Early visions of wireless power actually were thought of by Nikola Tesla basically about 100 years ago. The thought that you wouldn't want to transfer electric power wirelessly, no one ever thought of that. They thought, "Who would use it if you didn't?" And so, in fact, he actually set about doing a variety of things. Built the Tesla coil. This tower was built on Long Island back at the beginning of the 1900s. And the idea was, it was supposed to be able to transfer power anywhere on Earth. We'll never know if this stuff worked. Actually, I think the Federal Bureau of Investigation took it down for security purposes, sometime in the early 1900s.
Rane vizije bežične energije zapravo je promišljao Nikola Tesla prije nekih stotinu godina. Ta pomisao da ne biste željeli bežično prenositi električnu energiju, nitko to nikada nije pomislio. Mislili su, „Tko bi je koristio ako ne biste vi?" On se, u stvari, prihvatio raznovrsnih stvari. Napravio je Teslinu zavojnicu. Ovaj toranj je izgrađen na Long Islandu početkom 1900-tih. Ideja je bila, trebao je prenositi struju bilo kamo na Zemlji. Nikada nećemo znati je li to funkcioniralo. Mislim da ga je FBI srušio iz sigurnosnih razloga, negdje ranih 1900-tih.
But the one thing that did come out of electricity is that we love this stuff so much. I mean, think about how much we love this. If you just walk outside, there are trillions of dollars that have been invested in infrastructure around the world, putting up wires to get power from where it's created to where it's used. The other thing is, we love batteries. And for those of us that have an environmental element to us, there is something like 40 billion disposable batteries built every year for power that, generally speaking, is used within a few inches or a few feet of where there is very inexpensive power.
Ali jedna stvar koja je proizišla iz elektriciteta je ta da ga silno volimo. Pomislite samo koliko volimo struju. Ako samo prošetate vani, bilijuni dolara se ulažu u infrastrukturu širom svijeta, u razvlačenje žica, da bi se struja prenijela od mjesta nastanka do mjesta gdje se koristi. Druga stvar je da volimo baterije. Za one među nama koji imamo i osjećaj za okoliš nekih 40 milijardi potrošnih baterija se proizvede svake godine. Za struju koja se, općenito govoreći, koristi samo centimetrima ili metrima daleko od mjesta gdje postoji jeftina struja.
So, before I got here, I thought, "You know, I am from North America. We do have a little bit of a reputation in the United States." So I thought I'd better look it up first. So definition number six is the North American definition of the word "suck." Wires suck, they really do. Think about it. Whether that's you in that picture or something under your desk. The other thing is, batteries suck too. And they really, really do. Do you ever wonder what happens to this stuff? 40 billion of these things built. This is what happens. They fall apart, they disintegrate, and they end up here.
Prije nego što sam došao ovdje, razmišljao sam, "Znate, ja sam iz sjeverne Amerike. Mi imamo nekakav ugled u Sjedinjenim Državama." Pa sam pomislio da bolje prvo provjerim. Definicija broj šest je sjevernoamerička definicija riječi sisati. Žice su grozota, stvarno jesu. Razmislite o tome. Bilo da ste to vi na slici ili nešto pod vašim stolom. Druga stvar je da su baterije također grozota. One su stvarno, stvarno grozota. Pitate li se ikad što se događa s njima? 40 milijardi ih se napravi. Evo što se događa. Raspadaju se, dezintegriraju, i završe ovdje.
So when you talk about expensive power, the cost per kilowatt-hour to supply battery power to something is on the order of two to three hundred pounds. Think about that. The most expensive grid power in the world is thousandths of that. So fortunately, one of the other definitions of "suck" that was in there, it does create a vacuum. And nature really does abhor a vacuum.
Pa kad govorimo o skupoj struji, trošak kilowatta po satu da bismo nešto pogonili na baterije je reda veličina od 200 do 300 funti. Razmislite o tome. Najskuplja struja iz mreže na svijetu iznosi tisućinke toga. Na sreću, jedna od ostalih definicija riječi sisati koja je bila ovdje, jest da proizvodi vakuum. A priroda zaista mrzi vakuum.
What happened back a few years ago was a group of theoretical physicists at MIT actually came up with this concept of transferring power over distance. Basically they were able to light a 60 watt light bulb at a distance of about two meters. It got about 50 percent of the efficiency -- by the way, that's still a couple thousand times more efficient than a battery would be, to do the same thing. But were able to light that, and do it very successfully. This was actually the experiment. So you can see the coils were somewhat larger. The light bulb was a fairly simple task, from their standpoint.
