Bryn Freedman: So you said that in the 20th century, global power was in the hands of government. At the beginning of this digital century, it really moved to corporations and that in the future, it would move to individuals. And I've interviewed a lot of people, and they say you're wrong, and they are betting on the companies. So why are you right, and why are individuals going to win out?
Bryn Freedman: Kwahiyo umesema kua karne ya ishirini, nguvu ya ulimwengu ilikua mikononi mwa serikali. Mwanzoni mwa karne hii ya dijitali, ilihamia kweli kwenye mashirika na kua huko mbeleni, ingehamia kwa watu binafsi. Na nimeshahoji watu wengi, na wanasema haupo sahihi, na wanaweka dau kwenye makampuni. Hivyo kwanini upo sahihi, na kwanini watu binafsi wataenda kushinda?
Fadi Chehadé: Because companies cater to individuals, and we as the citizenry need to start understanding that we have a big role in shaping how the world will be governed, moving forward. Yes, indeed, the tug of war right now is between governments, who lost much of their power to companies because the internet is not built around the nation-state system around which governments have power. The internet is transnational. It's not international, and it's not national, and therefore the companies became very powerful. They shape our economy. They shape our society. Governments don't know what to do. Right now, they're reacting. And I fear that if we do not, as the citizenry -- which are, in my opinion, the most important leg of that stool -- don't take our role, then you are right. The detractors, or the people telling you that businesses will prevail, are right. It will happen.
Fadi Chehade: Kwa sababu makampuni yanahudumia watu, na sisi kama raia tunahitaji kuanza kuelewa kua tuna jukumu kubwa kwenye kuunda jinsi dunia itakavyotawaliwa kusonga mbele. Kweli kabisa, mvutano wa sasa ni kati ya serikali, zilizopoteza nguvu zao nyingi kwa makampuni kwa sababu intaneti haijajengwa karibu na mfumo wa taifa la taifa kote ambayo serikali zina nguvu. Intaneti ni ya mataifa. Sio ya kimataifa, na sio ya kitaifa, na kwa sababu hiyo makampuni yamekua na nguvu sana. Yana unda uchumi wetu. Yana unda jamii yetu. Serikali hazijui cha kufanya. Sasa hivi, zinaitikia. Na nina hofu kua tukishindwa, kama raia -- ambao ni, kwa maoni yangu,mguu wa muhimu zaidi kwenye kigoda hicho -- usichukue jukumu letu halafu ndo utapatia. Wapinzani, au watu wanaokuambia kua biashara itafanikiwa, wamepatia. Itatokea.
BF: So are you saying that individuals will force businesses or business will be forced to be responsive, or is there a fear that they won't be?
BF: Kwahio unasema kua watu watalazimisha biashara au biashara italazimika kua na majibu, au kuna uwoga kua hawataweza?
FC: I think they will be. Look at two weeks ago, a small company called Skip winning over Uber and Lyft and everyone to actually get the license for the San Francisco scooter business. And if you read why did Skip win, because Skip listened to the people of San Francisco, who were tired of scooters being thrown everywhere, and actually went to the city and said, "We will deploy the service, but we will respond to the people's requirements that we organize ourselves around a set of rules." They self-governed their behavior, and they won the contract over some very powerful companies.
FC: Nadhani wataweza. Angalia wiki mbili zilizopita, kampuni ndogo iitwayo Skip iliyoshinda Uber na Lyft na kila mtu ili ki halisi kupata leseni kwa biashara ya pikipiki San Francisco. Na kama ukisoma kwanini Skip ilishinda, kwa sababu Skip ilisikiliza watu wa San Francisco, waliokua wamechoka pikipiki kua kila mahali, na kweli kwenda mjini na kusema, "Tutapeleka hio huduma, lakini tutajibu mahitaji ya watu kua tutaandaa wenyewe kuzungukia aina za kanuni." Wamejitawala tabia zao, na wakashinda mkataba dhidi ya makampuni yenye nguvu.
BF: So speaking of guidelines and self-governance, you've spent an entire lifetime creating guidelines and norms for the internet. Do you think those days are over? Who is going to guide, who is going to control, and who is going to create those norms?
BF: Hivyo kuongelea kuhusu miongozo na kujitawala, umetumia maisha yako yote kutengeneza miongozo na kanuni kwa ajili ya intaneti. Unafikiri hizo siku zimeisha? Nani ataongoza, nani atatawala, na nani atatengeneza hizo kanuni?
FC: The rules that govern the technology layers of the internet are now well put in place, and I was very busy for a few years setting those rules around the part of the internet that makes the internet one network. The domain-name system, the IP numbers, all of that is in place. However, as we get now into the upper layers of the internet, the issues that affect me and you every day -- privacy, security, etc. -- the system to create norms for those unfortunately is not in place. So we do have an issue. We have a system of cooperation and governance that really needs to be created right now so that companies, governments and the citizenry can agree how this new digital world is going to advance.
