So in 2011, I altered my name so that I could participate in Far Right youth camp in Hungary. I was doing a PhD looking at youth political socialization -- why young people were developing political ideologies in a post-communist setting, and I saw that a lot of young people I was talking to were joining the Far Right, and this was astounding to me. So I wanted to enroll in this youth camp to get a better understanding of why people were joining.
在 2011 年,我改了名字, 這樣我才能參與 在匈牙利的極右派青年營。 我當時在攻讀博士, 研究青年政治社會主義化── 為什麼在後共產主義的背景下, 年輕人會發展出政治意識形態, 我和很多年輕人談過,我看見他們 加入極右派, 這讓我很吃驚。 所以我想要參加這個青年營, 進一步了解為什麼人們會加入。
So a colleague enrolled me, and my last name sounds a little bit too Jewish. So Erin got turned into Iréna, and Saltman got turned into Sós, which means "salty" in Hungarian. And in Hungarian, your last name goes first, so my James Bond name turned into "Salty Irena," which is not something I would have naturally chosen for myself.
一位同事幫我加入了, 而我的姓氏聽起來太有猶太味, 所以艾琳被換成艾琳娜, 沙特曼被換成沙許, 它在匈牙利語的意思是「鹹的」。 匈牙利語會把姓氏放在前面, 所以我的詹姆士龐德(情報員) 假名就成了「鹹的艾琳娜」, 這不是個我會幫自己選的名字。
But going to this camp, I was further shocked to realize that it was actually really fun. They talked very little about politics. It was mostly learning how to ride horses, shooting a bow and arrow, live music at night, free food and alcohol, also some air-gun target practice using mainstream politicians' faces as targets. And this seemed like a very, actually, friendly, inclusive group until you started talking or mentioning anything to do with the Roma population, Jewish people or immigrants, and then the discourse would become very hate-based very quickly.
但,參加這個青年營, 讓我進一步感到震驚, 因為我發現它其實很好玩。 他們很少談政治。 主要是在學如何騎馬、 如何射箭, 晚上有現場音樂表演, 食物和酒精飲料都免費, 還有空氣槍的打靶練習, 用主流政治人物的臉當目標。 這其實感覺就像是個 非常友善、包容的團體, 但當你開始談到或提到和吉普賽人口、 猶太人、或移民相關的事時, 就不是這樣好玩了, 交談接著就馬上會變成 以恨意為基礎。
So it led me into my work now, where we pose the question, "Why do people join violent extremist movements, and how do we effectively counter these processes?" In the aftermath of horrible atrocities and attacks in places like Belgium, France, but all over the world, sometimes it's easier for us to think, "Well, these must be sociopaths, these must be naturally violent individuals. They must have something wrong with their upbringing." And what's really tragic is that oftentimes there's no one profile. Many people come from educated backgrounds, different socioeconomic backgrounds, men and women, different ages, some with families, some single. So why? What is this allure? And this is what I want to talk you through, as well as how do we challenge this in a modern era?
它導致我開始做現在的這個研究, 在這研究中我們提出一個問題: 「為什麼人們要加入 暴力極端主義運動、 以及我們如何有效地 對抗這些過程?」 在發生在比利時、法國、全世界的 恐怖暴行和攻擊的餘波中, 有時我們這樣想會比較容易: 「這些人一定是反社會者, 這些人一定天性就很暴力。 他們在養育過程中一定有出問題。」 很不幸的是, 通常,他們並非特定形象的人。 許多人來自受過教育的背景, 來自不同的社會經濟背景, 有男有女,年齡都不同, 有些人有家庭,有些人單身, 所以……為什麼?誘因是什麼? 我來這裡就是想與大家談這點、 以及在現代我們要如何挑戰它?
We do know, through research, that there are quite a number of different things that affect somebody's process of radicalization, and we categorize these into push and pull factors. And these are pretty much similar for Far Right, neo-Nazi groups all the way to Islamist extremist and terrorist groups. And push factors are basically what makes you vulnerable to a process of radicalization, to joining a violent extremist group. And these can be a lot of different things, but roughly, a sense of alienation, a sense of isolation, questioning your own identity, but also feeling that your in-group is under attack, and your in group might be based on a nationality or an ethnicity or a religion, and feeling that larger powers around you are doing nothing to help.
