Rane vizije bežičnog prenosa energije osmislio je zapravo Nikola Tesla otprilike prije 100-nu godina. Pomisao da netko želi prenositi električnu energiju bežičnim putem se nije mogla dokučiti. Razmišljali su tada na način, "Kakve koristi imamo ako je bežična?" I tako, zapravo, on se zaista bavio različitim stvarima. Izgradio je Teslin transformator. Ovaj toranj je izrađen na Long Islandu početkom 1900-tih godina. I zamisao je bila, navodno imao je mogućnost da prenosi energiju na bilo koje mjesto na zemlji. Nikada nećemo saznati da li je ovo proradilo. Zapravo, mislim da ga je Federalni istražni ured (FBI) razmontirao iz sigurnosnih razloga, negdje ranih 1900-ih godina.
Early visions of wireless power actually were thought of by Nikola Tesla basically about 100 years ago. The thought that you wouldn't want to transfer electric power wirelessly, no one ever thought of that. They thought, "Who would use it if you didn't?" And so, in fact, he actually set about doing a variety of things. Built the Tesla coil. This tower was built on Long Island back at the beginning of the 1900s. And the idea was, it was supposed to be able to transfer power anywhere on Earth. We'll never know if this stuff worked. Actually, I think the Federal Bureau of Investigation took it down for security purposes, sometime in the early 1900s.
Ali jedna stvar koja je proizašla iz struje jeste da je toliko volimo. Mislim, razmislite o tome koliko je volimo. Ako samo prošetate vani, milijarde dolara uloženo je u infrastrukturu širom svijeta, na razvođenje žica, na dopremanje struje od izvora do mjesta gdje će se koristiti. Druga stvar jeste da volimo baterije. I za neke od nas kojima znači okoliš oko 40 milijardi baterija za jednokratnu upotrebu proizvede se svake godine. Za energiju koja, općenito govoreći, se koristi u krugu od nekoliko inča ili stopa od mjesta gdje je dostupna dosta jeftinija energija.
But the one thing that did come out of electricity is that we love this stuff so much. I mean, think about how much we love this. If you just walk outside, there are trillions of dollars that have been invested in infrastructure around the world, putting up wires to get power from where it's created to where it's used. The other thing is, we love batteries. And for those of us that have an environmental element to us, there is something like 40 billion disposable batteries built every year for power that, generally speaking, is used within a few inches or a few feet of where there is very inexpensive power.
Prije nego sam došao do toga, pomislio sam, "Znate, ja sam iz Sjeverne Amerike. Mi imamo neku vrstu reputacije u SAD-u." Zatim sam pomislio da mi je bolje da prvo istražim. Tako da je definicija broj šest sjeverno-američka definicija riječi neprikladan. Žice su zaista neprikladne. Razmislite o tome. Bilo da ste vi dio toga ili nešto ispod vašeg stola. Druga stvar jeste da su baterije također neprikladne. I zaista je tako. Da li ste se ikad zapitali šta se desi sa njima? proizvodi se 40 milijardi ovih stvari. Desi se sljedeće. One se raspadnu, razjedine, i završe ovdje.
So, before I got here, I thought, "You know, I am from North America. We do have a little bit of a reputation in the United States." So I thought I'd better look it up first. So definition number six is the North American definition of the word "suck." Wires suck, they really do. Think about it. Whether that's you in that picture or something under your desk. The other thing is, batteries suck too. And they really, really do. Do you ever wonder what happens to this stuff? 40 billion of these things built. This is what happens. They fall apart, they disintegrate, and they end up here.
Tako da kada pričate o skupoj energiji, za nešto što se snabdijeva energijom iz baterije. cijena po jednom kilovatsatu košta od 200 do 300 £. Razmislite o tome. Najskuplja dalekovodna električna mreža na svijetu košta hiljaditi dio toga. Na sreću, jedna od drugih definicija ove riječi jeste stvaranje vakuuma. I priroda zaista odbija vakuum.
So when you talk about expensive power, the cost per kilowatt-hour to supply battery power to something is on the order of two to three hundred pounds. Think about that. The most expensive grid power in the world is thousandths of that. So fortunately, one of the other definitions of "suck" that was in there, it does create a vacuum. And nature really does abhor a vacuum.
