini.
Now, when we got out of hibernation in January 2014, we started arriving at a distance of two million kilometers from the comet in May. However, the velocity the spacecraft had was much too fast. We were going 2,800 kilometers an hour faster than the comet, so we had to brake. We had to do eight maneuvers, and you see here, some of them were really big. We had to brake the first one by a few hundred kilometers per hour, and actually, the duration of that was seven hours, and it used 218 kilos of fuel, and those were seven nerve-wracking hours, because in 2007, there was a leak in the system of the propulsion of Rosetta, and we had to close off a branch, so the system was actually operating at a pressure which it was never designed or qualified for.
Kad smo u siječnju 2014. izašli iz mirovanja, započeli smo približavanje kometu i u svibnju stigli na udaljenost od dva milijuna kilometara od kometa. Međutim, brzina letjelice je bila prevelika. Išli smo 2 800 km na sat brže nego komet, tako da smo morali kočiti. Morali smo napraviti osam manevra i kao što vidite ovdje, neki od njih su poprilično dugački. Prvo smo trebali kočiti nekoliko stotina kilometara na sat, što je trajalo sedam sati i za što je iskorišteno 218 kg goriva. Bilo je to sedam vrlo napetih sati jer je 2007. godine došlo do propuštanja u Rosettinom pogonskom sustavu. i morali smo zatvoriti odjeljak, tako da je sustav radio pri tlaku za koji nije bio dizajniran niti namijenjen.
Then we got in the vicinity of the comet, and these were the first pictures we saw. The true comet rotation period is 12 and a half hours, so this is accelerated, but you will understand that our flight dynamics engineers thought, this is not going to be an easy thing to land on. We had hoped for some kind of spud-like thing where you could easily land. But we had one hope: maybe it was smooth. No. That didn't work either. (Laughter)
Zatim smo se približili kometu i ovo su bile prve slike koje smo vidjeli. Rotacija kometa u stvarnosti traje dvanaest i pol sati, tako da je ovo ubrzana snimka, ali razumjet ćete zašto su naši inženjeri dinamike leta smatrali da ovamo neće biti lako sletjeti. Nadali smo nekoj vrsti krumpirastog oblika koji bi olakšavao slijetanje. Ostala nam je samo nada da će možda biti gladak. Ne. Nije bio niti to. (Smijeh)
So at that point in time, it was clearly unavoidable: we had to map this body in all the detail you could get, because we had to find an area which is 500 meters in diameter and flat. Why 500 meters? That's the error we have on landing the probe. So we went through this process, and we mapped the comet. We used a technique called photoclinometry. You use shadows thrown by the sun. What you see here is a rock sitting on the surface of the comet, and the sun shines from above. From the shadow, we, with our brain, can immediately determine roughly what the shape of that rock is. You can program that in a computer, you then cover the whole comet, and you can map the comet. For that, we flew special trajectories starting in August. First, a triangle of 100 kilometers on a side at 100 kilometers' distance, and we repeated the whole thing at 50 kilometers. At that time, we had seen the comet at all kinds of angles, and we could use this technique to map the whole thing.
Tako da je u tom trenutku postalo jasno da ćemo neizbježno morati mapirati to tijelo do u najsitnije pojedinosti, jer smo morali pronaći ravno područje promjera 500 metara. Zašto 500 metara? To je greška koja se događa prilikom slijetanja sonde. I prošli smo kroz taj proces i mapirali komet. Koristili smo tehniku koja se zove fotoklinometrija. Koristite sjene koje stvara Sunce. Ovdje vidite stijenu koja se nalazi na površini kometa, a iznad nje sja Sunce. Pomoću te sjene, koristeći svoj mozak, možemo odmah ugrubo odrediti kakvog je oblika stijena. To se može programirati u računalo, prekriti cijeli komet i mapirati ga. U tu smo se svrhu u kolovozu počeli kretati posebnim putanjama. Prvo, trokut sa stranama od 100 kilometara na udaljenosti od 100 kilometara i to smo onda ponovili na 50 kilometara. U tom smo trenutku već promotrili komet iz svih kuteva i mogli smo koristiti tu tehniku kako bismo ga mapirali.
Now, this led to a selection of landing sites. This whole process we had to do, to go from the mapping of the comet to actually finding the final landing site, was 60 days. We didn't have more. To give you an idea, the average Mars mission takes hundreds of scientists for years to meet about where shall we go? We had 60 days, and that was it.
