In the last 50 years, we've been building the suburbs with a lot of unintended consequences. And I'm going to talk about some of those consequences and just present a whole bunch of really interesting projects that I think give us tremendous reasons to be really optimistic that the big design and development project of the next 50 years is going to be retrofitting suburbia. So whether it's redeveloping dying malls or re-inhabiting dead big-box stores or reconstructing wetlands out of parking lots, I think the fact is the growing number of empty and under-performing, especially retail, sites throughout suburbia gives us actually a tremendous opportunity to take our least-sustainable landscapes right now and convert them into more sustainable places. And in the process, what that allows us to do is to redirect a lot more of our growth back into existing communities that could use a boost, and have the infrastructure in place, instead of continuing to tear down trees and to tear up the green space out at the edges.
Poslednjih 50 godina gradimo predgrađa sa mnogo neželjenih posledica. Predstaviću vam neke od tih posledica kao i gomilu interesantnih projekata koji nam, po mom mišljenju, daju ogromne razloge da budemo stvarno optimistični da će veliki projekat razvoja u narednih 50 godina biti rekonstrukcija predgrađa. Dakle bilo da je to ponovo razvijanje mrtvih tržnih centara, ili ponovno naseljavanje ogromnih kutijastih prodavnica, ili rekonstrukcija parkinga u močvare, činjenica je da nam rastući broj praznih i mesta koja ničemu ne služe, posebno prodajnih objekata širom predgrađa, daje stvarno izvrsnu priliku da svoje trenutno najmanje održive predele preoblikujemo u mesta koja su održivija. I u tom procesu, to nam dozvoljava da peusmerimo veliki deo svog rasta nazad ka postojećim zajednicama kojima bi godio podstrek, koje imaju infrastrukturu, umesto da nastavljamo da sečemo drveće i uništavamo zelene površine na periferijama.
So why is this important? I think there are any number of reasons, and I'm just going to not get into detail but mention a few. Just from the perspective of climate change, the average urban dweller in the U.S. has about one-third the carbon footprint of the average suburban dweller, mostly because suburbanites drive a lot more, and living in detached buildings, you have that much more exterior surface to leak energy out of. So strictly from a climate change perspective, the cities are already relatively green. The big opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is actually in urbanizing the suburbs. All that driving that we've been doing out in the suburbs, we have doubled the amount of miles we drive. It's increased our dependence on foreign oil despite the gains in fuel efficiency. We're just driving so much more; we haven't been able to keep up technologically.
Dakle zašto je ovo važno? Mislim da postoji veliki broj razloga. Neću ulaziti u detalje, ali pomenuću ih nekoliko. Samo iz perspektive klimatskih promena, karbonski otisak prosečnog gradskog stanovnika u SAD je za trećinu manji od otiska prosečnog stanovnika predgrađa, najviše zato što ljudi iz predgrađa mnogo više voze, i pošto žive u odvojenim kućama postoji mnogo veća površina iz koje se rasipa energija. Znači strogo iz prespektive klimatskih promena, gradovi su već relativno ekološki. Velika prilika da se smanje efekti staklene bašte je u stvari u urbanizovanju predgrađa. Svom tom silnom vožnjom u predgrađima udvostručili smo broj kilometara koje prelazimo. To je povećalo našu zavisnost od strane nafte uprkos dobicima u efikasnosti goriva. Mnogo više vozimo da nismo uspeli tehnološki da to ispratimo.
Public health is another reason to consider retrofitting. Researchers at the CDC and other places have increasingly been linking suburban development patterns with sedentary lifestyles. And those have been linked then with the rather alarming, growing rates of obesity, shown in these maps here, and that obesity has also been triggering great increases in heart disease and diabetes to the point where a child born today has a one-in-three chance of developing diabetes. And that rate has been escalating at the same rate as children not walking to school anymore, again, because of our development patterns.
Javno zdravlje je još jedan razlog za rekonstrukciju. Istraživači u Centru za kontrolu bolesti i drugde sve više povezuju razvoj predgrađa sa pasivnim načinima života. A oni se potom povezuju sa prilično alarmantnim porastom gojaznosti, što je pokazano na ovim mapama i ta gojaznost je uzrok porasta srčanih oboljenja i dijabetesa, do tačke gde, dete rođeno danas ima šansu 1 u 3 da razvije dijabetes. Ta verovatnoća raste istom brzinom kao i činjenica da deca više ne idu peške u školu, opet, zbog naših razvojnih šema.