FC: Kanuni zitakazotawala vipande vya teknolojia vya intaneti sasa zimewekwa sehemu nzuri, na nilikua nikishughulika miaka kadhaa kupanga hizo kanuni kuzunguka sehemu za intaneti zinazofanya intaneti kua mtandao mmoja. Mfumo wa jina la kikoa, number za IP, zote hizo ziko katika nafasi. Hata hivyo, tunavyoenda sasa kwenye vipande vya juu vya intaneti, mambo yanayotuathiri mimi na wewe kila siku -- faragha, usalama, nk. -- mfumo wa kujenga kanuni kwa hizo bahati mbaya haziko kwenye nafasi. Hivyo tunatatizo. Tuna mfumo wa ushirikiano na utawala unaohitaji kujengwa kweli sasa hivi ili makampuni, serikali na raia wanaweza kukubaliana jinsi hii dunia ya kidijitali inavyokua inaendelea.
BF: So what gives a digital company any incentive? Let's say -- Facebook comes to mind -- they would say they have their users' best interests at heart, but I think a lot of people would disagree with that.
BF: Hivyo nini kinachoipa kampuni ya dijitali motisha yoyote? Tuseme -- Facebook inaingia akilini -- watasema wanahisia bora kwa watumiaji wao kwenye moyo, lakini nafikiri watu wengi hawakubaliani na hilo.
FC: It's been very difficult to watch how tech companies have reacted to the citizenry's response to their technologies. And some of them, two or three years ago, basically dismissed it. The word that I heard in many board rooms is, "We're just a technology platform. It's not my issue if my technology platform causes families to go kill their girls in Pakistan. It's not my issue. It's their problem. I just have a technology platform." Now, I think we are now entering a stage where companies are starting to realize this is no longer sustainable, and they're starting to see the pushback that's coming from people, users, citizens, but also governments that are starting to say, "This cannot be."
FC: Ilikua ngumu sana kuangalia jinsi kampuni za teknolojia zilivyoitikia kwa majibu ya raia kuhusu teknolojia zao. Na wengine wao, miaka miwili au mitatu iliopita, kimsingi waliipotezea. Neno nililosikia kwenye vyumba vya bodi vingi ni, "Sisi ni jukwaaa la teknolojia tu. Sio suala langu kama jukwaa langu la teknolojia linasababisha familia kuua mabinti zao Pakistan. Sio suala langu. Ni tatizo lao. Nina jukwaa la teknolojia tu." Sasa, nafikiri tunaanza kuingia hatua ambapo makampuni yameanza kutambua hii sio tena endelevu, na yameanza kuona pingamizi hio inatoka kwa watu, watumiaji, wananchi, lakini pia serikali zinazoanza kusema, "Hii haiwezekani."
So I think there is a maturity that is starting to set, especially in that Silicon Valley area, where people are beginning to say, "We have a role." So when I speak to these leaders, I say, "Look, you could be the CEO, a very successful CEO of a company, but you could also be a steward." And that's the key word. "You could be a steward of the power you have to shape the lives and the economies of billions of people. Which one do you want to be?" And the answer is, it's not one or the other. This is what we are missing right now. So when an adult like Brad Smith, the president of Microsoft, said a few months ago, "We need a new set of Geneva Conventions to manage the security of the digital space," many of the senior leaders in Silicon Valley actually spoke against his words. "What do you mean, Geneva Convention? We don't need any Geneva Conventions. We self-regulate." But that mood is changing, and I'm starting to see many leaders say, "Help us out." But here lies the conundrum. Who is going to help those leaders do the right thing?
Hivyo nafikiri kuna ukomavu unaoanza kukaa, hasa kwenye hilo eneo la Silicon Valley, ambapo watu wameanza kusema, "Tunajukumu." Hivyo ninapoongea na hawa viongozi, nasema, "Ona, unaweza kua mkurugenzi mtendaji, mwenye mafanikio sana kwenye kampuni, lakini unaweza pia kua karani." Na hilo ni neno la msingi. "Unaweza kua karani wa mamlaka uliyonayo kuunda maisha na uchumi wa mabilioni ya watu. Ni ipi unataka kua?" Na jibu ni, sio moja wala lingine. Hiki ndicho tunachokosa sasa hivi. Hivyo pale mtu mzima kama Brad Smith, raisi wa Microsoft, alivyosema miezi iliopita, "Tunahitaji seti mpya za Mapatano ya Geneva kusimamia ulinzi wa eneo la dijitali," viongozi wengi wakubwa wa Silicon Valley kweli waliongea kupinga maneno yake. "Unamaanisha nini, Mapatano ya Geneva? Hatuhitaji mapatano yoyote ya Geneva. Tunajipatanisha wenyewe." Lakini hisia inabadilika, na nimeanza kuona viongozi wengi wakisema, "Tusaidie." Lakini hapa kumekua na fumbo. Nani ataenda kuwasaidia hao viongozi kufanya jambo sahihi?
