Mobility in developing world cities is a very peculiar challenge, because different from health or education or housing, it tends to get worse as societies become richer. Clearly, a unsustainable model. Mobility, as most other developing country problems, more than a matter of money or technology, is a matter of equality, equity. The great inequality in developing countries makes it difficult to see, for example, that in terms of transport, an advanced city is not one where even the poor use cars, but rather one where even the rich use public transport. Or bicycles: For example, in Amsterdam, more than 30 percent of the population uses bicycles, despite the fact that the Netherlands has a higher income per capita than the United States. There is a conflict in developing world cities for money, for government investment. If more money is invested in highways, of course there is less money for housing, for schools, for hospitals, and also there is a conflict for space. There is a conflict for space between those with cars and those without them. Most of us accept today that private property and a market economy is the best way to manage most of society's resources. However, there is a problem with that, that market economy needs inequality of income in order to work. Some people must make more money, some others less. Some companies succeed. Others fail. Then what kind of equality can we hope for today with a market economy?
在世界上发展中国家城市里 流动性是一个非常严峻的挑战 因为它和健康 教育或住房不同 当社会变得更富有时 它反而变得更糟 显然,是一个不可持续的发展模式 流动性,如同其他大多数 发展中国家所遇到的问题 不仅仅是钱或科技的问题 更是有关平等、 公平的问题 发展中国家巨大的不平等 让我们很难看到,例如 在交通方面 一个发达的城市 不是连穷人都能使用汽车的地方 而是甚至富有的人 都去使用公共交通工具的地方 像是自行车: 例如,在阿姆斯特丹 超过 30% 的人口 使用自行车 尽管事实上,荷兰的人均收入 已高过美国 发展中国家城市内部也有矛盾 为了钱,为了政府投资 如果更多的钱投资在路政上 那么投资在房屋 学校, 医院,各方面的钱就会减少 当然也有为了争夺空间的矛盾 矛盾出现在 那些有汽车和那些没有汽车的人之间 今天我们大多数人接受 私人财产和市场经济 是管理大部分社会资源的最佳方式 然而,随之而来的一个问题是 市场经济需要通过 收入不平等来鼓励人们工作 有些人自然赚到更多的钱 有些人赚的就较少一些 一些公司获得成功,一些公司倒闭 那么什么样的平等 是我们今天在市场经济条件下 所期待的?
I would propose two kinds which both have much to do with cities. The first one is equality of quality of life, especially for children, that all children should have, beyond the obvious health and education, access to green spaces, to sports facilities, to swimming pools, to music lessons. And the second kind of equality is one which we could call "democratic equality." The first article in every constitution states that all citizens are equal before the law. That is not just poetry. It's a very powerful principle. For example, if that is true, a bus with 80 passengers has a right to 80 times more road space than a car with one.
我提出两种 这两种都与城市有关 第一种是生活质量的平等 特别是对儿童来说 所有儿童都应该拥有 除了健康和教育条件外 享受绿地,使用体育设施 使用泳池, 接触音乐课程 我所说的第二种平等 我们称之为“民主权利平等” 每个国家宪法的第一条规定都是 所有公民在法律面前一律平等 这不只是诗 而是一个强有力的原则 举例来说,如果这是真的 载有 80 名乘客的巴士 有权获得比单人驾驶的小汽车 多 80 倍的道路空间
We have been so used to inequality, sometimes, that it's before our noses and we do not see it. Less than 100 years ago, women could not vote, and it seemed normal, in the same way that it seems normal today to see a bus in traffic. In fact, when I became mayor, applying that democratic principle that public good prevails over private interest, that a bus with 100 people has a right to 100 times more road space than a car, we implemented a mass transit system based on buses in exclusive lanes. We called it TransMilenio, in order to make buses sexier. And one thing is that it is also a very beautiful democratic symbol, because as buses zoom by, expensive cars stuck in traffic, it clearly is almost a picture of democracy at work. In fact, it's not just a matter of equity. It doesn't take Ph.D.'s. A committee of 12-year-old children would find out in 20 minutes that the most efficient way to use scarce road space is with exclusive lanes for buses. In fact, buses are not sexy, but they are the only possible means to bring mass transit to all areas of fast growing developing cities. They also have great capacity. For example, this system in Guangzhou is moving more passengers our direction than all subway lines in China, except for one line in Beijing, at a fraction of the cost.