And then there's finally -- there's the affordability question. I mean, how affordable is it to continue to live in suburbia with rising gas prices? Suburban expansion to cheap land, for the last 50 years -- you know the cheap land out on the edge -- has helped generations of families enjoy the American dream. But increasingly, the savings promised by drive-till-you-qualify affordability -- which is basically our model -- those savings are wiped out when you consider the transportation costs. For instance, here in Atlanta, about half of households make between $20,000 and $50,000 a year, and they are spending 29 percent of their income on housing and 32 percent on transportation. I mean, that's 2005 figures. That's before we got up to the four bucks a gallon. You know, none of us really tend to do the math on our transportation costs, and they're not going down any time soon.
I na kraju tu je pitanje isplativosti. Mislim, koliko je isplativo da nastavimo da živimo u predgrađu kad cene goriva rastu? Širenje predgrađa na jeftinu zemlju, poslednjih 50 godina - znate tu jeftinu zemlju na ivicama - pomoglo je generacijama porodica da uživaju u američkom snu. Ali sve više, ušteda koja je obećana sistemom da svako može da priušti kuću - a to je u osnovi naš model - ta ušteda nestaje, kada uzmete u obzir troškove prevoza. Na primer, ovde u Atlanti oko polovina domaćinstava zarađuje između 20.000 i 50.000 godišnje. I oni troše 29 procenata svojih primanja na stanovanje i 32 posto na prevoz. Mislim, to su podaci iz 2005. To je pre nego što je gorivo poskupelo. Znate, niko od nas stvarno ne računa troškove prevoza. I oni se neće smanjiti u neko skorije vreme. Bilo da volite zelenu privatnost predgrađa
Whether you love suburbia's leafy privacy or you hate its soulless commercial strips, there are reasons why it's important to retrofit. But is it practical? I think it is. June Williamson and I have been researching this topic for over a decade, and we've found over 80 varied projects. But that they're really all market driven, and what's driving the market in particular -- number one -- is major demographic shifts. We all tend to think of suburbia as this very family-focused place, but that's really not the case anymore. Since 2000, already two-thirds of households in suburbia did not have kids in them. We just haven't caught up with the actual realities of this. The reasons for this have a lot to with the dominance of the two big demographic groups right now: the Baby Boomers retiring -- and then there's a gap, Generation X, which is a small generation. They're still having kids -- but Generation Y hasn't even started hitting child-rearing age. They're the other big generation.
ili mrzite njegove bezdušne komercijalne bulevare, postoje razlozi zašto je bitno rekonstruisati. Ali da li je to praktično? Mislim da jeste. Džun Vilijamson i ja istražujemo ovu temu preko deset godina. I pronašli smo preko 80 različitih projekata. Svi su vođeni tržištem. Ono što naročito pokreće tržište - na prvom mestu su velike demografske promene. Svi mislimo da je predgrađe mesto koje je usredsređeno na porodicu. Ali to više nije slučaj. Od 2000. godine već dve trećine domaćinstava u predgrađima nema dece. Samo nismo u toku sa realnošću ovoga. Razlog tome je velikim delom u trenutnoj dominaciji dve velike demografske grupe, Bejbi bum generacije koja se penzioniše, potom imamo prazninu, generacija X, koja je mala generacija. Oni još uvek imaju decu. Ali generacija Y još nije stigla u godine za rađanje dece. Oni su druga velika generacija.
So as a result of that, demographers predict that through 2025, 75 to 85 percent of new households will not have kids in them. And the market research, consumer research, asking the Boomers and Gen Y what it is they would like, what they would like to live in, tells us there is going to be a huge demand -- and we're already seeing it -- for more urban lifestyles within suburbia. That basically, the Boomers want to be able to age in place, and Gen Y would like to live an urban lifestyle, but most of their jobs will continue to be out in suburbia.