To je dovelo do odabira mjesta za slijetanje. Cijeli proces koji smo morali proći od mapiranja kometa do pronalaska konačnog mjesta za slijetanje trajao je 60 dana. Nismo imali više. Da vam to predočim, prilikom prosječne misije na Mars stotine znanstvenika godinama se sastaju prije nego odluče kamo će se ići. Mi smo imali 60 dana i to je bilo to.
We finally selected the final landing site and the commands were prepared for Rosetta to launch Philae. The way this works is that Rosetta has to be at the right point in space, and aiming towards the comet, because the lander is passive. The lander is then pushed out and moves towards the comet. Rosetta had to turn around to get its cameras to actually look at Philae while it was departing and to be able to communicate with it.
Naposljetku smo izabrali mjesto za slijetanje i bile su pripremljene naredbe za Rosettino lansiranje Philae. To funkcionira tako da Rosetta mora biti na točno određenom mjestu i usmjerena prema kometu jer je sonda neaktivna. Sonda se tada otpušta i usmjerava prema kometu. Rosetta se trebala okrenuti kako bi kamere bile usmjerene prema Philae dok se udaljavala i kako bi mogle komunicirati.
Now, the landing duration of the whole trajectory was seven hours. Now do a simple calculation: if the velocity of Rosetta is off by one centimeter per second, seven hours is 25,000 seconds. That means 252 meters wrong on the comet. So we had to know the velocity of Rosetta much better than one centimeter per second, and its location in space better than 100 meters at 500 million kilometers from Earth. That's no mean feat.
Slijetanje je trajalo sedam sati. Napravimo jednostavan izračun: da je u izračunu Rosettine brzine došlo do pogreške od 1 centimetra u sekundi, a sedam sati je 25 000 sekundi, to bi značilo pogrešku od 252 metra u odnosu na komet. Tako da smo trebali znati brzinu Rosette mnogo bolje nego jedan centimetar po sekundi i njen položaj u svemiru preciznije nego 100 metara na 500 milijuna kilometra od Zemlje. To nije mala stvar.
Let me quickly take you through some of the science and the instruments. I won't bore you with all the details of all the instruments, but it's got everything. We can sniff gas, we can measure dust particles, the shape of them, the composition, there are magnetometers, everything. This is one of the results from an instrument which measures gas density at the position of Rosetta, so it's gas which has left the comet. The bottom graph is September of last year. There is a long-term variation, which in itself is not surprising, but you see the sharp peaks. This is a comet day. You can see the effect of the sun on the evaporation of gas and the fact that the comet is rotating. So there is one spot, apparently, where there is a lot of stuff coming from, it gets heated in the Sun, and then cools down on the back side. And we can see the density variations of this.
Dopustite mi da vas brzo provedem kroz znanstvenu podlogu i instrumente. Neću vam dosađivati detaljima o svim instrumentima, ali ima sve. Možemo onjušiti plin, izmjeriti čestice prašine, njihov oblik, sastav, opskrbljena je magnetometrima, svime. Ovo je jedan od rezultata dobiven instrumentom koji mjeru gustoću plina na Rosettinom položaju, tako da je to plin koji potječe s kometa. Donji je graf iz rujna prošle godine. Postoji dugoročno odstupanje što i nije iznenađujuće, ali vide se oštri šiljci. To je dan kometa. Možete vidjeti utjecaj Sunca na isparavanje plinova i činjenicu da se komet rotira. Dakle, čini se da postoji jedno mjesto odakle izlazi puno toga. Sunce ga zagrijava, a onda se hladi na stražnjoj strani. Možemo vidjeti i varijacije gustoće.
These are the gases and the organic compounds that we already have measured. You will see it's an impressive list, and there is much, much, much more to come, because there are more measurements. Actually, there is a conference going on in Houston at the moment where many of these results are presented.
Ovo su plinovi i organski spojevi koje smo već izmjerili. Možete vidjeti da je to zadivljujuća lista i još će puno, puno toga uslijediti jer će biti još mjerenja. Zapravo, u Houstonu se upravo održava konferencija na kojoj će biti predstavljen velik dio ovih rezultata.
Also, we measured dust particles. Now, for you, this will not look very impressive, but the scientists were thrilled when they saw this. Two dust particles: the right one they call Boris, and they shot it with tantalum in order to be able to analyze it. Now, we found sodium and magnesium. What this tells you is this is the concentration of these two materials at the time the solar system was formed, so we learned things about which materials were there when the planet was made.