Prije nekoliko godina dogodilo se to da je skupina teorijskih fizičara s MIT-a zaista osmislila koncept prijenosa struje na daljinu. U suštini, oni su uspjeli upaliti žarulju od 60 watti na udaljenost od oko 2 metra. Po njima, efikasnost iznosi oko 50 posto. Usput, to je još uvijek nekoliko tisuća puta efikasnije od baterije, za istu stvar. Ali su je upalili, i učinili su to vrlo uspješno. Ovo je bio eksperiment. Vidite da su zavojnice nešto veće. Žarulja je bila razmjerno jednostavan zadatak, s njihovog gledišta.
This all came from a professor waking up at night to the third night in a row that his wife's cellphone was beeping because it was running out of battery power. And he was thinking, "With all the electricity that's out there in the walls, why couldn't some of that just come into the phone so I could get some sleep?" And he actually came up with this concept of resonant energy transfer. But inside a standard transformer are two coils of wire. And those two coils of wire are really, really close to each other, and actually do transfer power magnetically and wirelessly, only over a very short distance.
A sve je došlo od profesora koji se budio noću, treću noć zaredom zato što se mobitel njegove supruge javljao jer je baterija bila pri kraju. I mislio je, "sa svom tom strujom ovdje u zidovima, zašto nešto te struje ne bi otišlo u telefon kako bih ja mogao spavati?" I doista je pronašao koncept rezonantnog prijenosa energije. U standardnom transformatoru su dvije zavojnice sa žicom. I te dvije zavojnice su jako, jako blizu jedna drugoj, i zaista i prenose energiju -- magnetski i bežično, jedino što to čine na vrlo kratku udaljenost.
What Dr. Soljacic figured out how to do was separate the coils in a transformer to a greater distance than the size of those transformers using this technology, which is not dissimilar from the way an opera singer shatters a glass on the other side of the room. It's a resonant phenomenon for which he actually received a MacArthur Fellowship Award, which is nicknamed the Genius Award, last September, for his discovery.
Dr. Soljačić je otkrio kako razdvojiti zavojnice u transformatoru na veću udaljenost od veličine tih transformatora, pomoću ove tehnologije koja nije jako različita od načina na koji operni pjevač razbija čašu na drugom kraju sobe. To je fenomen rezonantnosti za koji je dobio nagradu MacArthur Fellowship Award, koju od milja zovu i Genius Award (nagrada za genijalce), prošloga rujna, za to otkriće.
So how does it work? Imagine a coil. For those of you that are engineers, there's a capacitor attached to it too. And if you can cause that coil to resonate, what will happen is it will pulse at alternating current frequencies -- at a fairly high frequency, by the way. And if you can bring another device close enough to the source, that will only work at exactly that frequency, you can actually get them to do what's called strongly couple, and transfer magnetic energy between them. And then what you do is, you start out with electricity, turn it into magnetic field, take that magnetic field, turn it back into electricity, and then you can use it.
No, kako to funkcionira? Zamislite zavojnicu. Za vas inženjere ovdje, na nju je spojen i kondenzator. I ako možete postići da zavojnica rezonira, ona će pulsirati, na frekvencijama izmjenične struje, na prilično visokim frekvencijama, usput. I ako možete dovesti drugi uređaj dovoljno blizu izvoru, koji će raditi samo na točno toj frekvenciji, možete postići da se ti uređaji, kako se kaže, snažno upare, i međusobno si prenesu magnetsku energiju. Ono što radite je da počnete s elektricitetom, pretvorite ga u magnetno polje, uzmete to magnetno polje, pretvorite ga natrag u elektricitet. I tada ga možete koristiti.
Number one question I get asked. I mean, people are worried about cellphones being safe. You know. What about safety? The first thing is this is not a "radiative" technology. It doesn't radiate. There aren't electric fields here. It's a magnetic field. It stays within either what we call the source, or within the device. And actually, the magnetic fields we're using are basically about the same as the Earth's magnetic field. We live in a magnetic field.
Pitanje broj jedan koje mi postavljaju. Mislim, ljude brine jesu li mobiteli sigurni. Znate. Što je sa sigurnošću? Prvo, ovo nije radioaktivna tehnologija. Ona ne zrači. Ovdje nema električnih polja. To je magnetno polje. Ono ostaje ili unutar onoga što zovemo izvor, ili unutar uređaja. A magnetna polja koja koristimo su, u suštini, otprilike jednaka magnetnom polju Zemlje. Živimo u magnetnom polju.