我们已经非常习惯于不平等,有时 它就在面前,我们看不到它 几十年前 女性没有投票权 好像是正常的事 正如今天我们看到 一辆公共汽车处在拥挤的道路中 事实上,当我成为市长的时候 运用这一民主原则 即公众利益高于私人利益 当一辆巴士载有 100 人 就有权获得比一辆小车 多 100 倍的道路空间 我们实施了一个大运量客运系统 基于公交专用车道 我们为它命名“穿越千禧” 为了让巴士更性感 还有一个非常漂亮的民主符号是 当巴士飞驰而过 而昂贵的豪华轿车被堵在路上 很明显,这就是民主得到实现的画面 事实上,它不仅仅是公平问题 不需要博士 一组 12 岁的儿童 就能在 20 分钟内找出 使用有限道路空间的最有效方法 是设立公交车专用车道 事实上,公共汽车并不性感 但它们是唯一可能 在快速发展的发展型城市 提供大量客运的交通工具 它们有很大的容量 例如,这系统在广州 比中国所有的地铁线路 能运送更多的乘客 除了北京的一条地铁线 且成本只是地铁的一小部分
We fought not just for space for buses, but we fought for space for people, and that was even more difficult. Cities are human habitats, and we humans are pedestrians. Just as fish need to swim or birds need to fly or deer need to run, we need to walk. There is a really enormous conflict, when we are talking about developing country cities, between pedestrians and cars. Here, what you see is a picture that shows insufficient democracy. What this shows is that people who walk are third-class citizens while those who go in cars are first-class citizens. In terms of transport infrastructure, what really makes a difference between advanced and backward cities is not highways or subways but quality sidewalks. Here they made a flyover, probably very useless, and they forgot to make a sidewalk. This is prevailing all over the world. Not even schoolchildren are more important than cars.
我们不只是为巴士争取空间 我们也为人们争取空间 那是更加困难的事 城市是人类栖息地 我们人类是喜欢行走的 就像鱼需要游泳或鸟需要飞 或鹿需要奔跑,我们需要行走 真的有非常巨大的矛盾 当我们谈论发展中国家的城市 行人与汽车的关系 在这里,你看到的是一张 显示不够民主的图片 这表明的是,行人 是三等公民 而那些开车的 则是一等公民 从交通基础设施方面看 什么是真正区别 先进和落后的城市之间的 不是高速公路或地铁 而是有无适宜的人行道 这里,他们建造了一座天桥,可能非常无用 而且,他们忘了修建人行道 这样的现象在世界各地普遍存在 甚至在校学童都没有汽车重要
In my city of Bogotá, we fought a very difficult battle in order to take space from cars, which had been parking on sidewalks for decades, in order to make space for people that should reflect dignity of human beings, and to make space for protected bikeways. First of all, I had black hair before that. (Laughter) And I was almost impeached in the process. It is a very difficult battle. However, it was possible, finally, after very difficult battles, to make a city that would reflect some respect for human dignity, that would show that those who walk are equally important to those who have cars. Indeed, a very important ideological and political issue anywhere is how to distribute that most valuable resource of a city, which is road space. A city could find oil or diamonds underground and it would not be so valuable as road space. How to distribute it between pedestrians, bicycles, public transport and cars? This is not a technological issue, and we should remember that in no constitution parking is a constitutional right when we make that distribution.
在我的城市波哥大 我们打了一场非常困难的战斗 来为人们争取更多的空间 为了夺回汽车所占有的空间 有些车几十年来停放在人行道上 这夺回的空间反映的是人类的尊严 并且,使空间保护里的自行车道 首先,在那之前我满头黑发 (笑声) 过程中,我几乎遭到弹劾 这是场非常艰难的战斗 然而,我们成功了,最终 艰苦的战斗结束后 让一座城市对人类尊严有些许尊重 以证明那些行人 和那些有车的人同等重要 事实上,任何地方最重要的 意识形态和政治纷争 就是如何分配城市最宝贵的资源 就是道路空间 一个城市能在地下能找到石油或钻石 那也没有道路空间更为宝贵 如何将它分配给行人 自行车、公共交通和汽车呢? 这不是一个技术问题 当我们分配道路资源的时候 我们应该记住,没有任何一部宪法 没有任何一部宪法表明 停车是一项宪法权利
We also built, and this was 15 years ago, before there were bikeways in New York or in Paris or in London, it was a very difficult battle as well, more than 350 kilometers of protected bicycle ways. I don't think protected bicycle ways are a cute architectural feature. They are a right, just as sidewalks are, unless we believe that only those with access to a motor vehicle have a right to safe mobility, without the risk of getting killed. And just as busways are, protected bikeways also are a powerful symbol of democracy, because they show that a citizen on a $30 bicycle is equally important to one in a $30,000 car.