Ono šta se dogodilo prije nekoliko godina jeste da je grupa teoretskih fizičara na MIT (Tehnološki institut, Massachussets) zaista izmislila ovaj koncept prenošenja energije na daljinu. Ustvari, uspjeli su upaliti žarulju od 60 vati na udaljenosti od dva metra. Smatrali su da je to bilo 50 posto efikasnosti. Usput govoreći, to je još uvijek nekoliko hiljada puta efikasnije od baterije, a postigne se isti rezultat. Ali oni su to mogli upaliti, i to veoma uspješno. Ovo je zapravo bio eksperiment. Tako da možete vidjeti da su navoji bili nešto veći. Žarulja je bila prilično jednostavan zadatak, sa njihove tačke gledišta.
What happened back a few years ago was a group of theoretical physicists at MIT actually came up with this concept of transferring power over distance. Basically they were able to light a 60 watt light bulb at a distance of about two meters. It got about 50 percent of the efficiency -- by the way, that's still a couple thousand times more efficient than a battery would be, to do the same thing. But were able to light that, and do it very successfully. This was actually the experiment. So you can see the coils were somewhat larger. The light bulb was a fairly simple task, from their standpoint.
Ovo je sve poteklo od profesora koji se budio u noći, već treću noć zaredom jer je mobitel njegove žene signalizirao da mu ponestaje baterije. I pomislio je, "Uz toliko električne energije u zidovima, zašto jedan dio energije ne bi mogao doći do telefona kako bi se ja mogao naspavati?" I zaista je došao do ovakvog koncepta rezonantog prenošenja električne energije. Ali unutar standardnog transformatora nalaze se dva navoja žice. I ta dva navoja žice su bila veoma blizu, i oni zapravo prenose energiju -- magnetski i bežično, samo na kratku udaljenost.
This all came from a professor waking up at night to the third night in a row that his wife's cellphone was beeping because it was running out of battery power. And he was thinking, "With all the electricity that's out there in the walls, why couldn't some of that just come into the phone so I could get some sleep?" And he actually came up with this concept of resonant energy transfer. But inside a standard transformer are two coils of wire. And those two coils of wire are really, really close to each other, and actually do transfer power magnetically and wirelessly, only over a very short distance.
Ono šta je Dr. Soljačić smislio jeste da odvoji navoje u transformatoru na veću udaljenost od udaljenosti u transformatoru korištenjem ove tehnologije, što nije različito od načina na koji operski pjevač razbije čašu na drugoj strani sobe. I to je fenomen rezonancije za kojeg je zapravo dobio MacArthur Fellowship nagradu, ili tzv. Genius Award nagradu, prošlog septembra za njegovo otkriće.
What Dr. Soljacic figured out how to do was separate the coils in a transformer to a greater distance than the size of those transformers using this technology, which is not dissimilar from the way an opera singer shatters a glass on the other side of the room. It's a resonant phenomenon for which he actually received a MacArthur Fellowship Award, which is nicknamed the Genius Award, last September, for his discovery.
I kako to radi? Zamislite navoj. Za one od vas koji su inžinjeri, tu postoji kondenzator i koji je spojen na navoj. I ako možete izazvati rezonanciju navoja, ono šta će se desiti jeste da će pulsirati, na izmjenjivim strujnim frekvencijama, na prilično visokoj frekvenciji, usput da spomenem. I ako možete približiti drugi uređaj dovoljno blizu tom izvoru koji radi na identičnoj frekvenciji, zapravo ih možete dovesti u stanje koje se naziva "čvrsti par", i prenijeti magnetnu energiju između njih. I zatim ono što radite je, počinjete sa električnom energijom, pretvarate je u magnetno polje, koristite to magnetno polje, i pretvarate ga ponovo u električnu energiju. I tada je možete koristiti.
So how does it work? Imagine a coil. For those of you that are engineers, there's a capacitor attached to it too. And if you can cause that coil to resonate, what will happen is it will pulse at alternating current frequencies -- at a fairly high frequency, by the way. And if you can bring another device close enough to the source, that will only work at exactly that frequency, you can actually get them to do what's called strongly couple, and transfer magnetic energy between them. And then what you do is, you start out with electricity, turn it into magnetic field, take that magnetic field, turn it back into electricity, and then you can use it.
Prvo pitanje koje mi postavljaju. Mislim, ljudi su zabrinuti zbog štetnosti mobitela. Znate. Šta u vezi sa štetnošću? Prva stvar jeste da to nije tehnologija koja zrači. Ona ne zrači. Ovdje se ne radi o električnom polju. Ovo je magnetno polje. Ono uvijek ostaje u unutrašnjosti, ili u onome što zovemo izvor, ili unutar uređaja. I zapravo, magnetna polja koja koristimo su zapravo ista kao i zemljino magnetno polje. Živimo u magnetnom polju.