Kao rezultat toga, demografi predviđaju da će do 2025. godine 75 do 85 posto novih domaćinstava biti bez dece. A marketinška istraživanja, istraživanja potrošača, ispitivanje Bum i generacije Y šta bi želeli, u čemu bi voleli da žive, govori nam da će postojati velika potražnja - i već se nazire - za urbanijim načinima života u okviru predgrađa. Bum generacija želi da može da stari na jednom mestu, i generacija Y bi volela da živi urbanim načinom života, ali većina njihovih poslova će i dalje biti u predgrađu.
The other big dynamic of change is the sheer performance of underperforming asphalt. Now I keep thinking this would be a great name for an indie rock band, but developers generally use it to refer to underused parking lots -- and suburbia is full of them. When the postwar suburbs were first built out on the cheap land away from downtown, it made sense to just build surface parking lots. But those sites have now been leapfrogged and leapfrogged again, as we've just continued to sprawl, and they now have a relatively central location. It no longer just makes sense. That land is more valuable than just surface parking lots. It now makes sense to go back in, build a deck and build up on those sites. So what do you do with a dead mall, dead office park? It turns out, all sorts of things. In a slow economy like ours, re-inhabitation is one of the more popular strategies.
Druga velika dinamika promene jeste čista izvedba nezadovoljavajućeg asfalta. Stalno mislim kako bi ovo bilo odlično ime za neki indi rok bend. Ali izvođači ga uglavnom koriste kada misle na premalo korišćene parkinge. A predgrađe ih je puno. Kada su prva posleratna predgrađa izgrađena na jeftinoj zemlji, daleko od centra grada, imalo je smisla graditi parkinge u jednom nivou. Ali ta mesta se sada preskaču sve više, i samo nastavljamo da se širimo. Oni sada imaju relativno centralnu poziciju. To više nema smisla. Zemlja je vrednija od parkinga u jednom nivou. Sada ima smisla vratiti se i graditi platformu i graditi u visinu. Dakle, šta činiti sa mrtvim tržnim centrom, mrtvim poslovnim zgradama? Mnogo stvari, ispostavilo se. U sporoj ekonomiji kakva je naša, ponovno naseljavanje je jedna od popularnijih strategija.
So this happens to be a dead mall in St. Louis that's been re-inhabited as art-space. It's now home to artist studios, theater groups, dance troupes. It's not pulling in as much tax revenue as it once was, but it's serving its community. It's keeping the lights on. It's becoming, I think, a really great institution. Other malls have been re-inhabited as nursing homes, as universities, and as all variety of office space. We also found a lot of examples of dead big-box stores that have been converted into all sorts of community-serving uses as well -- lots of schools, lots of churches and lots of libraries like this one.
Ovo je jedan mrtav tržni centar u Sent Luisu koji je preuređen u umetnički prostor. Tu su sada umetnički ateljei, pozorišne trupe, plesne trupe. Ne plaća toliko poreza kao nekada. Ali koristi svojoj zajednici. Drži upaljena svetla. Mislim da postaje stvarno odlična institucija. Drugi tržni centri su pretvoreni u staračke domove, univerzitete i u svakakve poslovne prostore. Takođe smo pronašli puno primera gde su velike "kutijaste" prodavnice pretvorene u svakave prostore koji koriste društvu - mnogo škola, crkava i mnogo biblioteka kao što je ova.
This was a little grocery store, a Food Lion grocery store, that is now a public library. In addition to, I think, doing a beautiful adaptive reuse, they tore up some of the parking spaces, put in bioswales to collect and clean the runoff, put in a lot more sidewalks to connect to the neighborhoods. And they've made this, what was just a store along a commercial strip, into a community gathering space. This one is a little L-shaped strip shopping center in Phoenix, Arizona. Really all they did was they gave it a fresh coat of bright paint, a gourmet grocery, and they put up a restaurant in the old post office. Never underestimate the power of food to turn a place around and make it a destination. It's been so successful, they've now taken over the strip across the street. The real estate ads in the neighborhood all very proudly proclaim, "Walking distance to Le Grande Orange," because it provided its neighborhood with what sociologists like to call "a third place." If home is the first place and work is the second place, the third place is where you go to hang out and build community. And especially as suburbia is becoming less centered on the family, the family households, there's a real hunger for more third places.