BF: So who is going to help them? Because I'd love to interview you for an hour, but give me your biggest fear and your best hope for how this is going to work out.
BF: Hivyo nani ataenda kuwasaidia? Kwa sababu ningependa kukuhoji kwa lisaa, lakini niambie hofu yako kubwa na tumaini lako kubwa kwa jinsi hii itakavyoenda kufanikiwa.
FC: My biggest hope is that we will become each stewards of this new digital world. That's my biggest hope, because I do think, often, we want to put the blame on others. "Oh, it's these CEOs. They're behaving this way." "These governments are not doing enough." But how about us? How is each of us actually taking the responsibility to be a steward of the digital space we live in? And one of the things I've been pushing on university presidents is we need every engineering and science and computer science student who is about to write the next line of code or design the next IoT device to actually have in them a sense of responsibility and stewardship towards what they're building. So I suggested we create a new oath, like the Hippocratic Oath, so that every student entering an engineering program takes a technocratic oath or a wisdom oath or some oath of commitment to the rest of us. That's my best hope, that we all rise. Because governments and businesses will fight over this power game, but where are we? And unless we play into that power table, I think we'll end up in a bad place.
FC: Tumaini langu kubwa ni kua tutakua wote makarani wa hii dunia mpya ya dijitali Hilo ndo tumaini langu kubwa, kwa sababu nafikiri, mara nyingi, tunataka kulaumu wengine. "Oh, ni hawa wakurugenzi. Wanatabia hizi." "Hizi serikali hazifanyi ya kutosha." Lakni vipi kuhusu sisi? Namna gani kila mmoja wetu kiukweli kuchukua wajibu wa kua karani wa eneo la dijitali tunaloishi? Na moja ya vitu nilivyokua nikisukuma kwa maraisi wa chuo ni tunahitaji kila mwanafunzi wa uhandisi na sayansi na sayansi ya kompyuta anaekaribia kuandika mstari unaofata wa kanuni au kubuni kifaa kijacho cha IoT ili kweli kuwe ndani yao na hali ya uwajibikaji na ukarani kuelekea hicho wanachojenga. Hivyo nikadokeza tujenge kiapo kipya, kama kiapo cha Hippocrates, ili kila mwanafunzi anaeingia programu ya uhandisi anachukua kiapo cha teknokratiki au kiapo cha hekima au kiapo cha ahadi kwa sisi wengine. Hilo ndilo tumaini langu kubwa, kua tutainuka. Kwa sababu serikali na mabiashara yatapigania nguvu juu ya huu mchezo wa madaraka, lakini tuko wapi? Na mpaka tucheze kwenye hio meza ya madaraka, ninafikiri tutaishia kwenye sehemu mbaya.
My biggest fear? My biggest fear, to be very tactical today, what is keeping me up at night is the current war between the West, the liberal world, and China, in the area of artificial intelligence. There is a real war going on, and for those of us who have lived through the nuclear nonproliferation age and saw how people agreed to take some very dangerous things off the table, well, the Carnegie Endowment just finished a study. They talked to every country that made nuclear weapons and asked them, "Which digital 'weapon' would you take off the table against somebody else's schools or hospitals?" And the answer -- from every nuclear power -- to this question was, nothing. That's what I'm worried about ... The weaponization of the digital space, and the race to get there.
Hofu yangu kubwa? Hofu yangu kubwa, kuwa mbunifu sana leo, nini kinachoniweka macho usiku ni vita inayoendelea kati ya Magharibi, dunia huria, na China, kwenye eneo la ufahamu bandia. Kuna vita vya ukweli vinaendelea, na kwa wale wenzangu walioishi kupita kipindi cha kutokuenea kwa nyuklia na kuona jinsi watu walivyokubaliana kuchukua vitu vya hatari sana visiweze kujadiliwa, basi, Taasisi ya Carnegie imemaliza tu tafiti. Wameongea na kila nchi iliyotengeneza silaha za nyuklia na wakawauliza, "Ni 'silaha' gani ya kidijitali ungeweza kutoa kwenye mjadala dhidi ya shule na hospitali za mtu mwingine?" Na jibu -- kutoka kwenye kila nguvu ya nyuklia -- mpaka kwenye hili swali ilikua, hakuna kitu. Hicho ndicho nina wasiwasi nacho ... Ule usilaha wa nafasi ya dijitali, na mbio ya kufika huko.
BF: Well, it sounds like you've got a lot of work to do, and so do the rest of us. Fadi, thank you so much. I really appreciate it.
BF: Basi, inaonekana una kazi nyingi ya kufanya, na hata sisi wengine. Faidi, asante sana. nimethamini kweli.
FC: Thank you.
FC: Asante.
(Applause)
(Makofi)