Number one question I get asked. I mean, people are worried about cellphones being safe. You know. What about safety? The first thing is this is not a "radiative" technology. It doesn't radiate. There aren't electric fields here. It's a magnetic field. It stays within either what we call the source, or within the device. And actually, the magnetic fields we're using are basically about the same as the Earth's magnetic field. We live in a magnetic field.
I druga super stvar kod ove tehnologije jeste da ona samo prenosi energiju na stvari koje rade upravo na istoj frekvenciji. a što je u prirodi skoro nemoguće postići. I na kraju, svugdje imamo vladine organe koji će regulirati sve ono što radimo. I oni su uveliko postavili ograničenja izloženosti takvim poljima a sve stvari što ću vam danas pokazati, na neki način nalaze se ispod vrijednosti tih smjernica.
And the other thing that's pretty cool about the technology is that it only transfers energy to things that work at exactly the same frequency. And it's virtually impossible in nature to make that happen. Then finally we have governmental bodies everywhere that will regulate everything we do. They've pretty much set field exposure limits, which all of the things in the stuff I'll show you today sort of sit underneath those guidelines.
Mobilna elektronika. Kućna elektronika Te žice ispod vašeg stola, kladim se da svi ovdje imaju nešto što izgleda poput ovoga, ili onih baterija. Postoje primjene u industriji. I konačno, električna vozila. Ova električna vozila su prelijepa. Ali ko će htjeti da ih puni? Zamislite da ulazite u garažu –- napravili smo sistem za ovo -- ulazite u garažu, i auto se samo puni. Jer postoji prostirka na podu koja je uključena u zid. I zapravo omogućava da se vaše auto napuni na siguran i efikasan način. Zatim postoje razne vrste drugih primjena. Ugrađeni medicinski uređaji. Gdje ljudi više neće morati umirati zbog infekcija ako uređaj možete potpuno zatvoriti. Kreditne kartice, robotizirani usisivači.
Mobile electronics. Home electronics. Those cords under your desk, I bet everybody here has something that looks like that or those batteries. There are industrial applications. And then finally, electric vehicles. These electric cars are beautiful. But who is going to want to plug them in? Imagine driving into your garage -- we've built a system to do this -- you drive into your garage, and the car charges itself, because there is a mat on the floor that's plugged into the wall. And it actually causes your car to charge safely and efficiently. Then there's all kinds of other applications. Implanted medical devices, where people don't have to die of infections anymore if you can seal the thing up. Credit cards, robot vacuum cleaners.
Ono što bih želio uraditi jeste da iskoristim nekoliko minuta i da vam pokažem kako to zapravo funkcioniše. I ono što namjeravam uraditi jeste da vam pokažem otprilike o čemu se radi. Imate navoj. Taj navoj je povezan sa R.F. pojačalom koje stvara oscilirajuće magnetno polje visoke frekvencije. Jedan postavimo na zadnji dio televizora. Usput, ovo sada izgleda malo pojednostavljeno nego što to zaista jeste. Postoji tu dosta elektronike i tajni sastojak i razne vrste intelektualne imovine koja je dio toga. Ali ono što će se dogoditi jeste, stvoriće se polje, što će izazvati stvaranje još jednog polja, na drugoj strani.
So what I'd like to do is take a couple minutes and show you, actually, how it works. And what I'm going to do is to show you pretty much what's here. You've got a coil. That coil is connected to an R.F. amplifier that creates a high-frequency oscillating magnetic field. We put one on the back of the television set. By the way, I do make it look a little bit easier than it is. There's lots of electronics and secret sauce and all kinds of intellectual property that go into it. But then what's going to happen is, it will create a field. It will cause one to get created on the other side.
I ako mi "bogovi prezentacije" dozvole, za oko deset sekundi bi to trebali i vidjeti. Zapravo 10 sekundi jer mi -- Ne znam da li je neko od vas ikada pomislio da uključi televizor kada koristite obično strujno kablo. Uglavnom morate prići uređaju i pritisnuti prekidač. Zato sam pomislio da unutra ugradimo mali kompjuter koji mora reagovati i reći mu da to uradi. Tako da ću to uključiti. Ovdje stvara magnetno polje. Izaziva stvaranje polja na drugom mjestu. I, kako sam rekao, za 10 sekundi trebali bismo vidjeti ...
And if the demo gods are willing, in about 10 seconds or so we should see it. The 10 seconds actually are because we -- I don't know if any of you have ever thought about plugging a T.V. in when you use just a cord. Generally, you have to go over and hit the button. So I thought we put a little computer in it that has to wake up to tell it to do that. So, I'll plug that in. It creates a magnetic field here. It causes one to be created out here. And as I said, in sort of about 10 seconds we should start to see ...