And the other thing that's pretty cool about the technology is that it only transfers energy to things that work at exactly the same frequency. And it's virtually impossible in nature to make that happen. Then finally we have governmental bodies everywhere that will regulate everything we do. They've pretty much set field exposure limits, which all of the things in the stuff I'll show you today sort of sit underneath those guidelines.
A druga stvar koja je prilično dobra u vezi ove tehnologije je da ona prenosi energiju samo na stvari koje rade na baš istoj frekvenciji. I praktično je nemoguće da se to u prirodi dogodi. A zatim imamo i vladina tijela svuda koja će donijeti propise o svemu što radimo. A ona su poprilično odredila ograničenja izloženosti polju i sve stvari u ovome što ću vam danas pokazati nekako funkcioniraju u okviru tih smjernica.
Mobile electronics. Home electronics. Those cords under your desk, I bet everybody here has something that looks like that or those batteries. There are industrial applications. And then finally, electric vehicles. These electric cars are beautiful. But who is going to want to plug them in? Imagine driving into your garage -- we've built a system to do this -- you drive into your garage, and the car charges itself, because there is a mat on the floor that's plugged into the wall. And it actually causes your car to charge safely and efficiently. Then there's all kinds of other applications. Implanted medical devices, where people don't have to die of infections anymore if you can seal the thing up. Credit cards, robot vacuum cleaners.
Mobilna elektronika. Kućna elektronika. Te žice pod vašim stolom, kladim se da svatko ovdje ima nešto slično, ili takve baterije. Postoje i industrijske primjene. A zatim, konačno, i električna vozila. Ti električni automobili su prelijepi. Ali tko će ih željeti priključiti? Zamislite da ulazite u svoju garažu – sustav je izgrađen da to podržava -- ulazite u svoju garažu i automobil se sam puni. Jer je na podu prostirka koja je priključena na zid. I ona puni vaš automobil sigurno i efikasno. A postoje i različite druge primjene. Medicinski uređaji za implantaciju. Zbog kojih ljudi više ne moraju umirati od infekcija ako možete zatvoriti ulaz. Kreditne kartice, usisivači roboti.
So what I'd like to do is take a couple minutes and show you, actually, how it works. And what I'm going to do is to show you pretty much what's here. You've got a coil. That coil is connected to an R.F. amplifier that creates a high-frequency oscillating magnetic field. We put one on the back of the television set. By the way, I do make it look a little bit easier than it is. There's lots of electronics and secret sauce and all kinds of intellectual property that go into it. But then what's going to happen is, it will create a field. It will cause one to get created on the other side.
Volio bih nekoliko minuta posvetiti tome da vam pokažem kako to zapravo funkcionira. Pokazat ću vam uglavnom ono što je ovdje. Imate zavojnicu. Zavojnica je spojena na R.F. pojačalo koje proizvodi oscilirajuće magnetno polje visoke frekvencije. Stavljamo ovo na stražnju stranu televizora. Usput, prikazujem to malo jednostavnijim nego što stvarno jest. Ima tu puno elektronike i tajnog sastojka i svakovrsnog intelektualnog vlasništva koje je dio ovoga. Ali dogodit će se to da će nastati polje, i ono će prouzročiti da se pojavi drugo, na drugoj strani.
And if the demo gods are willing, in about 10 seconds or so we should see it. The 10 seconds actually are because we -- I don't know if any of you have ever thought about plugging a T.V. in when you use just a cord. Generally, you have to go over and hit the button. So I thought we put a little computer in it that has to wake up to tell it to do that. So, I'll plug that in. It creates a magnetic field here. It causes one to be created out here. And as I said, in sort of about 10 seconds we should start to see ...
I ako su bogovi demonstracija voljni, za nekih desetak sekundi ćemo ga vidjeti. Tih 10 sekundi je zbog -- ne znam je li itko od vas razmišljao o uključenju televizora kad samo koristite kabel. Općenito, morate otići do njega i pritisnuti dugme. Pa sam mislio da stavimo malo računalo unutra koje se mora probuditi, koje se mora probuditi i reći mu da to učini. Pa ću ga uključiti. Ovdje se stvara magnetno polje. Ono uzrokuje da se ovdje stvori drugo. I, kao što sam rekao, za nekih 10 sekundi trebamo početi vidjeti ...