Ovo je bila mala prodavnica, "Food Lion", a sada je javna biblioteka. Pored toga što, po mom mišljenju, ima lepu novu funkciju, porušili su neka parking mesta i postavili filtere da sakupljaju i čiste otpadnu vodu, postavljeno je više trotoara da se poveže sa komšilukom. Od prodavnice na komercijalnom bulevaru napravili su prostor u kome se zajednica okuplja. Ovo je mali tržni centar L-oblika na bulevaru u Feniksu, Arizona. Sve što su uradili je dodavanje svežeg sloja svetle boje, gurmansku prodavnicu, i stavili su restoran gde je pre bila pošta. Nikada ne podcenjujte moć koju hrana ima da preoblikuje neko mesto i napravi od njega destinaciju. Postalo je toliko uspešno, da su uzeli i ulicu prekoputa. A oglasi za nekretnine u kraju svi veoma ponosno objavljuju, "Stiže se peške do Le Grande Orange", jer to obezbeđuje ono što sociolozi nazivaju "trećim mestom". Ako je dom prvo mesto, a posao drugo mesto, treće mesto je ono gde provodite vreme i gradite zajednicu. I naročito pošto predgrađe postaje manje usmereno na porodicu i porodična domaćinstva, postoji velika glad za više trećih mesta.
So the most dramatic retrofits are really those in the next category, the next strategy: redevelopment. Now, during the boom, there were several really dramatic redevelopment projects where the original building was scraped to the ground and then the whole site was rebuilt at significantly greater density, a sort of compact, walkable urban neighborhoods. But some of them have been much more incremental. This is Mashpee Commons, the oldest retrofit that we've found. And it's just incrementally, over the last 20 years, built urbanism on top of its parking lots. So the black and white photo shows the simple 60's strip shopping center. And then the maps above that show its gradual transformation into a compact, mixed-use New England village, and it has plans now that have been approved for it to connect to new residential neighborhoods across the arterials and over to the other side. So, you know, sometimes it's incremental. Sometimes, it's all at once.
Najdramatičnije rekonstrukcije su u stvari one u sledećoj kategoriji, sledeća strategija, obnova. Sad, tokom buma, bilo je nekoliko prilično značajnih projekata obnove, gde je prvobitna zgrada srušena do temelja i celo mesto je ponovo izgrađeno ali gušće, kao kompaktno urbano naselje u kom se može šetati. Ali neke su bile i postepenije. Ovo je "Mashpee Commons", najstarija renovacija koju smo pronašli. Samo je postepeno, tokom proteklih 20 godina, urbanizovana preko starih parkinga. Crno bela fotografija pokazuje jednostavni tržni centar iz '60. A mape iznad pokazuju postepenu transformaciju u kompaktno, raznovrsno selo u stilu Nove Engleske i sada postoje planovi koji su odobreni da se poveže sa novim stambenim naseljima glavnim putevima i preko na drugu stranu. Tako da, nekad je postepeno. Nekada je sve odjednom.
This is another infill project on the parking lots, this one of an office park outside of Washington D.C. When Metrorail expanded transit into the suburbs and opened a station nearby to this site, the owners decided to build a new parking deck and then insert on top of their surface lots a new Main Street, several apartments and condo buildings, while keeping the existing office buildings. Here is the site in 1940: It was just a little farm in the village of Hyattsville. By 1980, it had been subdivided into a big mall on one side and the office park on the other and then some buffer sites for a library and a church to the far right. Today, the transit, the Main Street and the new housing have all been built. Eventually, I expect that the streets will probably extend through a redevelopment of the mall. Plans have already been announced for a lot of those garden apartments above the mall to be redeveloped. Transit is a big driver of retrofits. So here's what it looks like. You can sort of see the funky new condo buildings in between the office buildings and the public space and the new Main Street.