透過研究,我們確實知道 有許多樣不同的因素 會影響人的激進化過程, 我們把這些因素分類為 「推式」和「拉式」因素。 從極右派、新納粹團體、 一路到伊斯蘭極端主義 及恐怖分子團體, 都是很類似的情況。 推式因素基本上是指讓你脆弱、 讓你容易被激進化過程影響的因素, 因而會加入暴力極端主義團體。 可能的因素有很多, 不過,大致上來說, 包括疏離感、孤立感、 執疑你自己的身份、 還有感覺到你的小團體受到攻擊, 而你的小團體可能是指 同民族、同人種、 同宗教的人, 並覺得你周圍比你更強大的 那些力量都沒有出手幫忙。
Now, push factors alone do not make you a violent extremist, because if that were the fact, those same factors would go towards a group like the Roma population, and they're not a violently mobilized group. So we have to look at the pull factors. What are these violent extremist organizations offering that other groups are not offering? And actually, this is usually very positive things, very seemingly empowering things, such as brotherhood and sisterhood and a sense of belonging, as well as giving somebody a spiritual purpose, a divine purpose to build a utopian society if their goals can be met, but also a sense of empowerment and adventure.
單有推式因素並不會 讓你變成暴力的極端主義者, 因為如果是那樣的話, 像吉普賽人這類的團體 也應該會有這些因素, 而他們並不是個 有暴力行動傾向的團體。 所以我們也得要看拉式因素。 這些暴力極端主義組織提供了什麼 是其他團體沒有提供的? 事實上,答案通常 是些很正面的事物, 似乎很能夠賦權的事物, 比如兄弟情誼、姐妹情誼、 以及歸屬感, 以及給人一個靈性的目的, 一個神聖的目的, 如果這個目的能達成, 就能建立一個烏托邦社會, 另外也有賦權和冒險的感覺。
When we look at foreign terrorist fighters, we see young men with the wind in their hair out in the desert and women going to join them to have nuptials out in the sunset. It's very romantic, and you become a hero. For both men and women, that's the propaganda being given. So what extremist groups are very good at is taking a very complicated, confusing, nuanced world and simplifying that world into black and white, good and evil. And you become what is good, challenging what is evil.
當我們去看外國的恐怖份子鬥士, 我們看到的是沙漠上 自由自在的年輕人, 且女人也去加入他們, 在日落時分舉行婚禮。 那很浪漫,你變成了英雄。 對男人和女人用的宣傳都一樣。 所以極端主義團體非常擅長的是 把一個非常複雜、困惑、微妙的世界 簡化成只有黑與白、 正與邪。 你會在好人的一方, 挑戰邪惡的一方。
So I want to talk a little bit about ISIS, Daesh, because they have been a game changer in how we look at these processes, and through a lot of the material and their tactics. They're very much a modern movement. One of the aspects is the internet and the usage of social media, as we've all seen in headlines tweeting and videos of beheadings. But the internet alone does not radicalize you. The internet is a tool. You don't go online shopping for shoes and accidentally become a jihadist. However, what the Internet does do is it is a catalyst.
我想要談一下 ISIS、伊斯蘭國, 因為針對我們如何看待這些過程, 他們算是改變遊戲規則的人, 他們透過很多素材和戰術來做到。 他們可說是個現代的運動。 其中一個面向是網際網路, 社交媒體的運用, 我們已經在關於斬首的推特頭條 以及影片中看過這現象了。 但光只有網際網路 並不會讓你變激進。 網際網路只是工具。 你不會上網買了鞋子之後 就突然變成聖戰士。 然而,網際網路的確是種催化劑。
It provides tools and scale and rapidity that doesn't exist elsewhere. And with ISIS, all of a sudden, this idea of a cloaked, dark figure of a jihadist changed for us. All of a sudden, we were in their kitchens. We saw what they were eating for dinner. They were tweeting. We had foreign terrorist fighters tweeting in their own languages. We had women going out there talking about their wedding day, about the births of their children. We had gaming culture, all of a sudden, and references to Grand Theft Auto being made.
它提供工具、規模、迅速性, 而這些都是其他地方沒有的。 在 ISIS 的例子中則是, 對我們來說,聖戰士的這個 披斗篷黑暗形象突然改變了。 突然間,我們在他們的廚房裡, 我們看見他們晚餐吃些什麼。 他們會用推特。 我們會看到外國恐怖份子鬥士 用他們自己的語言在推特。 有女人在那裡談論她們的結婚日, 談論她們孩子的出生。 突然間還有遊戲文化, 還會提及到俠盜獵車手系列。
So all of a sudden, they were homey. They became human. And the problem is that trying to counter it, lots of governments and social media companies just tried to censor. How do we get rid of terrorist content? And it became a cat-and-mouse game where we would see accounts taken down and they'd just come back up, and an arrogance around somebody having a 25th account and material that was disseminated everywhere.