This is a commercially -- (Applause) available color television set. Imagine, you get one of these things. You want to hang them on the wall. How many people want to hang them on the wall? Think about it. You don't want those ugly cords coming down. Imagine if you can get rid of it.
Ovo je komercijalno -- (Pljesak) komercijalno dostupan televizor u boji. Zamislite, dobijete ovakvu stvar koju želite okačiti na zid. Koliko ljudi je želi okačiti na zid? Razmislite o tome. Ne želite te ružne kabele što vise. Zamislite da ih se možete riješiti.
The other thing I wanted to talk about was safety. So, there is nothing going on. I'm okay. And I'll do it again, just for safety's sake. Almost immediately, though, people ask, "How small can you make this? Can you make this small enough?" Because remember Dr. Soljacic's original idea was his wife's cellphone beeping.
Druga stvar o kojoj sam želio pričati je sigurnost. Dakle, ovdje se ništa ne događa, dobro sam. I uradit ću to ponovno, za svaku sigurnost. Ipak, odmah zatim ljudi pitaju, "Koliko malim to možete napraviti? Možete li to napraviti dovoljno malim?" Jer sjetite se da je izvorna ideja dr. Soljačića potekla od glasanja mobitela njegove supruge.
So, I wanted to show you something. We're an equal opportunity designer of this sort of thing. This a Google G1. You know, it's the latest thing that's come out. It runs the Android operating system. I think I heard somebody talk about that before. It's odd. It has a battery. It also has coiled electronics that WiTricity has put into the back of it. And if I can get the camera -- okay, great -- you'll see, as I get sort of close... you're looking at a cellphone powered completely wirelessly. (Applause)
Pa sam vam želio nešto pokazati. Kod ovoga, mi smo dizajneri jednakih mogućnosti. Ovo je Google G1. Znate, to je posljednja stvar koja je izišla. Pokreće operativni sustav Android. Mislim da sam ranije čuo da netko drži govor o tome. To je čudno. Ima bateriju. Ima i elektroniku sa zavojnicom koju je WiTricity stavio otraga. I ako mogu, nekako, kameru, OK, dobro, vidjet ćete, kad dođem blizu... gledate u mobitel koji se napaja potpuno bežično. (Pljesak)
And I know some of you are Apple aficionados. So, you know they don't make it easy at Apple to get inside their phones. So we put a little sleeve on the back, but we should be able to get this guy to wake up too. And those of you that have an iPhone recognize the green center. (Applause)
Znam da su neki od vas ljubitelji Applea. Znate, u kompaniji Apple vam ne olakšavaju ulaz u njihove telefone. Pa smo stavili mali rukav na poleđinu. Ali bismo trebali biti u stanju potaknuti ovoga na buđenje. Oni od vas koji imaju iPhone prepoznaju zeleni centar. (Pljesak)
And Nokia as well. You'll see that what we did there is put a little thing in the back, to do that, and it probably beeps, actually, as it goes on as well. But they typically use it to light up the screen. So, imagine these things could go ... they could go in your ceiling. They could go in the floor. They could go, actually, underneath your desktop. So that when you walk in or you come in from home, if you carry a purse, it works in your purse. You never have to worry about plugging these things in again. And think of what that would do for you.
I Nokia, također. Vidite da smo stavili tu stvarčicu na poleđinu, da to uspijemo, i dok radi također i svira. Ali oni to tipično koriste za osvjetljivanje ekrana. Pa zamislite ove, mogle bi ići u vaš strop. Mogle bi ići u pod. Mogle bi zapravo ići pod ploču vašeg stola. Pa kad uđete, ili dođete od kuće, ako nosite torbicu, to radi u torbici. Više nikada ne morate brinuti za priključivanje uređaja. I pomislite što bi to značilo za vas.
So I think in closing, sort of in the immortal visions of The New Yorker magazine, I thought I'd put up one more slide. And for those of you who can't read it, it says, "It does appear to be some kind of wireless technology." So, thank you very much. (Applause)
Kao zaključak, nešto poput besmrtne vizije časopisa New York Times, pomislio sam da pokažem još jedan slajd. Za one koji ne mogu pročitati, piše, "Čini se da je to neka vrsta bežične tehnologije." Pa vam se zahvaljujem. (Pljesak)