Ovo je još jedan projekat popunjavanja parkinga, ovo je kancelarijska zgrada izvan Vašingtona D.C. Kada je "Metrorail" proširio prevoz do predgrađa i otvorio stanicu u blizini ovog mesta, vlasnici su odlučili da izgrade novu parking platformu i onda da na vrhu garaže naprave novu Glavnu ulicu, nekoliko stambenih zgrada, a da sačuvaju postojeće kancelarijske zgrade. Ovo je to mesto 1940. Tada je to bilo samo mala farma u mestu Hajatsvil. Do 1980. je podeljeno na veliki tržni centar s jedne strane i kancelarijski kompleks s druge. I neka udaljena mesta za biblioteku i crkvu u daljini desno. Danas, izgrađeni su tranzitni saobraćaj, Glavna ulica i novi stanovi. Očekujem da će do kraja ulice da se protežu kroz preuređeni tržni centar. Već su objavljeni planovi za izgradnju mnogo baštenskih stanova iznad tržnog centra. Tranzit je veliki pokretač rekonstrukcija. Evo kako to izgleda. Možete videti moderne nove stambene zgrade između poslovnih zgrada i javni prostor i novu Glavnu ulicu.
This one is one of my favorites, Belmar. I think they really built an attractive place here and have just employed all-green construction. There's massive P.V. arrays on the roofs as well as wind turbines. This was a very large mall on a hundred-acre superblock. It's now 22 walkable urban blocks with public streets, two public parks, eight bus lines and a range of housing types, and so it's really given Lakewood, Colorado the downtown that this particular suburb never had. Here was the mall in its heyday. They had their prom in the mall. They loved their mall. So here's the site in 1975 with the mall. By 1995, the mall has died. The department store has been kept -- and we found this was true in many cases. The department stores are multistory; they're better built. They're easy to be re-adapted. But the one story stuff ... that's really history.
Ovo je Belmar, jedan od mojih omiljenih. Mislim da su stvarno napravili atraktivno mesto i primenili su samo ekološku gradnju. Tu su ogromni sunčani kolektori na krovovima kao i vetrenjače. Ovo je bio veoma velik tržni centar na bloku od 400 hektara. Sada tu ima 22 urbana pešačka bloka sa javnim ulicama, dva javna parka, osam autobuskih linija i raznim tipovima stanovanja. To je dalo Lejkvudu u Koloradu centar kakav ovo predgrađe nikada nije imalo. Evo ga centar na svom vrhuncu. Održano je matursko veče u njemu. Voleli su svoj tržni centar. Evo ga to mesto 1975. sa tržnim centrom. Do 1995. centar je umro. Robna kuća je zadržana. Ovo se potvrdilo u mnogim slučajevima. Robne kuće su višespratne; bolje su sagrađene. Lako ih je preurediti. Ali ove stvari s jednim nivoom... to je stvarno prošlost.
So here it is at projected build-out. This project, I think, has great connectivity to the existing neighborhoods. It's providing 1,500 households with the option of a more urban lifestyle. It's about two-thirds built out right now. Here's what the new Main Street looks like. It's very successful, and it's helped to prompt -- eight of the 13 regional malls in Denver have now, or have announced plans to be, retrofitted. But it's important to note that all of this retrofitting is not occurring -- just bulldozers are coming and just plowing down the whole city. No, it's pockets of walkability on the sites of under-performing properties. And so it's giving people more choices, but it's not taking away choices.
Evo ga u projektu za budućnost. Mislim da ovaj projekat ima odličnu povezanost sa postojećim susedstvima. Obezbeđuje opciju urbanijeg života za 1500 domaćinstava. Već je izgrađeno oko dve trećine. Evo kako izgleda nova Glavna ulica. Veoma je uspešna. I pomoglo je da se ubrza - osam od 13 regionalnih tržnih centara u Denveru planiraju ili su objavili planove za rekonstrukciju. Ali važno je znati da se sve ovo ne dešava - buldozeri dolaze i ruše ceo grad. Ne, prave se pešačke zone na mestima nezadovoljavajućih poseda. I tako daje ljudima više izbora. Ali ne oduzima izbore.
But it's also not really enough to just create pockets of walkability. You want to also try to get more systemic transformation. We need to also retrofit the corridors themselves. So this is one that has been retrofitted in California. They took the commercial strip shown on the black-and-white images below, and they built a boulevard that has become the Main Street for their town. And it's transformed from being an ugly, unsafe, undesirable address, to becoming a beautiful, attractive, dignified sort of good address. I mean now we're hoping we start to see it; they've already built City Hall, attracted two hotels. I could imagine beautiful housing going up along there without tearing down another tree. So there's a lot of great things, but I'd love to see more corridors getting retrofitting.