所以,突然間,他們就成了自己人。 他們變成了人類。 問題是,許多社交媒體公司 和政府試圖對抗它的方式, 就只是做審查。 我們要如何除去恐怖主義的內容? 它變成了貓捉老鼠的遊戲, 在遊戲中,我們看到帳號 被關閉但又馬上東山再起, 也看到有人對開了 第 25 個帳號沾沾自喜, 也會看到素材被到處傳播。
But we also saw a dangerous trend -- violent extremists know the rules and regulations of social media, too. So we would see a banal conversation with a recruiter start on a mainstream platform, and at the point at which that conversation was going to become illegal, they would jump to a smaller, less regulated, more encrypted platform. So all of a sudden, we couldn't track where that conversation went. So this is a problem with censorship, which is why we need to develop alternatives to censorship.
但我們也看到一個危險的趨勢── 暴力極端主義者也知道 社交媒體的規則和規定。 所以我們可以看見與 招聘人員的平凡對話, 就直接在主流平台上開始進行, 在某個時點,這個對話就會 變成非法的, 他們就會跳到一個較小、較沒管理、 較多加密的平台。 突然間,我們就無法 追縱那對話到哪去了。 這就是審查制度的問題, 也是為何我們需要發展 審查制度以外的替代方案。
ISIS is also a game-changer because it's state-building. It's not just recruiting combatants; it's trying to build a state. And what that means is all of a sudden, your recruitment model is much more broad. You're not just trying to get fighters -- now you need architects, engineers, accountants, hackers and women. We've actually seen a huge increase of women going in the last 24, but especially 12 months. Some countries, one in four of the people going over to join are now women. And so, this really changes who we're trying to counter this process with.
ISIS 之所以能改變遊戲規則, 也是因為它在建立國家。 它不只是在徵召戰士; 它是在試圖建立一個國家。 那意味著,突然間, 你的徵召模型就廣泛許多。 你並不只需要戰士── 你還需要建築師、工程師、 會計、駭客、女人。 我們確實看到,在過去 24 個月, 特別是過去 12 個月, 加入的女性人數大增。 在某些國家,去加入的人當中, 四個就有一個是女性。 這真的改變了 我們在對抗這個過程時所涉及的人。
Now, not all doom and gloom. So the rest I'd like to talk about some of the positive things and the new innovation in trying to prevent and counter violent extremism.
並非完全沒希望。 所以在剩下的時間中, 我想談些正面的東西、 以及在試著預防和對抗 暴力極端主義方面的創新。
Preventing is very different than countering, and actually, you can think of it in medical terms. So preventative medicine is, how do we make it so you are naturally resilient to this process of radicalization, whereas that is going to be different if somebody is already showing a symptom or a sign of belonging to a violent extremist ideology. And so in preventative measures, we're talking more about really broad groups of people and exposure to ideas to make them resilient. Whereas it's very different if somebody is starting to question and agree with certain things online, and it's also very different if somebody already has a swastika tattoo and is very much embedded within a group. How do you reach them?
預防和對抗是非常不同的, 其實,各位可以用醫學用語來看它。 預防性的藥是 我們要如何做,才能讓你從 激進化的過程當中自然恢復, 這就不同於 已經出現暴力極端主義 意識形態的症狀或徵兆的人。 所以,在預防措施上, 我們會更考量更廣泛的族群, 及對想法更廣泛的接觸, 來讓他們能夠恢復。 這非常不同於 有人開始在線上執疑 並同意某些東西的情況, 也非常不同於有人身上 已經有「卍」字刺青的情況, 及已深植在一個團體中的情況。 要如何觸及到這些人?
So I'd like to go through three examples of each one of those levels and talk you through what some of the new ways of engaging with people are becoming.
針對這三個層級, 我會各舉一個例子。 帶大家了解 跟這些人互動的一些 新方式變成什麼樣子。
One is "Extreme Dialogue," and it's an educational program that we helped develop. This one is from Canada, and it's meant to create dialogues within a classroom setting, using storytelling, because violent extremism can be very hard to try to explain, especially to younger individuals. So we have a network of former extremists and survivors of extremism that tell their stories through video and create question-giving to classrooms, to start a conversation about the topic.
其一是「極端對話」, 它是一個我們協助 發展出來的教育專案。 這個是來自加拿大, 目的是要在教室的環境中創造對話, 用說故事的方式, 因為試著解釋暴力 極端主義可能是很困難的, 特別是對年輕人解釋。 所以我們有一個前極端主義者 與極端主義存活者的網路, 透過影片來說他們的故事, 創造提出問題的教室, 來開啟和這個主題有關的對話。
These two examples show Christianne, who lost her son, who radicalized and died fighting for ISIS, and Daniel is a former neo-Nazi who was an extremely violent neo-Nazi, and they pose questions about their lives and where they're at and regret, and force a classroom to have a dialogue around it.