我们还建造了,这是 15 年前 在纽约,巴黎,或者伦敦 有自行车道之前 那也是场非常困难的斗争 保护 350 公里以上的自行车道 我不认为自行车道 是一个可爱的建筑特征 它是一种权利,正如人行道一样 除非我们认为,只有那些 能使用机动车辆的人 才有权安全地流动 不用受到致命的危险 正如巴士专用道 自行车道也是 民主的一个强有力的象征 因为它们表明 骑价值 30 美金自行车的公民 和一个驾驶3 万美元汽车的公民 同等重要
And we are living in a unique moment in history. In the next 50 years, more than half of those cities which will exist in the year 2060 will be built. In many developing country cities, more than 80 and 90 percent of the city which will exist in 2060 will be built over the next four or five decades.
我们生活在一个特殊历史时刻 在未来的 50 年,我们所建造的城市 一半以上,在 2060 年的时候,仍会存在 许多发展中国家 其中超过百分之八九十 到 2060 年仍会存在的城市 将在未来的四五十年间建立起来
But this is not just a matter for developing country cities. In the United States, for example, more than 70 million new homes must be built over the next 40 or 50 years. That's more than all the homes that today exist in Britain, France and Canada put together. And I believe that our cities today have severe flaws, and that different, better ones could be built.
但这不只是发展中国家的城市 在美国,例如 超过 7000 万的新房 必须在接下来的四五十年间建造完成 其数量相当于今天 英国、法国和加拿大 所有的房子加在一起 我相信今天我们的城市 有严重缺陷 不同的更好的那种房屋会被建造起来
What is wrong with our cities today? Well, for example, if we tell any three-year-old child who is barely learning to speak in any city in the world today, "Watch out, a car," the child will jump in fright, and with a very good reason, because there are more than 10,000 children who are killed by cars every year in the world. We have had cities for 8,000 years, and children could walk out of home and play. In fact, only very recently, towards 1900, there were no cars. Cars have been here for really less than 100 years. They completely changed cities. In 1900, for example, nobody was killed by cars in the United States. Only 20 years later, between 1920 and 1930, almost 200,000 people were killed by cars in the United States. Only in 1925, almost 7,000 children were killed by cars in the United States. So we could make different cities, cities that will give more priority to human beings than to cars, that will give more public space to human beings than to cars, cities which show great respect for those most vulnerable citizens, such as children or the elderly.
今天我们的城市哪里有问题呢? 好吧,例如,如果我们告诉任何三岁孩童 这些儿童还不怎么会讲话 在今天世界上的任何城市 "小心,有车" 孩子会受惊吓跳起来 很好解释,因为全世界 每年有超过一万名儿童死于 汽车造成的交通事故 城市的历史长达 8000 年 儿童可以走出家,去玩儿 事实上,只是在最近 直到 1900 年,是没有汽车的 汽车的存在不到 100 年 但它们完全改变了城市 在 1900 年,例如 美国死于车祸的人数为零 仅仅 20 年后 1920 年至 1930 年间 近 20 万人 在美国死于车祸 在 1925 年,近 7000 名儿童 在美国死于车祸 所以我们可以创建不一样的城市 创建那种适合人类生活 而不是汽车的城市 将更多的公共空间 给予人类而不是汽车的城市 那些对最容易受到伤害的公民 比如孩子或者长者 给予极大尊重的城市
I will propose to you a couple of ingredients which I think would make cities much better, and it would be very simple to implement them in the new cities which are only being created. Hundreds of kilometers of greenways criss-crossing cities in all directions. Children will walk out of homes into safe spaces. They could go for dozens of kilometers safely without any risk in wonderful greenways, sort of bicycle highways, and I would invite you to imagine the following: a city in which every other street would be a street only for pedestrians and bicycles. In new cities which are going to be built, this would not be particularly difficult. When I was mayor of Bogotá, in only three years, we were able to create 70 kilometers, in one of the most dense cities in the world, of these bicycle highways. And this changes the way people live, move, enjoy the city. In this picture, you see in one of the very poor neighborhoods, we have a luxury pedestrian bicycle street, and the cars still in the mud. Of course, I would love to pave this street for cars. But what do we do first? Ninety-nine percent of the people in those neighborhoods don't have cars. But you see, when a city is only being created, it's very easy to incorporate this kind of infrastructure. Then the city grows around it. And of course this is just a glimpse of something which could be much better if we just create it, and it changes the way of life.