Izmjerili smo i čestice prašine. Vama to neće puno značiti, ali znanstvenike je ovo oduševilo. Dvije čestice prašine: desnu su nazvali Boris i gađali je česticama tantala kako bi ju mogli analizirati. Pronašli su natrij i magnezij. To nam govori da se radi o koncentraciji tih dvaju materijala u trenutku nastanka Sunčevog sustava. Tako smo naučili koji su elementi bili prisutni u vrijeme nastanka planeta.
Of course, one of the important elements is the imaging. This is one of the cameras of Rosetta, the OSIRIS camera, and this actually was the cover of Science magazine on January 23 of this year. Nobody had expected this body to look like this. Boulders, rocks -- if anything, it looks more like the Half Dome in Yosemite than anything else. We also saw things like this: dunes, and what look to be, on the righthand side, wind-blown shadows. Now we know these from Mars, but this comet doesn't have an atmosphere, so it's a bit difficult to create a wind-blown shadow. It may be local outgassing, stuff which goes up and comes back. We don't know, so there is a lot to investigate. Here, you see the same image twice. On the left-hand side, you see in the middle a pit. On the right-hand side, if you carefully look, there are three jets coming out of the bottom of that pit. So this is the activity of the comet. Apparently, at the bottom of these pits is where the active regions are, and where the material evaporates into space. There is a very intriguing crack in the neck of the comet. You see it on the right-hand side. It's a kilometer long, and it's two and a half meters wide. Some people suggest that actually, when we get close to the sun, the comet may split in two, and then we'll have to choose, which comet do we go for? The lander -- again, lots of instruments, mostly comparable except for the things which hammer in the ground and drill, etc. But much the same as Rosetta, and that is because you want to compare what you find in space with what you find on the comet. These are called ground truth measurements.
Naravno, jedna od važnijih stvari jest dobivanje slika. Ovo je snimila jedna od kamera na Rosetti, kamera OSIRIS, i ta je slika završila na naslovnici časopisa Science objavljenog 23. siječnja ove godine. Nitko nije očekivao da će ovo tijelo ovako izgledati -- stijene, kamenje --izgleda kao Half Dome u Yosemiteu više nego bilo što drugo. VIdjeli smo i stvari poput ove: dine i na desnoj strani, čini se, brazde nastale djelovanjem vjetra. Znamo za njih s Marsa, ali ovaj komet nema svoju atmosferu, tako da je teško stvoriti takvu brazdu. Možda je to mjestimično ispuhivanje plinova, stvari koje odu gore i onda se vrate. Ne znamo, ostalo je još puno toga za istražti Ovdje vidite istu sliku dvaput. Na lijevoj strani u sredini vidite jamu. Na desnoj slici, ako pažljivo pogledate, s dna te jame izbijaju tri mlaza. Dakle, tako izgleda aktivnost kometa. Čini se da se na dnu tih jama nalaze aktivna područja iz kojih materijal isparava u svemir. Na "vratu" kometa nalazi se vrlo zanimljiva pukotina. Vidite je na desnoj strani. Duga je kilometar i široka dva i pol metra. Neki ljudi smatraju da će se, kad dođe blizu Sunca, komet možda raspoloviti i u tom ćemo slučaju morati odlučiti koju polovicu kometa dalje pratiti. Sonda za spuštanje -- ponovno, tu je puno instrumenata, otprilike istih, osim stvari poput instrumenata za bušenje... Otprilike je sve isto kao i u Rosetti jer želite usporediti sve što nađete u svemiru s onim što nađete na kometu. To se zove mjerenje na licu mjesta.
These are the landing descent images that were taken by the OSIRIS camera. You see the lander getting further and further away from Rosetta. On the top right, you see an image taken at 60 meters by the lander, 60 meters above the surface of the comet. The boulder there is some 10 meters. So this is one of the last images we took before we landed on the comet. Here, you see the whole sequence again, but from a different perspective, and you see three blown-ups from the bottom-left to the middle of the lander traveling over the surface of the comet. Then, at the top, there is a before and an after image of the landing. The only problem with the after image is, there is no lander. But if you carefully look at the right-hand side of this image, we saw the lander still there, but it had bounced. It had departed again.