Ali takođe nije dovoljno samo napraviti prolazna mesta. Želite i da napravite sistematičniju transformaciju. Moramo da rekonstruišemo i same prolaze. Evo jednog u Kaliforniji koji je rekonstruisan. Uzeli su komercijalnu ulicu prikazanu na crno belim slikama ispod, i izgradili bulevar koji je postao Glavna ulica njihovog grada. I transformisao se iz ružnog, nebezbednog, nepoželjnog mesta u lepo, privlačno, dostojanstveno mesto. Mislim, nadam se da ćemo početi da vidimo - već su izgradili gradsku kuću, privukli dva hotela. Mogla bih da zamislim lepe kuće uz ulicu bez rušenja ijednog drveta. Dakle ima mnogo odličnih stvari. Ali volela bih da vidim da se više prolaza rekonstruiše.
But densification is not going to work everywhere. Sometimes re-greening is really the better answer. There's a lot to learn from successful landbanking programs in cities like Flint, Michigan. There's also a burgeoning suburban farming movement -- sort of victory gardens meets the Internet. But perhaps one of the most important re-greening aspects is the opportunity to restore the local ecology, as in this example outside of Minneapolis. When the shopping center died, the city restored the site's original wetlands, creating lakefront property, which then attracted private investment, the first private investment to this very low-income neighborhood in over 40 years. So they've managed to both restore the local ecology and the local economy at the same time. This is another re-greening example. It also makes sense in very strong markets. This one in Seattle is on the site of a mall parking lot adjacent to a new transit stop. And the wavy line is a path alongside a creek that has now been daylit. The creek had been culverted under the parking lot. But daylighting our creeks really improves their water quality and contributions to habitat.
Ali zgušnjavanje neće svuda pomoći. Ponekad je ponovo ozelenjavanje stvarno bolji odgovor. Može mnogo da se nauči iz uspešnog prostornog programa u gradovima kao što je Flint u Mičigenu. Postoji i program razvoja farmi u predgrađu - nešto kao ratne bašte upoznaju internet. Ali možda je jedan od najvažnijih aspekata ozelenjavanja prilika da se povrati lokalna ekologija, kao u ovom primeru izvan Mineapolisa. Kada je tržni centar umro, grad je povratio močvare koje su prvobitno bile tu, stvarajući obalu koja je onda privukla privatne investitore, prve privatne investitore za preko 40 godina koji su došli u ovaj veoma siromašan kraj. Dakle oni su uspeli da u isto vreme povrate lokalnu ekologiju i lokalnu ekonomiju. Ovo je još jedan primer ozelenjavanja. To takođe ima smisla na jakim tržištima. Ovaj u Sijetlu je na mestu parkinga tržnog centra koji je pored nove tranzitne stanice. A krivudava linija je staza uz potok koji je sada na dnevnom svetlu. Potok je bio pretvoren u kanal ispod parkinga. Ali osvetljavanje potoka u mnogome poboljšava kvalitet vode i doprinos životnoj sredini.
So I've shown you some of the first generation of retrofits. What's next? I think we have three challenges for the future. The first is to plan retrofitting much more systemically at the metropolitan scale. We need to be able to target which areas really should be re-greened. Where should we be redeveloping? And where should we be encouraging re-inhabitation? These slides just show two images from a larger project that looked at trying to do that for Atlanta. I led a team that was asked to imagine Atlanta 100 years from now. And we chose to try to reverse sprawl through three simple moves -- expensive, but simple. One, in a hundred years, transit on all major rail and road corridors. Two, in a hundred years, thousand foot buffers on all stream corridors. It's a little extreme, but we've got a little water problem. In a hundred years, subdivisions that simply end up too close to water or too far from transit won't be viable. And so we've created the eco-acre transfer-to-transfer development rights to the transit corridors and allow the re-greening of those former subdivisions for food and energy production.