我接下来的提案将包含几项 我认为将使城市变得更好的措施 在新建城市中非常简单易行 非常简单易行 数百公里的绿色街道 纵横交错于城市中 儿童将可以走出家门,外面也同样安全 他们可以安全地在数十公里 美好的绿色廊道 类似自行车公路的地方自由活动 我想邀请你来想象一下以下画面: 一座城市,每条街道将 只是人行道和自行车道 在即将建造的新城市中 做到这点并不是特别困难 当我担任波哥大市长的时候 仅三年,我们就建造了 70 公里 而且是在世界上 人口最稠密的城市之一 70 公里的自行车公路 这改变了人们的生活 出行和享受城市的方式 在这张图片里,你可以看到 在一个非常贫穷的社区 我们有豪华的自行车行人专用道 而汽车仍行驶在土地上 当然,我很乐意铺好这条街的机动车道 但我们首先做的是什么呢? 在这个街区,99% 的人没有车 但你看,一座城市只被创建时 很容易将 这种基础设施纳入规划 然后城市的其他设施 在这附近建立起来 当然这是只是惊鸿一瞥 可以带来更好的生活 我们只是创建它 它就改变了我们的生活方式
And the second ingredient, which would solve mobility, that very difficult challenge in developing countries, in a very low-cost and simple way, would be to have hundreds of kilometers of streets only for buses, buses and bicycles and pedestrians. This would be, again, a very low-cost solution if implemented from the start, low cost, pleasant transit with natural sunlight.
第二要素将解决流动性的问题 在发展中国家,这非常艰难的挑战 一个成本非常低且简单易行的方法是 将数百公里的道路 打造成专用道,巴士专用道 公交车专用道、自行车专用道和人行道 这将是一个成本十分低廉的解决方案 如果从头开始实施 成本低,带来令人愉快的转变 享受自然阳光
But unfortunately, reality is not as good as my dreams. Because of private property of land and high land prices, all developing country cities have a large problem of slums. In my country of Colombia, almost half the homes in cities initially were illegal developments. And of course it's very difficult to have mass transit or to use bicycles in such environments. But even legal developments have also been located in the wrong places, very far from the city centers where it's impossible to provide low-cost, high-frequency public transport. As a Latin American, and Latin America was the most recently organized region in the world, I would recommend, respectfully, passionately, to those countries which are yet to urbanize -- Latin America went from 40 percent urban in 1950 to 80 percent urban in 2010 -- I would recommend Asian and African countries which are yet to urbanize, such as India which is only 33 percent urban now, that governments should acquire all land around cities. In this way, their cities could grow in the right places with the right spaces, with the parks, with the greenways, with the busways.
但不幸的是,现实和我 梦想的不一样 由于土地的私有权 和高价格因素 所有发展中国家的城市 都有贫民窟这个难题 在我生活的国家哥伦比亚 城市中几乎一半的房屋 是在城市修建之初的违建 当然这就为使用 公共交通或使用自行车 带来了诸多不便 不过,即使是符合法律的发展 也发展在了错误的地方 像是离市中心很远的地方 在那里是不可能提供 低成本、高效率的公共交通的 作为一个拉丁美洲国家 拉丁美洲是世界上 近年来按秩序发展的区域 我恭敬地,充满激情地建议 这些尚有待于城市化的国家 -- 拉丁美洲去的城市化从 1950 年的 40% 增长到 2010 年的 80% -- 我建议亚洲国家和非洲国家 那些仍未城市化的地方 比如印度,印度城市化目前只有 33% 当地政府应掌握城市周围的所有土地 这样,这些城市才会合理发展 建有公园 绿色街道,公交车道
The cities we are going to build over the next 50 years will determine quality of life and even happiness for billions of people towards the future. What a fantastic opportunity for leaders and many young leaders to come, especially in the developing countries. They can create a much happier life for billions towards the future. I am sure, I am optimistic, that they will make cities better than our most ambitious dreams.
未来 50 年 我们要建的城市 将决定未来数十亿人民的 生活质量,甚至幸福感 这对许多领导人和年轻领袖 是绝好的机会 特别是对那些在发展中国家的来说 他们可以为未来数十亿人民 带来更加幸福快乐的生活 我坚信这点,我很乐观 他们将使城市 比我们所期望的更好
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