Ovo je komercijalno -- (Aplauz) komercijalno dostupan televizor u boji. Zamislite da nabavite nešto ovako i želite to okačiti o zid.™ Koliko ljudi želi da ih objesi na zid? Razmislite o tome. Ne želite gledati ružne kablove kako vise. Zamislite da ih se možete riješiti.
This is a commercially -- (Applause) available color television set. Imagine, you get one of these things. You want to hang them on the wall. How many people want to hang them on the wall? Think about it. You don't want those ugly cords coming down. Imagine if you can get rid of it.
Druga stvar o kojoj sam želio govoriti jeste bezbjednost. Prema tome, ništa se loše ne dešava, dobro sam. I ponoviću ovo, samo zbog bezbjednosti. I u skoro u istom trenu, ljudi će pitati "Koliko ovo možete smanjiti? Možete li ovo dovoljno smanjiti?" jer je originalna ideja Dr. Soljačića bilo spriječiti zvonjenje supruginog mobitela.
The other thing I wanted to talk about was safety. So, there is nothing going on. I'm okay. And I'll do it again, just for safety's sake. Almost immediately, though, people ask, "How small can you make this? Can you make this small enough?" Because remember Dr. Soljacic's original idea was his wife's cellphone beeping.
Tako da sam htio da vam nešto pokažem. Mi smo dizajneri sa jednakom šansom za ovu vrstu stvari. Ovo je Google G1. Znate, to je najnovija stvar koja je izašla. Pokreće Android operativni sistem. Mislim da sam čuo da je neko o tome prije govorio. Čudan je. Ima bateriju. Također ima elektroniku sa navojima koju WiTricity ("bežična struja") ima na pozadini. I ako mogu dobiti, na neki način, kameru, u redu, odlično, vidjecete, kako se približavam ... vidjećete da se mobitel puni potpuno bežično. (Aplauz)
So, I wanted to show you something. We're an equal opportunity designer of this sort of thing. This a Google G1. You know, it's the latest thing that's come out. It runs the Android operating system. I think I heard somebody talk about that before. It's odd. It has a battery. It also has coiled electronics that WiTricity has put into the back of it. And if I can get the camera -- okay, great -- you'll see, as I get sort of close... you're looking at a cellphone powered completely wirelessly. (Applause)
I poznajem neke ljubitelje Apple-a. Prema tome, znate da oni u Apple-u ne olakšavaju da se unutrašnjost njihovih mobitela vidi. Tako da smo stavili mali rukav pozadi. Ali bismo trebali biti u mogućnosti da također probudimo ovog malenog. I oni od vas koji imaju Iphone prepoznaju zeleni centar. (Aplauz)
And I know some of you are Apple aficionados. So, you know they don't make it easy at Apple to get inside their phones. So we put a little sleeve on the back, but we should be able to get this guy to wake up too. And those of you that have an iPhone recognize the green center. (Applause)
i Nokiu također. Vidjećete da smo stavili malu spravicu pozadi, kako bismo to postigli, a vjerovatno i zvoni također, dok nastavlja sa punjenjem. Ali oni obično to koriste da posvijetle ekran. Zamislite kad bi ove stvari mogle ići u vaš plafon. Mogle bi ići u pod. Mogle bi zapravo ići ispod vašeg desktopa. Kada uđete, ili izađete iz kuće, ako nosite torbicu, radiće i u vašoj torbici. Nikada se ne morate brinuti oko ponovnog uključivanja ovih stvari. I zamislite šta bi to značilo za vas.
And Nokia as well. You'll see that what we did there is put a little thing in the back, to do that, and it probably beeps, actually, as it goes on as well. But they typically use it to light up the screen. So, imagine these things could go ... they could go in your ceiling. They could go in the floor. They could go, actually, underneath your desktop. So that when you walk in or you come in from home, if you carry a purse, it works in your purse. You never have to worry about plugging these things in again. And think of what that would do for you.
Tako da ja na kraju smatram, na neki način, u duhu besmrtnih vizija New Yorker magazina, mislio sam da postavim još jedan slajd. I za one koji ga ne mogu pročitati, kaže "Čini se da je to neka vrsta bežične tehnologije." Puno Vam hvala. (Aplauz)
So I think in closing, sort of in the immortal visions of The New Yorker magazine, I thought I'd put up one more slide. And for those of you who can't read it, it says, "It does appear to be some kind of wireless technology." So, thank you very much. (Applause)