Dakle pokazala sam vam neke od prvih generacija rekonstrukcija. Šta je sledeće? Mislim da u budućnosti imamo tri izazova. Prvi je da planiramo rekonstrukcije sistematičnije na većem nivou. Moramo da procenimo kojim površinama je neophodno ozelenjavanje. Gde bi trebalo da renoviramo? I gde bi trebalo da podstičemo ponovno naseljavanje? Ovi slajdovi pokazuju dve slike iz jednog većeg projekta koji je imao za cilj da to uradi u Atlanti. Vodila sam tim od kog je traženo da zamisli Atlantu za 100 godina. Pokušali smo da preokrenemo širenje kroz tri jednostavna koraka - skupa, ali jednostavna. Prvi, za sto godina tranzit ide svim velikim železničkim i drumskim putevima. Drugi, za sto godina hiljadu zaštitnih ograda na svim potocima. To je malo ekstremno, ali imamo mali problem sa vodom. Za sto godina, neće biti moguće imati posed koji je previše blizu vode ili previše udaljen od puta. Napravili smo ekološki transfer zemlje, za prenošenje prava na izgradnju na tranzitne puteve i dozvoljavanje ozelenjavanja tih starih poseda za proizvodnju hrane i energije.
So the second challenge is to improve the architectural design quality of the retrofits. And I close with this image of democracy in action: This is a protest that's happening on a retrofit in Silver Spring, Maryland on an Astroturf town green. Now, retrofits are often accused of being examples of faux downtowns and instant urbanism, and not without reason; you don't get much more phony than an Astroturf town green. I have to say, these are very hybrid places. They are new but trying to look old. They have urban streetscapes, but suburban parking ratios. Their populations are more diverse than typical suburbia, but they're less diverse than cities. And they are public places, but that are managed by private companies. And just the surface appearance are often -- like the Astroturf here -- they make me wince. So, you know, I mean I'm glad that the urbanism is doing its job. The fact that a protest is happening really does mean that the layout of the blocks, the streets and blocks, the putting in of public space, compromised as it may be, is still a really great thing. But we've got to get the architecture better.
Dakle drugi izazov je poboljšati kvalitet arhitektonskih projekata ovih rekonstrukcija. Završavam sa ovom slikom demokratije na delu. Ovo je protest na jednoj rekonstrukciji u Silver Springu, Merilend na veštačkoj travi u gradu. Često se kaže da su rekonstrukcije primeri lažnih centara i instant urbanizma. I ne bez razloga; ne može biti lažnije od veštačke trave. Moram priznati da su ovo veoma hibridna mesta. Nova su, ali pokušavaju da izgledaju staro. Ulice izgledaju urbano, ali su nivoi parkiranja prigradski. Stanovništvo je raznovrsnije nego u tipičnom predgrađu, ali manje raznovrsno nego u gradovima. To su javna mesta, ali ih vode privatne firme. A samo od površinskog izgleda - kao što je veštačka trava ovde - se stresem. Mislim, znate drago mi je da urbanizam radi svoj posao. Činjenica da postoji protest stvarno znači da je raspored blokova, ulica i blokova, postavljanje javnog prostora, pod kakvim god kompromisom, ipak stvarno dobra stvar. Ali moramo poboljšati arhitekturu.
The final challenge is for all of you. I want you to join the protest and start demanding more sustainable suburban places -- more sustainable places, period. But culturally, we tend to think that downtowns should be dynamic, and we expect that. But we seem to have an expectation that the suburbs should forever remain frozen in whatever adolescent form they were first given birth to. It's time to let them grow up, so I want you to all support the zoning changes, the road diets, the infrastructure improvements and the retrofits that are coming soon to a neighborhood near you.
Poslednji izazov je za sve vas. Želim da se pridružite protestu i da počnete da zahtevate održivija mesta u predgrađima - održivija mesta, tačka. Ali kao kultura, mi mislimo da bi centri trebalo da budu dinamični i to i očekujemo. Ali izgleda da očekujemo i da predgrađa zauvek ostanu zamrznuta u kakvom god adolescentnom obliku su se prvobitno i rodila. Vreme je da ih pustimo da odrastu. Želim da svi podržite promene zona, smanjivanje saobraćaja, poboljšanja infrastruktura i rekonstrukcije koje uskoro stižu u vaše komšiluke.
Thank you.
Hvala vam.