這兩個例子中的是克莉斯坦, 她失去了兒子, 她兒子激進化並為 ISIS 戰死, 還有前新納粹主義者丹尼爾, 他以前是極暴力的新納粹主義者, 他們提出關於他們人生的問題, 以及他們有什麼樣的悔恨, 迫使教室中的人 針對此事來進行對話。
Now, looking at that middle range of individuals, actually, we need a lot of civil society voices. How do you interact with people that are looking for information online, that are starting to toy with an ideology, that are doing those searching identity questions? How do we provide alternatives for that? And that's when we combine large groups of civil society voices with creatives, techies, app developers, artists, comedians, and we can create really specified content and actually, online, disseminate it to very strategic audiences. So one example would be creating a satirical video which makes fun of Islamophobia, and targeting it to 15- to 20-year-olds online that have an interest in white power music and live specifically in Manchester.
看看中間範圍的個人, 其實,我們需要 很多公民社會的聲音。 你要如何和在線上找資訊的人、 開始半假半真地考慮 一種意識形態的人、 及提出關於尋找身份 相關問題的人互動? 我們要如何對此提供替代方案? 所以我們需要結合代表 公民社會聲音的大型團體, 結合創意者、技術專家、應用程式 開發者、藝術家、喜劇演員, 我們能創造出非常明確的內容, 放在線上,傳播給 非常關鍵的觀眾群, 一個例子是製作諷刺影片, 拿伊斯蘭恐懼症來開玩笑, 目標為 15 到 20 歲的觀眾, 對於白人至上音樂感興趣, 且很明確是住在曼徹斯特的。
We can use these marketing tools to be very specific, so that we know when somebody's viewing, watching and engaging with that content, it's not just the average person, it's not me or you -- it's a very specific audience that we are looking to engage with.
我們可以用這些行銷工具 來針對非常明確的目標, 讓我們知道何時 有人在瀏覽、在觀看, 和內容有所連結, 並不只是一般人,不是我或你── 是非常明確的觀眾, 我們想要接觸到的特定觀眾。
Even more downstream, we developed a pilot program called "One to One," where we took former extremists and we had them reach out directly to a group of labeled neofascists as well as Islamist extremists, and put direct messages through Facebook Messenger into their inbox, saying, "Hey, I see where you're going. I've been there. If you want to talk, I'm here." Now, we kind of expected death threats from this sort of interaction. It's a little alarming to have a former neo-Nazi say, "Hey, how are you?" But actually, we found that around 60 percent of the people reached out to responded, and of that, around another 60 percent had sustained engagement, meaning that they were having conversations with the hardest people to reach about what they were going through, planting seeds of doubt and giving them alternatives for talking about these subjects, and that's really important.
即使在較下流處,我們也開發了 一個前導專案「一個對一個」, 我們找來前極端主義者, 並讓他們直接去接觸被標籤為 新法西斯主義以及伊斯蘭 極端份子的團體, 用臉書簡訊直接 發送訊息給他們,說: 「嘿,我知道你打算做什麼, 我有這樣的經驗。 如果你想談談,我在這裡。」 我們也預期這類互動 會帶來死亡威脅。 聽到一位前新納粹對你說 「嘿,你好嗎?」 是還蠻讓人不安的。 但其實我們發現, 我們接觸的人中, 約 60% 的人會做出回應, 這些人當中,又有 60% 有持續接觸下去, 也就是說他們繼續和 最難接觸到的人進行交談, 在談他們的經歷, 種下懷疑的種子, 提供他們可以談論 這些主題的替代方案, 那是非常重要的。
So what we're trying to do is actually bring unlikely sectors to the table. We have amazing activists all over the world, but oftentimes, their messages are not strategic or they don't actually reach the audiences they want to reach. So we work with networks of former extremists. We work with networks of young people in different parts of the world. And we work with them to bring the tech sector to the table with artists and creatives and marketing expertise so that we can actually have a more robust and challenging of extremism that works together.
所以我們試圖做的, 其實是去幫助不太可能的部門。 在全世界,我們有很棒的活躍份子, 但通常,他們的訊息不是策略性的, 或者他們其實不會接觸到 他們想要接觸的觀眾, 所以我們和前極端份子的網路合作。 我們與世界不同區域的 年輕人的網路合作。 我們和他們合作來提供技術部門, 配合藝術家、創意者、行銷專家, 這樣我們就能有比較強大 且有挑戰性的極端主義, 能夠一同合作。
So I would say that if you are in the audience and you happen to be a graphic designer, a poet, a marketing expert, somebody that works in PR, a comedian -- you might not think that this is your sector, but actually, the skills that you have right now might be exactly what is needed to help challenge extremism effectively.
我會說,如果你是觀眾之一, 且你剛好是平面設計師、 詩人、行銷專家、 在公關部門工作的人、 喜劇演員── 你可能不覺得這是你的部門, 但事實上,你現在擁有的技能 可能就是協助有效地挑戰 極端主義所需要的技能。
Thank you.
謝謝。
(Applause)
(掌聲)