Ovo su slike slijetanja snimljenje kamerama OSIRIS. Vidite kako se sonda sve više i više udaljava od Rosette. Gore desno, vidite sliku koju je sonda snimila na 60 metara od površine kometa. Ona stijena ondje visoka je otprilike 10 metara. To je jedna od zadnjih snimaka koje smo snimili prije slijetanja na komet. Ovo je cijeli slijed ispočetka, ali iz drugog kuta i vide se tri uvećane snimke, od donjeg lijevog kuta prema sredini, sondinog leta iznad površine kometa. Na vrhu je slika prije i poslije slijetanja. Jedini problem sa slikom poslije slijetanja jest da se na njoj ne vidi sonda. Ali ako pažljivo pogledate desnu stranu slike vidjet ćete da je sonda još uvijek ondje, ali je odskočila. Uzletjela je ponovno.
Now, on a bit of a comical note here is that originally Rosetta was designed to have a lander which would bounce. That was discarded because it was way too expensive. Now, we forgot, but the lander knew. (Laughter) During the first bounce, in the magnetometers, you see here the data from them, from the three axes, x, y and z. Halfway through, you see a red line. At that red line, there is a change. What happened, apparently, is during the first bounce, somewhere, we hit the edge of a crater with one of the legs of the lander, and the rotation velocity of the lander changed. So we've been rather lucky that we are where we are.
Smiješno je u svemu tome da je Rosettin izvorni nacrt predviđao sondu koja odskakuje. To je odbačeno jer je bilo preskupo. Mi smo zaboravili, ali sonda nije. (Smijeh) Prilikom prvog odraza, magnetometri su očitali i upisali podatke u tri osi: x, y i z. U sredini vidite crvenu liniju. Ta crvena linija pokazuje promjenu. Prilikom prvog odraza vjerojatno smo jednom nogom sonde negdje pogodili rub kratera i promijenila se brzina rotacije sonde. Tako da imamo sreću da smo tu gdje smo sada.
This is one of the iconic images of Rosetta. It's a man-made object, a leg of the lander, standing on a comet. This, for me, is one of the very best images of space science I have ever seen.
Ovo je jedna od povijesnih slika sa Rosette. Predmet koji je izradio čovjek, noga sonde, stoji na kometu. Za mene je to najbolji prikaz znanosti u svemiru koji sam ikada vidio.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)
One of the things we still have to do is to actually find the lander. The blue area here is where we know it must be. We haven't been able to find it yet, but the search is continuing, as are our efforts to start getting the lander to work again. We listen every day, and we hope that between now and somewhere in April, the lander will wake up again.
Jedna od stvari koje još uvijek moramo napraviti jest pronaći sondu. Znamo da se nalazi na jednome od ovih područja označenih plavom bojom. Nismo je još uspjeli naći, ali potraga se nastavlja, kao i naši napori da sonda ponovno proradi. Slušamo svaki dan i nadamo se da će se u periodu od sada do travnja sonda ponovno probuditi.
The findings of what we found on the comet: This thing would float in water. It's half the density of water. So it looks like a very big rock, but it's not. The activity increase we saw in June, July, August last year was a four-fold activity increase. By the time we will be at the sun, there will be 100 kilos a second leaving this comet: gas, dust, whatever. That's 100 million kilos a day.
Otkrića do kojih smo došli na kometu: plutao bi u vodi. Ima upola manju gustoću od vode. Izgleda kao velika stijena, ali nije. Porast aktivnosti koji smo vidjeli u u lipnju, srpnju i kolovozu prošle godine bio je četverostruk. Prilikom prolaska kraj Sunca, komet će ispuštati 100 kilograma po sekundi: plina, prašine, čega god. To je 100 milijuna kilograma na dan.
Then, finally, the landing day. I will never forget -- absolute madness, 250 TV crews in Germany. The BBC was interviewing me, and another TV crew who was following me all day were filming me being interviewed, and it went on like that for the whole day. The Discovery Channel crew actually caught me when leaving the control room, and they asked the right question, and man, I got into tears, and I still feel this. For a month and a half, I couldn't think about landing day without crying, and I still have the emotion in me.
I, konačno, dan slijetanja. Nikad to neću zaboraviti -- totalno ludilo, 250 TV ekipa u Njemačkoj. BBC me intervjuirao, a druga TV ekipa pratila me cijeli dan i snimala dok sam davao intervju. To je tako trajalo cijeli dan. Ekipa Discovery Channela uhvatila me dok sam napuštao kontrolnu sobu. Postavili su mi pravo pitanje, i, čovječe, zaplakao sam. Još uvijek to osjećam. Mjesec i pol nisam mogao o razmišljati o danu slijetanja bez suza i još uvijek me drži taj osjećaj.
With this image of the comet, I would like to leave you.
Želio bih završiti s ovom slikom kometa.
Thank you.
Hvala.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)